⚠️ Warning: This is a draft ⚠️
This means it might contain formatting issues, incorrect code, conceptual problems, or other severe issues.
If you want to help to improve and eventually enable this page, please fork RosettaGit's repository and open a merge request on GitHub.
{{task|Discrete math}} {{basic data operation}}
;Task: Write a routine to perform a bitwise AND, OR, and XOR on two integers, a bitwise NOT on the first integer, a left shift, right shift, right arithmetic shift, left rotate, and right rotate.
All shifts and rotates should be done on the first integer with a shift/rotate amount of the second integer.
If any operation is not available in your language, note it.
11l
{{trans|Kotlin}}
V x = 10
V y = 2
print(‘x = ’x)
print(‘y = ’y)
print(‘NOT x = ’(-)x)
print(‘x AND y = ’(x [&] y))
print(‘x OR y = ’(x [|] y))
print(‘x XOR y = ’(x (+) y))
print(‘x SHL y = ’(x << y))
print(‘x SHR y = ’(x >> y))
print(‘x ROL y = ’rotl(x, y))
print(‘x ROR y = ’rotr(x, y))
{{out}}
x = 10
y = 2
NOT x = -11
x AND y = 2
x OR y = 10
x XOR y = 8
x SHL y = 40
x SHR y = 2
x ROL y = 40
x ROR y = -2147483646
360 Assembly
* Bitwise operations 15/02/2017
BITWISE CSECT
USING BITWISE,R13
B 72(R15)
DC 17F'0'
STM R14,R12,12(R13)
ST R13,4(R15)
ST R15,8(R13)
LR R13,R15
L R1,A
XDECO R1,PG
MVC OP,=CL7'A='
XPRNT OP,L'OP+L'PG
L R1,B
XDECO R1,PG
MVC OP,=CL7'B='
XPRNT OP,L'OP+L'PG
* And
L R1,A
N R1,B
XDECO R1,PG
MVC OP,=C'A AND B'
XPRNT OP,L'OP+L'PG
* Or
L R1,A
O R1,B
XDECO R1,PG
MVC OP,=C'A OR B'
XPRNT OP,L'OP+L'PG
* Xor
L R1,A
X R1,B
XDECO R1,PG
MVC OP,=C'A XOR B'
XPRNT OP,L'OP+L'PG
* Not
L R1,A
X R1,=X'FFFFFFFF' not (by xor -1)
XDECO R1,PG
MVC OP,=CL7'NOT A'
XPRNT OP,L'OP+L'PG
*
MVC A,=X'80000008' a=-2147483640 (-2^31+8)
L R1,A
XDECO R1,PG
MVC OP,=CL7'A='
XPRNT OP,L'OP+L'PG
* shift right arithmetic (on 31 bits)
L R1,A
SRA R1,3
XDECO R1,PG
MVC OP,=C'A SRA 3'
XPRNT OP,L'OP+L'PG
* shift left arithmetic (on 31 bits)
L R1,A
SLA R1,3
XDECO R1,PG
MVC OP,=C'A SLA 3'
XPRNT OP,L'OP+L'PG
* shift right logical (on 32 bits)
L R1,A
SRL R1,3
XDECO R1,PG
MVC OP,=C'A SRL 3'
XPRNT OP,L'OP+L'PG
* shift left logical (on 32 bits)
L R1,A
SLL R1,3
XDECO R1,PG
MVC OP,=C'A SLL 3'
XPRNT OP,L'OP+L'PG
*
RETURN L R13,4(0,R13)
LM R14,R12,12(R13)
XR R15,R15
BR R14
A DC F'21'
B DC F'3'
OP DS CL7
PG DS CL12
YREGS
END BITWISE
{{out}}
A= 21
B= 3
A AND B 1
A OR B 23
A XOR B 22
NOT A -22
A= -2147483640
A SRA 3 -268435455
A SLA 3 -2147483584
A SRL 3 268435457
A SLL 3 64
8051 Assembly
Integer one is assumed to be a, integer two assumed to be b. Each operation affects one or both operands and would not be used sequentially. The end result of each operation resides in a. The shift and rotate operations should likely push psw and pop psw because they affect the carry flag.
; bitwise AND
anl a, b
; bitwise OR
orl a, b
; bitwise XOR
xrl a, b
; bitwise NOT
cpl a
; left shift
inc b
rrc a
loop:
rlc a
clr c
djnz b, loop
; right shift
inc b
rlc a
loop:
rrc a
clr c
djnz b, loop
; arithmetic right shift
push 20
inc b
rlc a
mov 20.0, c
loop:
rrc a
mov c, 20.0
djnz b, loop
pop 20
; left rotate
inc b
rr a
loop:
rl a
djnz b, loop
; right rotate
inc b
rl a
loop:
rr a
djnz b, loop
ABAP
This works in ABAP 7.40 and above. The missing arithmetic shift operations have been implemented with arithmetic, whereas the logical shift and the rotate operations have been implemented using the built in string functions shift_left and shift_right.
report z_bitwise_operations.
class hex_converter definition.
public section.
class-methods:
to_binary
importing
hex_value type x
returning
value(binary_value) type string,
to_decimal
importing
hex_value type x
returning
value(decimal_value) type int4.
endclass.
class hex_converter implementation.
method to_binary.
data(number_of_bits) = xstrlen( hex_value ) * 8.
do number_of_bits times.
get bit sy-index of hex_value into data(bit).
binary_value = |{ binary_value }{ bit }|.
enddo.
endmethod.
method to_decimal.
decimal_value = hex_value.
endmethod.
endclass.
class missing_bitwise_operations definition.
public section.
class-methods:
arithmetic_shift_left
importing
old_value type x
change_with type x
exporting
new_value type x,
arithmetic_shift_right
importing
old_value type x
change_with type x
exporting
new_value type x,
logical_shift_left
importing
old_value type x
change_with type x
exporting
new_value type x,
logical_shift_right
importing
old_value type x
change_with type x
exporting
new_value type x,
rotate_left
importing
old_value type x
change_with type x
exporting
new_value type x,
rotate_right
importing
old_value type x
change_with type x
exporting
new_value type x.
endclass.
class missing_bitwise_operations implementation.
method arithmetic_shift_left.
clear new_value.
new_value = old_value * 2 ** change_with.
endmethod.
method arithmetic_shift_right.
clear new_value.
new_value = old_value div 2 ** change_with.
endmethod.
method logical_shift_left.
clear new_value.
data(bits) = hex_converter=>to_binary( old_value ).
data(length_of_bit_sequence) = strlen( bits ).
bits = shift_left(
val = bits
places = change_with ).
while strlen( bits ) < length_of_bit_sequence.
bits = |{ bits }0|.
endwhile.
do strlen( bits ) times.
data(index) = sy-index - 1.
data(current_bit) = bits+index(1).
if current_bit eq `1`.
set bit sy-index of new_value.
endif.
enddo.
endmethod.
method logical_shift_right.
clear new_value.
data(bits) = hex_converter=>to_binary( old_value ).
data(length_of_bit_sequence) = strlen( bits ).
bits = shift_right(
val = bits
places = change_with ).
while strlen( bits ) < length_of_bit_sequence.
bits = |0{ bits }|.
endwhile.
do strlen( bits ) times.
data(index) = sy-index - 1.
data(current_bit) = bits+index(1).
if current_bit eq `1`.
set bit sy-index of new_value.
endif.
enddo.
endmethod.
method rotate_left.
clear new_value.
data(bits) = hex_converter=>to_binary( old_value ).
bits = shift_left(
val = bits
circular = change_with ).
do strlen( bits ) times.
data(index) = sy-index - 1.
data(current_bit) = bits+index(1).
if current_bit eq `1`.
set bit sy-index of new_value.
endif.
enddo.
endmethod.
method rotate_right.
clear new_value.
data(bits) = hex_converter=>to_binary( old_value ).
bits = shift_right(
val = bits
circular = change_with ).
do strlen( bits ) times.
data(index) = sy-index - 1.
data(current_bit) = bits+index(1).
if current_bit eq `1`.
set bit sy-index of new_value.
endif.
enddo.
endmethod.
endclass.
start-of-selection.
data:
a type x length 4 value 255,
b type x length 4 value 2,
result type x length 4.
write: |a -> { a }, { hex_converter=>to_binary( a ) }, { hex_converter=>to_decimal( a ) }|, /.
write: |b -> { b }, { hex_converter=>to_binary( b ) }, { hex_converter=>to_decimal( b ) }|, /.
result = a bit-and b.
write: |a & b -> { result }, { hex_converter=>to_binary( result ) }, { hex_converter=>to_decimal( result ) }|, /.
result = a bit-or b.
write: |a \| b -> { result }, { hex_converter=>to_binary( result ) }, { hex_converter=>to_decimal( result ) }|, /.
result = a bit-xor b.
write: |a ^ b -> { result }, { hex_converter=>to_binary( result ) }, { hex_converter=>to_decimal( result ) }|, /.
result = bit-not a.
write: |~a -> { result }, { hex_converter=>to_binary( result ) }, { hex_converter=>to_decimal( result ) }|, /.
missing_bitwise_operations=>arithmetic_shift_left(
exporting
old_value = bit-not a
change_with = b
importing
new_value = result ).
write: |~a << b -> { result }, { hex_converter=>to_binary( result ) }, { hex_converter=>to_decimal( result ) }|, /.
missing_bitwise_operations=>arithmetic_shift_right(
exporting
old_value = bit-not a
change_with = b
importing
new_value = result ).
write: |~a >> b -> { result }, { hex_converter=>to_binary( result ) }, { hex_converter=>to_decimal( result ) }|, /.
missing_bitwise_operations=>logical_shift_left(
exporting
old_value = a
change_with = b
importing
new_value = result ).
write: |a <<< b -> { result }, { hex_converter=>to_binary( result ) }, { hex_converter=>to_decimal( result ) }|, /.
missing_bitwise_operations=>logical_shift_right(
exporting
old_value = bit-not a
change_with = b
importing
new_value = result ).
write: |~a >>> b -> { result }, { hex_converter=>to_binary( result ) }, { hex_converter=>to_decimal( result ) }|, /.
missing_bitwise_operations=>rotate_left(
exporting
old_value = bit-not a
change_with = b
importing
new_value = result ).
write: |~a rotl b -> { result }, { hex_converter=>to_binary( result ) }, { hex_converter=>to_decimal( result ) }|, /.
missing_bitwise_operations=>rotate_right(
exporting
old_value = a
change_with = b
importing
new_value = result ).
write: |a rotr b -> { result }, { hex_converter=>to_binary( result ) }, { hex_converter=>to_decimal( result ) }|, /.
{{output}}
a -> 000000FF, 00000000000000000000000011111111, 255
b -> 00000002, 00000000000000000000000000000010, 2
a & b -> 00000002, 00000000000000000000000000000010, 2
a | b -> 000000FF, 00000000000000000000000011111111, 255
a ^ b -> 000000FD, 00000000000000000000000011111101, 253
~a -> FFFFFF00, 11111111111111111111111100000000, -256
~a << b -> FFFFFC00, 11111111111111111111110000000000, -1024
~a >> b -> FFFFFFC0, 11111111111111111111111111000000, -64
a <<< b -> 000003FC, 00000000000000000000001111111100, 1020
~a >>> b -> 3FFFFFC0, 00111111111111111111111111000000, 1073741760
~a rotl b -> FFFFFC03, 11111111111111111111110000000011, -1021
a rotr b -> C000003F, 11000000000000000000000000111111, -1073741761
ACL2
Unlisted operations are not available
(defun bitwise (a b)
(list (logand a b)
(logior a b)
(logxor a b)
(lognot a)
(ash a b)
(ash a (- b))))
ActionScript
ActionScript does not support bitwise rotations.
function bitwise(a:int, b:int):void
{
trace("And: ", a & b);
trace("Or: ", a | b);
trace("Xor: ", a ^ b);
trace("Not: ", ~a);
trace("Left Shift: ", a << b);
trace("Right Shift(Arithmetic): ", a >> b);
trace("Right Shift(Logical): ", a >>> b);
}
Ada
The following program performs all required operations and prints the resulting values in base 2 for easy checking of the bit values.
with Ada.Text_IO, Interfaces;
use Ada.Text_IO, Interfaces;
procedure Bitwise is
subtype Byte is Unsigned_8;
package Byte_IO is new Ada.Text_Io.Modular_IO (Byte);
A : constant Byte := 2#00011110#;
B : constant Byte := 2#11110100#;
X : constant Byte := 128;
N : constant Natural := 1;
begin
Put ("A and B = "); Byte_IO.Put (Item => A and B, Base => 2); New_Line;
Put ("A or B = "); Byte_IO.Put (Item => A or B, Base => 2); New_Line;
Put ("A xor B = "); Byte_IO.Put (Item => A xor B, Base => 2); New_Line;
Put ("not A = "); Byte_IO.Put (Item => not A, Base => 2); New_Line;
New_Line (2);
Put_Line (Unsigned_8'Image (Shift_Left (X, N)));
Put_Line (Unsigned_8'Image (Shift_Right (X, N)));
Put_Line (Unsigned_8'Image (Shift_Right_Arithmetic (X, N)));
Put_Line (Unsigned_8'Image (Rotate_Left (X, N)));
Put_Line (Unsigned_8'Image (Rotate_Right (X, N)));
end Bitwise;
Aikido
{{trans|Javascript}}
There is no rotate support built in to Aikido.
function bitwise(a, b){
println("a AND b: " + (a & b))
println("a OR b: "+ (a | b))
println("a XOR b: "+ (a ^ b))
println("NOT a: " + ~a)
println("a << b: " + (a << b)) // left shift
println("a >> b: " + (a >> b)) // arithmetic right shift
println("a >>> b: " + (a >>> b)) // logical right shift
}
ALGOL 68
{{works with|ALGOL 68|Standard - no extensions to language used}} {{works with|ALGOL 68G|Any - tested with release mk15-0.8b.fc9.i386}}
Aside from decimal, [[ALGOL 68]] has 5 different alternative was of representing the number 170:
- 2r00000000000000000000000010101010, 4r0000000000002222, 8r00000000252, 16r000000aa
- and as an array of BOOL: FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFTFTFTFTF
main:(
PRIO SLC = 8, SRC = 8; # SLC and SRC are not built in, define and overload them here #
OP SLC = (BITS b, INT rotate) BITS: b SHL rotate OR b SHR ( bits width - rotate );
OP SRC = (BITS b, INT rotate) BITS: b SHR rotate OR b SHL ( bits width - rotate );
# SRC and SRL are non-standard, but versions are built in to ALGOL 68R's standard prelude #
PRIO XOR = 2;
OP XOR = (BITS p, q) BITS: p AND NOT q OR NOT p AND q;
# XOR is non-standard, but a version is built in to ALGOL 68G's standard prelude #
# ALGOL 68 has 5 different ways of representing a BINary BITS - Bases: 2, 4, 8, 16 and flip/flop #
FORMAT b5 = $"2r"2r32d," 4r"4r16d," 8r"8r11d," 16r"16r8d," "gl$;
OP BBBBB = (BITS b)[]BITS: (b,b,b,b,b);
PROC bitwise = (BITS a, BITS b, INT shift)VOID:
(
printf((
$" bits shorths: "gxgl$, bits shorths, "1 plus the number of extra SHORT BITS types",
$" bits lengths: "gxgl$, bits lengths, "1 plus the number of extra LONG BITS types",
$" max bits: "gl$, max bits,
$" long max bits: "gl$, long max bits,
$" long long max bits: "gl$, long long max bits,
$" bits width: "gxgl$, bits width, "The number of CHAR required to display BITS",
$" long bits width: "gxgl$, long bits width, "The number of CHAR required to display LONG BITS",
$" long long bits width: "gxgl$, long long bits width, "The number of CHAR required to display LONG LONG BITS",
$" bytes shorths: "gxgl$, bytes shorths, "1 plus the number of extra SHORT BYTES types",
$" bytes lengths: "gxgl$, bits lengths, "1 plus the number of extra LONG BYTES types",
$" bytes width: "gxgl$, bytes width, "The number of CHAR required to display BYTES",
$" long bytes width: "gxgl$, long bytes width, "The number of CHAR required to display LONG BYTES"
));
printf(($" a: "f(b5)$, BBBBB a));
printf(($" b: "f(b5)$, BBBBB b));
printf(($" a AND b: "f(b5)$, BBBBB(a AND b)));
printf(($" a OR b: "f(b5)$, BBBBB(a OR b)));
printf(($" a XOR b: "f(b5)$, BBBBB(a XOR b)));
printf(($" NOT b: "f(b5)$, BBBBB NOT a));
printf(($" a SHL "d": "f(b5)$, shift, BBBBB(a SHL shift)));
printf(($" a SHR "d": "f(b5)$, shift, BBBBB(a SHR shift)));
printf(($" a SLC "d": "f(b5)$, shift, BBBBB(a SLC shift)));
printf(($" a SRC "d": "f(b5)$, shift, BBBBB(a SRC shift)))
COMMENT with original ALGOL 68 character set;
printf(($" a AND b: "f(b5)$, BBBBB(a ∧ b)));
printf(($" a OR b: "f(b5)$, BBBBB(a ∨ b)));
printf(($" NOT b: "f(b5)$, BBBBB ¬ a));
printf(($" a SHL "d": "f(b5)$, shift, BBBBB(a ↑ shift)));
printf(($" a SHR "d": "f(b5)$, shift, BBBBB(a ↓ shift)));
Also:
printf(($" a AND b: "f(b5)$, BBBBB(a /\ b)));
printf(($" a OR b: "f(b5)$, BBBBB(a \/ b)));
COMMENT
);
bitwise(BIN 255, BIN 170, 5)
# or using alternate representations for 255 and 170 in BITS #
CO
bitwise(2r11111111,2r10101010,5);
bitwise(4r3333,4r2222,5);
bitwise(8r377,8r252,5);
bitwise(16rff,16raa,5)
END CO
)
Output:
bits shorths: +1 1 plus the number of extra SHORT BITS types
bits lengths: +3 1 plus the number of extra LONG BITS types
max bits: TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT
long max bits: TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT
long long max bits: TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT
bits width: +32 The number of CHAR required to display BITS
long bits width: +116 The number of CHAR required to display LONG BITS
long long bits width: +232 The number of CHAR required to display LONG LONG BITS
bytes shorths: +1 1 plus the number of extra SHORT BYTES types
bytes lengths: +3 1 plus the number of extra LONG BYTES types
bytes width: +32 The number of CHAR required to display BYTES
long bytes width: +64 The number of CHAR required to display LONG BYTES
a: 2r00000000000000000000000011111111 4r0000000000003333 8r00000000377 16r000000ff FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFTTTTTTTT
b: 2r00000000000000000000000010101010 4r0000000000002222 8r00000000252 16r000000aa FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFTFTFTFTF
a AND b: 2r00000000000000000000000010101010 4r0000000000002222 8r00000000252 16r000000aa FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFTFTFTFTF
a OR b: 2r00000000000000000000000011111111 4r0000000000003333 8r00000000377 16r000000ff FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFTTTTTTTT
a XOR b: 2r00000000000000000000000001010101 4r0000000000001111 8r00000000125 16r00000055 FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFTFTFTFT
NOT b: 2r11111111111111111111111100000000 4r3333333333330000 8r37777777400 16rffffff00 TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTFFFFFFFF
a SHL 5: 2r00000000000000000001111111100000 4r0000000001333200 8r00000017740 16r00001fe0 FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFTTTTTTTTFFFFF
a SHR 5: 2r00000000000000000000000000000111 4r0000000000000013 8r00000000007 16r00000007 FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFTTT
a SLC 5: 2r00000000000000000001111111100000 4r0000000001333200 8r00000017740 16r00001fe0 FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFTTTTTTTTFFFFF
a SRC 5: 2r11111000000000000000000000000111 4r3320000000000013 8r37000000007 16rf8000007 TTTTTFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFTTT
Note that an INT can be widened into BITS, and BITS can be widened into an array of BOOL. eg:
# unpack (widen) some data back into an a BOOL array #
INT i := 170;
BITS j := BIN i;
[bits width]BOOL k := j;
printf(($g", 8r"8r4d", "8(g)l$, i, j, k[bits width-8+1:]));
# now pack some data back into an INT #
k[bits width-8+1:] := (FALSE, TRUE, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE, TRUE);
j := bits pack(k);
i := ABS j;
printf(($g", 8r"8r4d", "8(g)l$, i, j, k[bits width-8+1:]))
Output:
+170, 8r0252, TFTFTFTF
+85, 8r0125, FTFTFTFT
ALGOL W
% performs bitwise and, or, not, left-shift and right shift on the integers n1 and n2 %
% Algol W does not have xor, arithmetic right shift, left rotate or right rotate %
procedure bitOperations ( integer value n1, n2 ) ;
begin
bits b1, b2;
% the Algol W bitwse operations operate on bits values, so we first convert the %
% integers to bits values using the builtin bitstring procedure %
% the results are converted back to integers using the builtin number procedure %
% all Algol W bits and integers are 32 bits quantities %
b1 := bitstring( n1 );
b2 := bitstring( n2 );
% perform the operaations and display the results as integers %
write( n1, " and ", n2, " = ", number( b1 and b2 ) );
write( n1, " or ", n2, " = ", number( b1 or b2 ) );
write( " "
, " not ", n1, " = ", number( not b1 ) );
write( n1, " shl ", n2, " = ", number( b1 shl n2 ), " ( left-shift )" );
write( n1, " shr ", n2, " = ", number( b1 shr n2 ), " ( right-shift )" )
end bitOPerations ;
AppleScript
Applescript has no bitwise operators. It's probably not the right tool to reach for if you need to work with bits.
If we really do need to use Applescript for bitwise operations, two immediate possibilities come to mind:
- We can use JavaScript operators through an ObjC bridge to JavaScript for Automation, or
- we can write our own functions – converting between 32-bit signed integers and corresponding lists of booleans, and performing the bitwise operations on the boolean lists before converting back to integers.
'''First option''' – 'dialling out to JavaScript for Automation':
This is feasible, (see below) subject to the limitations that:
- Javascript lacks bit rotation operators, and
- in the case of the JS left shift operator '''(<<)''' the right operand needs to be masked with '''0x1F''' (31), which is its maximum effective value.
use AppleScript version "2.4"
use framework "Foundation"
use scripting additions
-- BIT OPERATIONS FOR APPLESCRIPT (VIA JAVASCRIPT FOR AUTOMATION)
-- bitAND :: Int -> Int -> Int
on bitAND(x, y)
jsOp2("&", x, y)
end bitAND
-- bitOR :: Int -> Int -> Int
on bitOR(x, y)
jsOp2("|", x, y)
end bitOR
-- bitXOr :: Int -> Int -> Int
on bitXOR(x, y)
jsOp2("^", x, y)
end bitXOR
-- bitNOT :: Int -> Int
on bitNOT(x)
jsOp1("~", x)
end bitNOT
-- (<<) :: Int -> Int -> Int
on |<<|(x, y)
if 31 < y then
0
else
jsOp2("<<", x, y)
end if
end |<<|
-- Logical right shift
-- (>>>) :: Int -> Int -> Int
on |>>>|(x, y)
jsOp2(">>>", x, y)
end |>>>|
-- Arithmetic right shift
-- (>>) :: Int -> Int -> Int
on |>>|(x, y)
jsOp2(">>", x, y)
end |>>|
-- TEST ----------------------------------------------------------
on run
-- Using an ObjC interface to Javascript for Automation
set strClip to bitWise(255, 170)
set the clipboard to strClip
strClip
end run
-- bitWise :: Int -> Int -> String
on bitWise(a, b)
set labels to {"a AND b", "a OR b", "a XOR b", "NOT a", ¬
"a << b", "a >>> b", "a >> b"}
set xs to {bitAND(a, b), bitOR(a, b), bitXOR(a, b), bitNOT(a), ¬
|<<|(a, b), |>>>|(a, b), |>>|(a, b)}
script asBin
property arrow : " -> "
on |λ|(x, y)
justifyRight(8, space, x) & arrow & ¬
justifyRight(14, space, y as text) & arrow & showBinary(y)
end |λ|
end script
unlines({"32 bit signed integers (in two's complement binary encoding)", "", ¬
unlines(zipWith(asBin, ¬
{"a = " & a as text, "b = " & b as text}, {a, b})), "", ¬
unlines(zipWith(asBin, labels, xs))})
end bitWise
-- CONVERSIONS AND DISPLAY
-- bitsFromInt :: Int -> Either String [Bool]
on bitsFromIntLR(x)
script go
on |λ|(n, d, bools)
set xs to {0 ≠ d} & bools
if n > 0 then
|λ|(n div 2, n mod 2, xs)
else
xs
end if
end |λ|
end script
set a to abs(x)
if (2.147483647E+9) < a then
|Left|("Integer overflow – maximum is (2 ^ 31) - 1")
else
set bs to go's |λ|(a div 2, a mod 2, {})
if 0 > x then
|Right|(replicate(32 - (length of bs), true) & ¬
binSucc(map(my |not|, bs)))
else
set bs to go's |λ|(a div 2, a mod 2, {})
|Right|(replicate(32 - (length of bs), false) & bs)
end if
end if
end bitsFromIntLR
-- Successor function (+1) for unsigned binary integer
-- binSucc :: [Bool] -> [Bool]
on binSucc(bs)
script succ
on |λ|(a, x)
if a then
if x then
Tuple(a, false)
else
Tuple(x, true)
end if
else
Tuple(a, x)
end if
end |λ|
end script
set tpl to mapAccumR(succ, true, bs)
if |1| of tpl then
{true} & |2| of tpl
else
|2| of tpl
end if
end binSucc
-- showBinary :: Int -> String
on showBinary(x)
script showBin
on |λ|(xs)
script bChar
on |λ|(b)
if b then
"1"
else
"0"
end if
end |λ|
end script
map(bChar, xs)
end |λ|
end script
bindLR(my bitsFromIntLR(x), showBin)
end showBinary
-- JXA ------------------------------------------------------------------
--jsOp2 :: String -> a -> b -> c
on jsOp2(strOp, a, b)
bindLR(evalJSLR(unwords({a as text, strOp, b as text})), my |id|) as integer
end jsOp2
--jsOp2 :: String -> a -> b
on jsOp1(strOp, a)
bindLR(evalJSLR(unwords({strOp, a as text})), my |id|) as integer
end jsOp1
-- evalJSLR :: String -> Either String a
on evalJSLR(strJS)
try -- NB if gJSC is global it must be released
-- (e.g. set to null) at end of script
gJSC's evaluateScript
on error
set gJSC to current application's JSContext's new()
log ("new JSC")
end try
set v to unwrap((gJSC's evaluateScript:(strJS))'s toObject())
if v is missing value then
|Left|("JS evaluation error")
else
|Right|(v)
end if
end evalJSLR
-- GENERIC FUNCTIONS --------------------------------------------------
-- Left :: a -> Either a b
on |Left|(x)
{type:"Either", |Left|:x, |Right|:missing value}
end |Left|
-- Right :: b -> Either a b
on |Right|(x)
{type:"Either", |Left|:missing value, |Right|:x}
end |Right|
-- Tuple (,) :: a -> b -> (a, b)
on Tuple(a, b)
{type:"Tuple", |1|:a, |2|:b, length:2}
end Tuple
-- Absolute value.
-- abs :: Num -> Num
on abs(x)
if 0 > x then
-x
else
x
end if
end abs
-- bindLR (>>=) :: Either a -> (a -> Either b) -> Either b
on bindLR(m, mf)
if missing value is not |Right| of m then
mReturn(mf)'s |λ|(|Right| of m)
else
m
end if
end bindLR
-- foldr :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> [a] -> b
on foldr(f, startValue, xs)
tell mReturn(f)
set v to startValue
set lng to length of xs
repeat with i from lng to 1 by -1
set v to |λ|(item i of xs, v, i, xs)
end repeat
return v
end tell
end foldr
-- id :: a -> a
on |id|(x)
x
end |id|
-- justifyRight :: Int -> Char -> String -> String
on justifyRight(n, cFiller, strText)
if n > length of strText then
text -n thru -1 of ((replicate(n, cFiller) as text) & strText)
else
strText
end if
end justifyRight
-- map :: (a -> b) -> [a] -> [b]
on map(f, xs)
tell mReturn(f)
set lng to length of xs
set lst to {}
repeat with i from 1 to lng
set end of lst to |λ|(item i of xs, i, xs)
end repeat
return lst
end tell
end map
-- 'The mapAccumR function behaves like a combination of map and foldr;
-- it applies a function to each element of a list, passing an accumulating
-- parameter from |Right| to |Left|, and returning a final value of this
-- accumulator together with the new list.' (see Hoogle)
-- mapAccumR :: (acc -> x -> (acc, y)) -> acc -> [x] -> (acc, [y])
on mapAccumR(f, acc, xs)
script
on |λ|(x, a, i)
tell mReturn(f) to set pair to |λ|(|1| of a, x, i)
Tuple(|1| of pair, (|2| of pair) & |2| of a)
end |λ|
end script
foldr(result, Tuple(acc, []), xs)
end mapAccumR
-- min :: Ord a => a -> a -> a
on min(x, y)
if y < x then
y
else
x
end if
end min
-- Lift 2nd class handler function into 1st class script wrapper
-- mReturn :: First-class m => (a -> b) -> m (a -> b)
on mReturn(f)
if class of f is script then
f
else
script
property |λ| : f
end script
end if
end mReturn
-- not :: Bool -> Bool
on |not|(p)
not p
end |not|
-- Egyptian multiplication - progressively doubling a list, appending
-- stages of doubling to an accumulator where needed for binary
-- assembly of a target length
-- replicate :: Int -> a -> [a]
on replicate(n, a)
set out to {}
if n < 1 then return out
set dbl to {a}
repeat while (n > 1)
if (n mod 2) > 0 then set out to out & dbl
set n to (n div 2)
set dbl to (dbl & dbl)
end repeat
return out & dbl
end replicate
-- unlines :: [String] -> String
on unlines(xs)
set {dlm, my text item delimiters} to ¬
{my text item delimiters, linefeed}
set str to xs as text
set my text item delimiters to dlm
str
end unlines
-- unwords :: [String] -> String
on unwords(xs)
set {dlm, my text item delimiters} to {my text item delimiters, space}
set s to xs as text
set my text item delimiters to dlm
return s
end unwords
-- unwrap :: NSObject -> a
on unwrap(objCValue)
if objCValue is missing value then
missing value
else
set ca to current application
item 1 of ((ca's NSArray's arrayWithObject:objCValue) as list)
end if
end unwrap
-- zipWith :: (a -> b -> c) -> [a] -> [b] -> [c]
on zipWith(f, xs, ys)
set lng to min(length of xs, length of ys)
if 1 > lng then return {}
set lst to {}
tell mReturn(f)
repeat with i from 1 to lng
set end of lst to |λ|(item i of xs, item i of ys)
end repeat
return lst
end tell
end zipWith
{{Out}}
32 bit signed integers (in two's complement binary encoding)
a = 255 -> 255 -> 00000000000000000000000011111111
b = 170 -> 170 -> 00000000000000000000000010101010
a AND b -> 170 -> 00000000000000000000000010101010
a OR b -> 255 -> 00000000000000000000000011111111
a XOR b -> 85 -> 00000000000000000000000001010101
NOT a -> -256 -> 11111111111111111111111100000000
a << b -> 0 -> 00000000000000000000000000000000
a >>> b -> 0 -> 00000000000000000000000000000000
a >> b -> 0 -> 00000000000000000000000000000000
'''Second option''' – writing our own bitwise functions for Applescript:
use AppleScript version "2.4"
use framework "Foundation"
use scripting additions
-- BITWISE OPERATIONS FOR APPLESCRIPT ---------------------------------------
-- bitAND :: Int -> Int -> Int
on bitAND(x, y)
bitOp2(my |and|, x, y)
end bitAND
-- bitOR :: Int -> Int -> Int
on bitOR(x, y)
bitOp2(my |or|, x, y)
end bitOR
-- bitXOr :: Int -> Int -> Int
on bitXOR(x, y)
bitOp2(my xor, x, y)
end bitXOR
-- bitNOT :: Int -> Int
on bitNOT(x)
script notBits
on |λ|(xs)
bindLR(intFromBitsLR(map(my |not|, xs)), my |id|)
end |λ|
end script
bindLR(bitsFromIntLR(x), notBits)
end bitNOT
-- (<<) :: Int -> Int -> Int
on |<<|(a, b)
script logicLshift
on |λ|(bs)
bindLR(intFromBitsLR(take(32, drop(b, bs) & replicate(b, false))), my |id|)
end |λ|
end script
bindLR(bitsFromIntLR(a), logicLshift)
end |<<|
-- Logical right shift
-- (>>>) :: Int -> Int -> Int
on |>>>|(a, b)
script logicRShift
on |λ|(bs)
bindLR(intFromBitsLR(take(32, replicate(b, false) & drop(b, bs))), my |id|)
end |λ|
end script
bindLR(bitsFromIntLR(a), logicRShift)
end |>>>|
-- Arithmetic right shift
-- (>>) :: Int -> Int -> Int
on |>>|(a, b)
script arithRShift
on |λ|(bs)
if 0 < length of bs then
set sign to item 1 of bs
else
set sign to false
end if
bindLR(intFromBitsLR(take(32, replicate(b, sign) & drop(b, bs))), my |id|)
end |λ|
end script
bindLR(bitsFromIntLR(a), arithRShift)
end |>>|
-- bitRotL :: Int -> Int -> Int
on bitRotL(a, b)
script lRot
on |λ|(bs)
bindLR(intFromBitsLR(rotate(-b, bs)), my |id|)
end |λ|
end script
bindLR(bitsFromIntLR(a), lRot)
end bitRotL
-- bitRotR :: Int -> Int -> Int
on bitRotR(a, b)
script rRot
on |λ|(bs)
bindLR(intFromBitsLR(rotate(b, bs)), my |id|)
end |λ|
end script
bindLR(bitsFromIntLR(a), rRot)
end bitRotR
-- TEST ---------------------------------------------------------------
-- bitWise :: Int -> Int -> String
on bitWise(a, b)
set labels to {"a AND b", "a OR b", "a XOR b", "NOT a", ¬
"a << b", "a >>> b", "a >> b", "ROTL a b", "ROTR a b"}
set xs to {bitAND(a, b), bitOR(a, b), bitXOR(a, b), bitNOT(a), ¬
|<<|(a, b), |>>>|(a, b), |>>|(a, b), bitRotL(a, b), bitRotR(a, b)}
script asBin
property arrow : " -> "
on |λ|(x, y)
justifyRight(8, space, x) & arrow & ¬
justifyRight(14, space, y as text) & arrow & showBinary(y)
end |λ|
end script
unlines({"32 bit signed integers (in two's complement binary encoding)", "", ¬
unlines(zipWith(asBin, ¬
{"a = " & a as text, "b = " & b as text}, {a, b})), "", ¬
unlines(zipWith(asBin, labels, xs))})
end bitWise
on run
-- Assuming 32 bit signed integers (in two's complement binary encoding)
set strClip to bitWise(255, 170)
set the clipboard to strClip
strClip
end run
-- BINARY INTEGER CONVERSIONS AND DISPLAY ------------------------------------------------------------------
-- bitsFromInt :: Int -> Either String [Bool]
on bitsFromIntLR(x)
script go
on |λ|(n, d, bools)
set xs to {0 ≠ d} & bools
if n > 0 then
|λ|(n div 2, n mod 2, xs)
else
xs
end if
end |λ|
end script
set a to abs(x)
if (2.147483647E+9) < a then
|Left|("Integer overflow – maximum is (2 ^ 31) - 1")
else
set bs to go's |λ|(a div 2, a mod 2, {})
if 0 > x then
|Right|(replicate(32 - (length of bs), true) & ¬
binSucc(map(my |not|, bs)))
else
set bs to go's |λ|(a div 2, a mod 2, {})
|Right|(replicate(32 - (length of bs), false) & bs)
end if
end if
end bitsFromIntLR
-- intFromBitsLR :: [Bool] -> Either String Int
on intFromBitsLR(xs)
script bitSum
on |λ|(x, a, i)
if x then
a + (2 ^ (31 - i))
else
a
end if
end |λ|
end script
set lngBits to length of xs
if 32 < lngBits then
|Left|("Applescript limited to signed 32 bit integers")
else if 1 > lngBits then
|Right|(0 as integer)
else
set bits to (rest of xs)
if item 1 of xs then
|Right|(0 - foldr(bitSum, 1, map(my |not|, bits)) as integer)
else
|Right|(foldr(bitSum, 0, bits) as integer)
end if
end if
end intFromBitsLR
-- showBinary :: Int -> String
on showBinary(x)
script showBin
on |λ|(xs)
script bChar
on |λ|(b)
if b then
"1"
else
"0"
end if
end |λ|
end script
map(bChar, xs)
end |λ|
end script
bindLR(my bitsFromIntLR(x), showBin)
end showBinary
-- bitOp2 :: ((Bool -> Bool -> Bool) -> Int -> Int -> Int
on bitOp2(f, x, y)
script yBits
on |λ|(bitX)
script zipOp
on |λ|(bitY)
bitZipWithLR(f, bitX, bitY)
end |λ|
end script
bindLR(bindLR(bindLR(bitsFromIntLR(y), ¬
zipOp), my intFromBitsLR), my |id|)
end |λ|
end script
bindLR(bitsFromIntLR(x), yBits)
end bitOp2
-- bitZipWithLR :: ((a, b) -> c ) -> [Bool] -> [Bool] -> Either String [(Bool, Bool)]
on bitZipWithLR(f, xs, ys)
set intX to length of xs
set intY to length of ys
set intMax to max(intX, intY)
if 33 > intMax then
if intX > intY then
set {bxs, bys} to {xs, ys & replicate(intX - intY, false)}
else
set {bxs, bys} to {xs & replicate(intY - intX, false), ys}
end if
tell mReturn(f)
set lst to {}
repeat with i from 1 to intMax
set end of lst to |λ|(item i of bxs, item i of bys)
end repeat
return |Right|(lst)
end tell
else
|Left|("Above maximum of 32 bits")
end if
end bitZipWithLR
-- Successor function (+1) for unsigned binary integer
-- binSucc :: [Bool] -> [Bool]
on binSucc(bs)
script succ
on |λ|(a, x)
if a then
if x then
Tuple(a, false)
else
Tuple(x, true)
end if
else
Tuple(a, x)
end if
end |λ|
end script
set tpl to mapAccumR(succ, true, bs)
if |1| of tpl then
{true} & |2| of tpl
else
|2| of tpl
end if
end binSucc
-- BOOLEANS ----------------------------------------------------
-- |or| :: Bool -> Bool -> Bool
on |or|(x, y)
x or y
end |or|
-- |and| :: Bool -> Bool -> Bool
on |and|(x, y)
x and y
end |and|
-- xor :: Bool -> Bool -> Bool
on xor(x, y)
(x or y) and not (x and y)
end xor
-- not :: Bool -> Bool
on |not|(p)
not p
end |not|
-- GENERAL ----------------------------------------------------
-- Right :: b -> Either a b
on |Right|(x)
{type:"Either", |Left|:missing value, |Right|:x}
end |Right|
-- Left :: a -> Either a b
on |Left|(x)
{type:"Either", |Left|:x, |Right|:missing value}
end |Left|
-- Tuple (,) :: a -> b -> (a, b)
on Tuple(a, b)
{type:"Tuple", |1|:a, |2|:b, length:2}
end Tuple
-- Absolute value.
-- abs :: Num -> Num
on abs(x)
if 0 > x then
-x
else
x
end if
end abs
-- bindLR (>>=) :: Either a -> (a -> Either b) -> Either b
on bindLR(m, mf)
if missing value is not |Right| of m then
mReturn(mf)'s |λ|(|Right| of m)
else
m
end if
end bindLR
-- drop :: Int -> [a] -> [a]
-- drop :: Int -> String -> String
on drop(n, xs)
if class of xs is not string then
if n < length of xs then
items (1 + n) thru -1 of xs
else
{}
end if
else
if n < length of xs then
text (1 + n) thru -1 of xs
else
""
end if
end if
end drop
-- foldr :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> [a] -> b
on foldr(f, startValue, xs)
tell mReturn(f)
set v to startValue
set lng to length of xs
repeat with i from lng to 1 by -1
set v to |λ|(item i of xs, v, i, xs)
end repeat
return v
end tell
end foldr
-- id :: a -> a
on |id|(x)
x
end |id|
-- justifyRight :: Int -> Char -> String -> String
on justifyRight(n, cFiller, strText)
if n > length of strText then
text -n thru -1 of ((replicate(n, cFiller) as text) & strText)
else
strText
end if
end justifyRight
-- map :: (a -> b) -> [a] -> [b]
on map(f, xs)
tell mReturn(f)
set lng to length of xs
set lst to {}
repeat with i from 1 to lng
set end of lst to |λ|(item i of xs, i, xs)
end repeat
return lst
end tell
end map
-- 'The mapAccumR function behaves like a combination of map and foldr;
-- it applies a function to each element of a list, passing an accumulating
-- parameter from |Right| to |Left|, and returning a final value of this
-- accumulator together with the new list.' (see Hoogle)
-- mapAccumR :: (acc -> x -> (acc, y)) -> acc -> [x] -> (acc, [y])
on mapAccumR(f, acc, xs)
script
on |λ|(x, a, i)
tell mReturn(f) to set pair to |λ|(|1| of a, x, i)
Tuple(|1| of pair, (|2| of pair) & |2| of a)
end |λ|
end script
foldr(result, Tuple(acc, []), xs)
end mapAccumR
-- max :: Ord a => a -> a -> a
on max(x, y)
if x > y then
x
else
y
end if
end max
-- min :: Ord a => a -> a -> a
on min(x, y)
if y < x then
y
else
x
end if
end min
-- Lift 2nd class handler function into 1st class script wrapper
-- mReturn :: First-class m => (a -> b) -> m (a -> b)
on mReturn(f)
if class of f is script then
f
else
script
property |λ| : f
end script
end if
end mReturn
-- Egyptian multiplication - progressively doubling a list, appending
-- stages of doubling to an accumulator where needed for binary
-- assembly of a target length
-- replicate :: Int -> a -> [a]
on replicate(n, a)
set out to {}
if n < 1 then return out
set dbl to {a}
repeat while (n > 1)
if (n mod 2) > 0 then set out to out & dbl
set n to (n div 2)
set dbl to (dbl & dbl)
end repeat
return out & dbl
end replicate
-- rotate :: Int -> [a] -> [a]
on rotate(n, xs)
set lng to length of xs
if 0 > n then
set d to (-n) mod lng
else
set d to lng - (n mod lng)
end if
drop(d, xs) & take(d, xs)
end rotate
-- take :: Int -> [a] -> [a]
-- take :: Int -> String -> String
on take(n, xs)
if class of xs is string then
if 0 < n then
text 1 thru min(n, length of xs) of xs
else
""
end if
else
if 0 < n then
items 1 thru min(n, length of xs) of xs
else
{}
end if
end if
end take
-- unlines :: [String] -> String
on unlines(xs)
set {dlm, my text item delimiters} to ¬
{my text item delimiters, linefeed}
set str to xs as text
set my text item delimiters to dlm
str
end unlines
-- zipWith :: (a -> b -> c) -> [a] -> [b] -> [c]
on zipWith(f, xs, ys)
set lng to min(length of xs, length of ys)
if 1 > lng then return {}
set lst to {}
tell mReturn(f)
repeat with i from 1 to lng
set end of lst to |λ|(item i of xs, item i of ys)
end repeat
return lst
end tell
end zipWith
{{Out}}
32 bit signed integers (in two's complement binary encoding)
a = 255 -> 255 -> 00000000000000000000000011111111
b = 170 -> 170 -> 00000000000000000000000010101010
a AND b -> 170 -> 00000000000000000000000010101010
a OR b -> 255 -> 00000000000000000000000011111111
a XOR b -> 85 -> 00000000000000000000000001010101
NOT a -> -256 -> 11111111111111111111111100000000
a << b -> 0 -> 00000000000000000000000000000000
a >>> b -> 0 -> 00000000000000000000000000000000
a >> b -> 0 -> 00000000000000000000000000000000
ROTL a b -> 261120 -> 00000000000000111111110000000000
ROTR a b -> 1.06954752E+9 -> 00111111110000000000000000000000
ARM Assembly
{{works with|as|Raspberry Pi}}
/* ARM assembly Raspberry PI */
/* program binarydigit.s */
/* Constantes */
.equ STDOUT, 1
.equ WRITE, 4
.equ EXIT, 1
/* Initialized data */
.data
szMessResultAnd: .asciz "Result of And : \n"
szMessResultOr: .asciz "Result of Or : \n"
szMessResultEor: .asciz "Result of Exclusif Or : \n"
szMessResultNot: .asciz "Result of Not : \n"
szMessResultLsl: .asciz "Result of left shift : \n"
szMessResultLsr: .asciz "Result of right shift : \n"
szMessResultAsr: .asciz "Result of Arithmetic right shift : \n"
szMessResultRor: .asciz "Result of rotate right : \n"
szMessResultRrx: .asciz "Result of rotate right with extend : \n"
szMessResultClear: .asciz "Result of Bit Clear : \n"
sMessAffBin: .ascii "Register value : "
sZoneBin: .space 36,' '
.asciz "\n"
/* code section */
.text
.global main
main: /* entry of program */
push {fp,lr} /* save des 2 registres */
ldr r0,iAdrszMessResultAnd
bl affichageMess
mov r0,#5
and r0,#15
bl affichage2
ldr r0,iAdrszMessResultOr
bl affichageMess
mov r0,#5
orr r0,#15
bl affichage2
ldr r0,iAdrszMessResultEor
bl affichageMess
mov r0,#5
eor r0,#15
bl affichage2
ldr r0,iAdrszMessResultNot
bl affichageMess
mov r0,#5
mvn r0,r0
bl affichage2
ldr r0,iAdrszMessResultLsl
bl affichageMess
mov r0,#5
lsl r0,#1
bl affichage2
ldr r0,iAdrszMessResultLsr
bl affichageMess
mov r0,#5
lsr r0,#1
bl affichage2
ldr r0,iAdrszMessResultAsr
bl affichageMess
mov r0,#-5
bl affichage2
mov r0,#-5
asr r0,#1
bl affichage2
ldr r0,iAdrszMessResultRor
bl affichageMess
mov r0,#5
ror r0,#1
bl affichage2
ldr r0,iAdrszMessResultRrx
bl affichageMess
mov r0,#5
mov r1,#15
rrx r0,r1
bl affichage2
ldr r0,iAdrszMessResultClear
bl affichageMess
mov r0,#5
bic r0,#0b100 @ clear 3ieme bit
bl affichage2
bic r0,#4 @ clear 3ieme bit ( 4 = 100 binary)
bl affichage2
100: /* standard end of the program */
mov r0, #0 @ return code
pop {fp,lr} @restaur 2 registers
mov r7, #EXIT @ request to exit program
swi 0 @ perform the system call
iAdrszMessResultAnd: .int szMessResultAnd
iAdrszMessResultOr: .int szMessResultOr
iAdrszMessResultEor: .int szMessResultEor
iAdrszMessResultNot: .int szMessResultNot
iAdrszMessResultLsl: .int szMessResultLsl
iAdrszMessResultLsr: .int szMessResultLsr
iAdrszMessResultAsr: .int szMessResultAsr
iAdrszMessResultRor: .int szMessResultRor
iAdrszMessResultRrx: .int szMessResultRrx
iAdrszMessResultClear: .int szMessResultClear
/******************************************************************/
/* register display in binary */
/******************************************************************/
/* r0 contains the register */
affichage2:
push {r0,lr} /* save registers */
push {r1-r5} /* save others registers */
mrs r5,cpsr /* saves state register in r5 */
ldr r1,iAdrsZoneBin
mov r2,#0 @ read bit position counter
mov r3,#0 @ position counter of the written character
1: @ loop
lsls r0,#1 @ left shift with flags
movcc r4,#48 @ flag carry off character '0'
movcs r4,#49 @ flag carry on character '1'
strb r4,[r1,r3] @ character -> display zone
add r2,r2,#1 @ + 1 read bit position counter
add r3,r3,#1 @ + 1 position counter of the written character
cmp r2,#8 @ 8 bits read
addeq r3,r3,#1 @ + 1 position counter of the written character
cmp r2,#16 @ etc
addeq r3,r3,#1
cmp r2,#24
addeq r3,r3,#1
cmp r2,#31 @ 32 bits shifted ?
ble 1b @ no -> loop
ldr r0,iAdrsZoneMessBin @ address of message result
bl affichageMess @ display result
100:
msr cpsr,r5 /*restaur state register */
pop {r1-r5} /* restaur others registers */
pop {r0,lr}
bx lr
iAdrsZoneBin: .int sZoneBin
iAdrsZoneMessBin: .int sMessAffBin
/******************************************************************/
/* display text with size calculation */
/******************************************************************/
/* r0 contains the address of the message */
affichageMess:
push {fp,lr} /* save registres */
push {r0,r1,r2,r7} /* save others registres */
mov r2,#0 /* counter length */
1: /* loop length calculation */
ldrb r1,[r0,r2] /* read octet start position + index */
cmp r1,#0 /* if 0 its over */
addne r2,r2,#1 /* else add 1 in the length */
bne 1b /* and loop */
/* so here r2 contains the length of the message */
mov r1,r0 /* address message in r1 */
mov r0,#STDOUT /* code to write to the standard output Linux */
mov r7, #WRITE /* code call system write */
swi #0 /* call systeme */
pop {r0,r1,r2,r7} /* restaur others registres */
pop {fp,lr} /* restaur des 2 registres */
bx lr /* return */
Arturo
a 255
b 2
print "`a` AND `b` = " + $(and a b)
print "`a` OR `b` = " + $(or a b)
print "`a` XOR `b` = " + $(xor a b)
print "NOT `a` = " + $(not a)
print "`a` SHL `b` = " + $(shl a b)
print "`a` SHR `b` = " + $(shr a b)
{{out}}
255 AND 2 = 2
255 OR 2 = 255
255 XOR 2 = 253
NOT 255 = -256
255 SHL 2 = 1020
255 SHR 2 = 63
AutoHotkey
bitwise(3, 4)
bitwise(a, b)
{
MsgBox % "a and b: " . a & b
MsgBox % "a or b: " . a | b
MsgBox % "a xor b: " . a ^ b
MsgBox % "not a: " . ~a ; treated as unsigned integer
MsgBox % "a << b: " . a << b ; left shift
MsgBox % "a >> b: " . a >> b ; arithmetic right shift
}
AWK
Standard awk does not have bitwise operators. Gawk has built-in functions for many bitwise operations. No rotation of bits.
{{works with|gawk}}
BEGIN {
n = 11
p = 1
print n " or " p " = " or(n,p)
print n " and " p " = " and(n,p)
print n " xor " p " = " xor(n,p)
print n " << " p " = " lshift(n, p) # left shift
print n " >> " p " = " rshift(n, p) # right shift
printf "not %d = 0x%x\n", n, compl(n) # bitwise complement
}
[[OpenBSD]] /usr/bin/awk (a variant of [[nawk]]) has these same functions, with a few differences. Gawk uses 53-bit unsigned integers, but OpenBSD awk uses 32-bit signed integers. Therefore Gawk prints not 11 = 0x1ffffffffffff4, but OpenBSD awk prints not 11 = 0xfffffff4.
Axe
Lbl BITS
r₁→A
r₂→B
Disp "AND:",A·B▶Dec,i
Disp "OR:",AᕀB▶Dec,i
Disp "XOR:",A▫B▶Dec,i
Disp "NOT:",not(A)ʳ▶Dec,i
.No language support for shifts or rotations
Return
Note that the symbols for AND, OR, and XOR are the stat plot marks near the bottom of the Catalog.
Babel
In Babel, we prefix the logic operators with a 'c' to denote that they are C-style operations, that is, they are word-width operations, not arbitrary size operations. The following program combines the numbers 5 and 9 using the various bitwise operators and then displays the results.
({5 9}) ({cand} {cor} {cnor} {cxor} {cxnor} {shl} {shr} {ashr} {rol}) cart ! {give <- cp -> compose !} over ! {eval} over ! {;} each
{{Out}}
[val 0x1 ]
[val 0xd ]
[val 0xfffffff7 ]
[val 0xc ]
[val 0xfffffff3 ]
[val 0xa00 ]
[val 0x0 ]
[val 0x0 ]
[val 0xa00 ]
The cnot operator works on just one operand:
{{Out}}
```txt
[val 0xfffffff6 ]
BASIC
{{works with|QuickBasic|4.5}} QuickBasic does not have shift or rotate operations defined. Here are the logical operations:
SUB bitwise (a, b)
PRINT a AND b
PRINT a OR b
PRINT a XOR b
PRINT NOT a
END SUB
{{works with|FreeBASIC}} FreeBASIC does not have rotate operators. Shift Right operator performs arithmetic shift if the left value is signed number and logical shift if the left value is unsigned number.
SUB bitwise (a AS Integer, b AS Integer)
DIM u AS UInteger
PRINT "a AND b = "; a AND b
PRINT "a OR b = "; a OR b
PRINT "a XOR b = "; a XOR b
PRINT "NOT a = "; NOT a
PRINT "a SHL b = "; a SHL b
PRINT "a SHR b (arithmetic) = "; a SHR b
u = a
PRINT "a SHR b (logical) = "; u SHR b
END SUB
=
Commodore BASIC
= Commodore BASIC V2.0 does not have '''XOR''', '''left shift''', '''right shift''', '''right arithmetic shift''', '''left rotate''', and '''right rotate''' operators. In this implementation the '''XOR''' operation is done with an equivalent formula.
10 INPUT "A="; A
20 INPUT "B="; B
30 PRINT "A AND B =" A AND B :rem AND
40 PRINT "A OR B =" A OR B :rem OR
50 PRINT "A XOR B =" (A AND(NOT B))OR((NOT A)AND B) :rem XOR
60 PRINT "NOT A =" NOT A :rem NOT
{{in}}
A=? 2
B=? 6
{{out}}
A AND B = 2
A OR B = 6
A XOR B = 4
NOT A =-3
==={{header|IS-BASIC}}===
=
## Sinclair ZX81 BASIC
=
ZX81 BASIC has no integer type (a major lacuna) and consequently no bitwise operations; but the CPU has them, so we can use a tiny machine code routine to do the actual work and then return to BASIC to print the answers.
This program is a proof of concept, really, and will only work with 8-bit values. In addition, with 1k of RAM there is only space for the first of the shifts/rotates; the others could be implemented along exactly the same lines.
The disassembly of the Z80 code would be:
```z80asm
org 4084
3a 83 40 ld a, (4083)
47 ld b, a
3a 82 40 ld a, (4082)
a0 and b
00 nop ; negate and shift instructions take 2 bytes
06 00 ld b, 0
4f ld c, a ; value in BC reg pair is returned to BASIC
c9 ret
We then use POKE statements to replace the and instruction with each successive operation we want to perform.
Note that the left shift instruction shifts by one bit at a time, so we need a loop. The present program has the loop written in BASIC, because it seemed sensible to use BASIC for anything we could use it for and only drop into machine code when there was no alternative; it would of course be faster to do the whole thing in machine code.
Finally, observe that the first line reserves 15 bytes for our machine code routine by hiding them in a comment.
10 REM ABCDEFGHIJKLMNO
20 INPUT A
30 INPUT B
40 POKE 16514,A
50 POKE 16515,B
60 LET ADDR=16516
70 LET R$="3A8340473A8240A00006004FC9"
80 POKE ADDR,CODE R$*16+CODE R$(2)-476
90 LET R$=R$(3 TO )
100 LET ADDR=ADDR+1
110 IF R$<>"" THEN GOTO 80
120 PRINT A;" AND ";B;" = ";USR 16516
130 POKE 16523,176
140 PRINT A;" OR ";B;" = ";USR 16516
150 POKE 16523,168
160 PRINT A;" XOR ";B;" = ";USR 16516
170 POKE 16523,237
180 POKE 16524,68
190 PRINT "NOT ";A;" = ";USR 16516
200 POKE 16523,203
210 POKE 16524,39
220 FOR I=1 TO B
230 POKE 16514,USR 16516
240 NEXT I
250 PRINT A;" << ";B;" = ";PEEK 16514
{{in}}
21
3
{{out}}
21 AND 3 = 1
21 OR 3 = 23
21 XOR 3 = 22
NOT 21 = 235
21 << 3 = 168
BASIC256
# bitwise operators - floating point numbers will be cast to integer
a = 0b00010001
b = 0b11110000
print a
print int(a * 2) # shift left (multiply by 2)
print a \ 2 # shift right (integer divide by 2)
print a | b # bitwise or on two integer values
print a & b # bitwise or on two integer values
Batch File
The SET command with the /A option supports arithmetic and bit operations on signed 8 byte integers.
The SET /? documentation claims it supports logical shift operations, but in reality it performs an arithmetic right shift.
The following script (bitops.bat) not only demonstrates the basic bit operations, it also uses bit operations to convert each integral value into a string of 32 binary digits.
@echo off
setlocal
set /a "a=%~1, b=%~2"
call :num2bin %a% aStr
call :num2bin %b% bStr
::AND
set /a "val=a&b"
call :display "%a% AND %b%" %val% %aStr% %bStr%
::OR
set /a "val=a|b"
call :display "%a% OR %b%" %val% %aStr% %bStr%
::XOR
set /a "val=a^b"
call :display "%a% XOR %b%" %val% %aStr% %bStr%
::NOT
set /a "val=~a"
call :display "NOT %a%" %val% %aStr%
::LEFT SHIFT
set /a "val=a<<b"
call :display "%a% Left Shift %b%" %val% %aStr%
::ARITHMETIC RIGHT SHIFT
set /a "val=a>>b"
call :display "%a% Arithmetic Right Shift %b%" %val% %aStr%
::The remaining operations do not have native support
::The implementations use additional operators
:: %% = mod
:: ! = logical negation where !(zero)=1 and !(non-zero)=0
:: * = multiplication
:: - = subtraction
::LOGICAL RIGHT SHIFT (No native support)
set /a "val=(a>>b)&~((0x80000000>>b-1)*!!b)"
call :display "%a% Logical Right Shift %b%" %val% %aStr%
::ROTATE LEFT (No native support)
set /a "val=(a<<b%%32) | (a>>32-b%%32)&~((0x80000000>>31-b%%32)*!!(32-b%%32))"
call :display "%a% Rotate Left %b%" %val% %aStr%
::ROTATE RIGHT (No native support)
set /a "val=(a<<32-b%%32) | (a>>b%%32)&~((0x80000000>>b%%32-1)*!!(b%%32)) "
call :display "%a% Rotate Right %b%" %val% %aStr%
exit /b
:display op result aStr [bStr]
echo(
echo %~1 = %2
echo %3
if "%4" neq "" echo %4
call :num2bin %2
exit /b
:num2bin IntVal [RtnVar]
setlocal enableDelayedExpansion
set n=%~1
set rtn=
for /l %%b in (0,1,31) do (
set /a "d=n&1, n>>=1"
set rtn=!d!!rtn!
)
(endlocal & rem -- return values
if "%~2" neq "" (set %~2=%rtn%) else echo %rtn%
)
exit /b
Sample output
>bitops 0x800000FE 7
-2147483394 AND 7 = 6
10000000000000000000000011111110
00000000000000000000000000000111
00000000000000000000000000000110
-2147483394 OR 7 = -2147483393
10000000000000000000000011111110
00000000000000000000000000000111
10000000000000000000000011111111
-2147483394 XOR 7 = -2147483399
10000000000000000000000011111110
00000000000000000000000000000111
10000000000000000000000011111001
NOT -2147483394 = 2147483393
10000000000000000000000011111110
01111111111111111111111100000001
-2147483394 Left Shift 7 = 32512
10000000000000000000000011111110
00000000000000000111111100000000
-2147483394 Arithmetic Right Shift 7 = -16777215
10000000000000000000000011111110
11111111000000000000000000000001
-2147483394 Logical Right Shift 7 = 16777217
10000000000000000000000011111110
00000001000000000000000000000001
-2147483394 Rotate Left 7 = 32576
10000000000000000000000011111110
00000000000000000111111101000000
-2147483394 Rotate Right 7 = -50331647
10000000000000000000000011111110
11111101000000000000000000000001
BBC BASIC
number1% = &89ABCDEF
number2% = 8
PRINT ~ number1% AND number2% : REM bitwise AND
PRINT ~ number1% OR number2% : REM bitwise OR
PRINT ~ number1% EOR number2% : REM bitwise exclusive-OR
PRINT ~ NOT number1% : REM bitwise NOT
PRINT ~ number1% << number2% : REM left shift
PRINT ~ number1% >>> number2% : REM right shift (logical)
PRINT ~ number1% >> number2% : REM right shift (arithmetic)
PRINT ~ (number1% << number2%) OR (number1% >>> (32-number2%)) : REM left rotate
PRINT ~ (number1% >>> number2%) OR (number1% << (32-number2%)) : REM right rotate
beeswax
#eX~T~T_#
###>N{` AND `~{~` = `&{Nz1~3J
UXe#
##>{` OR `~{~` = `|{Nz1~5J
UXe#
##>{` XOR `~{~` = `${Nz1~7J
UXe#
##>`NOT `{` = `!{Nz1~9J
UXe#
##>{` << `~{~` = `({Nz1~9PPJ
UXe#
##>{` >>> `~{~` = `){` (logical shift right)`N7F+M~1~J
UXe#
##>{` ROL `~{~` = `[{N7F+P~1~J
UXe#
##>{` ROR `~{~` = `]{NN8F+P~1~J
UXe#
##>`Arithmetic shift right is not originally implemented in beeswax.`N q
qN`,noitagen yb dezilaer eb nac srebmun evitagen rof RSA ,yllacinhcet tuB`N<
##>`logical shift right, and negating the result again:`NN7F++~1~J
UXe# #>e#
#>~1~[&'pUX{` >> `~{~` = `){` , interpreted as (positive) signed Int64 number (MSB=0), equivalent to >>>`NN;
###
>UX`-`!P{M!` >> `~{~` = `!)!`-`M!{` , interpreted as (negative) signed Int64 number (MSB=1)`NN;
#>e#
Example:
julia> beeswax("Bitops.bswx",0,0.0,Int(20000))
i9223653511831486512
i48
9223653511831486512 AND 48 = 48
9223653511831486512 OR 48 = 9223653511831486512
9223653511831486512 XOR 48 = 9223653511831486464
NOT 9223653511831486512 = 9223090561878065103
9223653511831486512 << 48 = 13510798882111488
9223653511831486512 >>> 48 = 32769 (logical shift right)
9223653511831486512 ROL 48 = 13651540665434112
9223653511831486512 ROR 48 = 3178497
Arithmetic shift right is not originally implemented in beeswax.
But technically, ASR for negative numbers can be realized by negation,
logical shift right, and negating the result again:
-9223090561878065104 >> 48 = -32767 , interpreted as (negative) signed Int64 number (MSB=1)
The natural number range for beeswax is unsigned Int64, but it is easy to implement signed Int64 by realizing negative numbers by their 2’s complements or interpreting numbers as negative if their MSB is 1, as shown in the example above.
Arithmetic shift right is not originally implemented in beeswax because it does not make sense for unsigned integers, but for negative numbers, it can be realized easily with
B = NOT(NOT(A)>>>B)
as demonstrated above.
In beeswax, rotate left (ROL) and rotate right (ROT) operators are implemented using modulo 64, so rotations by more than 63 bits wrap around:
A ROL B = A<<(B%64)+A>>>(64-B%64)
A ROR B = A>>>(B%64)+A<<(64-B%64)
Befunge
v
1 2 3 4 5 6>61g-:| 8 9
>&&\481p >88*61p371p >:61g\`!:68*+71g81gp| 7 >61g2/61p71g1+71pv
>v>v>v>v < > ^
>#A 1 $^ ^ <
B 6^ <
^>^>^>^1 C |!`5p18:+1g18$ <
^ 9 p#p17*93p189p150 < >61g71g81gg+71g81gpv D
>071g81gp v ^ <
AND >+2\`!#^_> v
XOR +2% #^_> v
OR +1\`!#^_> v
NOT ! #^_> v
LSHFT 0 #^_>48*71g3+81gp v
RSHFT $ 48*71g3+81gp #^_>v E
END v #^_> >61g2*61pv
@ F
v_^# `2:<
>71g81gg.48*71g2+81gp79*1-71g2+81g1+pv
^ <_v#!`2p15:+1g15p18+1g18<
^ < G
The labelled points (1 to G) are:
- Read in A and B,
- Set the current operating row (R) to 4,
- Set the current bit value (M) to 64,
- Set Current operating column (C) to 3,
- Check if M > A (i.e. bit is 0 or 1),
- Write the bit value into location (R,C),
- A = A - M,
- M = M/2,
- C++, A&B. Storage of corresponding bits, C. Initialise R & C to operation storage (OP) and M to 1, D. Increment OP by M if true, E. M = M*2, F (2 rows below). Print value of OP, increment operation to perform by moving ">" down, G. If doing the NOT, LSHFT or RSHFT (current operation to perform > 3) only read A.
The code requires input be separated by spaces and only works for numbers less than 128, due to form of bit storage and ASCII locations not able to store beyond 127. Overflow will happen if 127 is shifted left due to aforementioned ASCII limit in most Befunge-93 interpreters.
'''Inputs''':
21 3
{{out}}
1 22 23 106 42 10
C
void bitwise(int a, int b)
{
printf("a and b: %d\n", a & b);
printf("a or b: %d\n", a | b);
printf("a xor b: %d\n", a ^ b);
printf("not a: %d\n", ~a);
printf("a << n: %d\n", a << b); /* left shift */
printf("a >> n: %d\n", a >> b); /* on most platforms: arithmetic right shift */
/* convert the signed integer into unsigned, so it will perform logical shift */
unsigned int c = a;
printf("c >> b: %d\n", c >> b); /* logical right shift */
/* there are no rotation operators in C */
return 0;
}
To rotate an integer, you can combine a left shift and a right shift:
/* rotate x to the right by s bits */
unsigned int rotr(unsigned int x, unsigned int s)
{
return (x >> s) | (x << 32 - s);
}
With a smart enough compiler, the above actually compiles into a single machine bit rotate instruction when possible. E.g. gcc -S on IA32 produced following assembly code:
rotr:
movl 4(%esp), %eax ; arg1: x
movl 8(%esp), %ecx ; arg2: s
rorl %cl, %eax ; right rotate x by s
ret
C++
{{trans|C}}
#include <iostream>
void bitwise(int a, int b)
{
std::cout << "a and b: " << (a & b) << '\n'; // Note: parentheses are needed because & has lower precedence than <<
std::cout << "a or b: " << (a | b) << '\n';
std::cout << "a xor b: " << (a ^ b) << '\n';
std::cout << "not a: " << ~a << '\n';
std::cout << "a shl b: " << (a << b) << '\n'; // Note: "<<" is used both for output and for left shift
std::cout << "a shr b: " << (a >> b) << '\n'; // typically arithmetic right shift, but not guaranteed
unsigned int c = a;
std::cout << "c sra b: " << (c >> b) << '\n'; // logical right shift (guaranteed)
// there are no rotation operators in C++
}
C#
static void bitwise(int a, int b)
{
Console.WriteLine("a and b is {0}", a & b);
Console.WriteLine("a or b is {0}", a | b);
Console.WriteLine("a xor b is {0}", a ^ b);
Console.WriteLine("not a is {0}", ~a);
Console.WriteLine("a lshift b is {0}", a << b);
Console.WriteLine("a arshift b is {0}", a >> b); // When the left operand of the >> operator is of a signed integral type,
// the operator performs an arithmetic shift right
uint c = (uint)a;
Console.WriteLine("c rshift b is {0}", c >> b); // When the left operand of the >> operator is of an unsigned integral type,
// the operator performs a logical shift right
// there are no rotation operators in C#
}
Clojure
(bit-and x y)
(bit-or x y)
(bit-xor x y)
(bit-not x)
(bit-shift-left x n)
(bit-shift-right x n)
;;There is no built-in for rotation.
COBOL
Results are displayed in decimal.
IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID. bitwise-ops.
DATA DIVISION.
LOCAL-STORAGE SECTION.
01 a PIC 1(32) USAGE BIT.
01 b PIC 1(32) USAGE BIT.
01 result PIC 1(32) USAGE BIT.
01 result-disp REDEFINES result PIC S9(9) COMP.
LINKAGE SECTION.
01 a-int USAGE BINARY-LONG.
01 b-int USAGE BINARY-LONG.
PROCEDURE DIVISION USING a-int, b-int.
MOVE FUNCTION BOOLEAN-OF-INTEGER(a-int, 32) TO a
MOVE FUNCTION BOOLEAN-OF-INTEGER(b-int, 32) TO b
COMPUTE result = a B-AND b
DISPLAY "a and b is " result-disp
COMPUTE result = a B-OR b
DISPLAY "a or b is " result-disp
COMPUTE result = B-NOT a
DISPLAY "Not a is " result-disp
COMPUTE result = a B-XOR b
DISPLAY "a exclusive-or b is " result-disp
*> COBOL does not have shift or rotation operators.
GOBACK
.
{{works with|Visual COBOL}}
IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID. mf-bitwise-ops.
DATA DIVISION.
LOCAL-STORAGE SECTION.
01 result USAGE BINARY-LONG.
78 arg-len VALUE LENGTH OF result.
LINKAGE SECTION.
01 a USAGE BINARY-LONG.
01 b USAGE BINARY-LONG.
PROCEDURE DIVISION USING a, b.
main-line.
MOVE b TO result
CALL "CBL_AND" USING a, result, VALUE arg-len
DISPLAY "a and b is " result
MOVE b TO result
CALL "CBL_OR" USING a, result, VALUE arg-len
DISPLAY "a or b is " result
MOVE a TO result
CALL "CBL_NOT" USING result, VALUE arg-len
DISPLAY "Not a is " result
MOVE b TO result
CALL "CBL_XOR" USING a, result, VALUE arg-len
DISPLAY "a exclusive-or b is " result
MOVE b TO result
CALL "CBL_EQ" USING a, result, VALUE arg-len
DISPLAY "Logical equivalence of a and b is " result
MOVE b TO result
CALL "CBL_IMP" USING a, result, VALUE arg-len
DISPLAY "Logical implication of a and b is " result
GOBACK
.
CoffeeScript
CoffeeScript provides sugar for some JavaScript operators, but the bitwise operators are taken directly from JS. See more here: http://coffeescript.org/#operators
f = (a, b) ->
p "and", a & b
p "or", a | b
p "xor", a ^ b
p "not", ~a
p "<<", a << b
p ">>", a >> b
# no rotation shifts that I know of
p = (label, n) -> console.log label, n
f(10,2)
output
coffee foo.coffee and 2 or 10 xor 8 not -11 << 40
2
## Common Lisp
```lisp
(defun bitwise (a b)
(print (logand a b)) ; AND
(print (logior a b)) ; OR ("ior" = inclusive or)
(print (logxor a b)) ; XOR
(print (lognot a)) ; NOT
(print (ash a b)) ; arithmetic left shift (positive 2nd arg)
(print (ash a (- b))) ; arithmetic right shift (negative 2nd arg)
; no logical shift
)
Left and right logical shift may be implemented by the following functions:
(defun shl (x width bits)
"Compute bitwise left shift of x by 'bits' bits, represented on 'width' bits"
(logand (ash x bits)
(1- (ash 1 width))))
(defun shr (x width bits)
"Compute bitwise right shift of x by 'bits' bits, represented on 'width' bits"
(logand (ash x (- bits))
(1- (ash 1 width))))
Left and right rotation may be implemented by the following functions:
(defun rotl (x width bits)
"Compute bitwise left rotation of x by 'bits' bits, represented on 'width' bits"
(logior (logand (ash x (mod bits width))
(1- (ash 1 width)))
(logand (ash x (- (- width (mod bits width))))
(1- (ash 1 width)))))
(defun rotr (x width bits)
"Compute bitwise right rotation of x by 'bits' bits, represented on 'width' bits"
(logior (logand (ash x (- (mod bits width)))
(1- (ash 1 width)))
(logand (ash x (- width (mod bits width)))
(1- (ash 1 width)))))
D
T rot(T)(in T x, in int shift) pure nothrow @nogc {
return (x >>> shift) | (x << (T.sizeof * 8 - shift));
}
void testBit(in int a, in int b) {
import std.stdio;
writefln("Input: a = %d, b = %d", a, b);
writefln("AND : %8b & %08b = %032b (%4d)", a, b, a & b, a & b);
writefln(" OR : %8b | %08b = %032b (%4d)", a, b, a | b, a | b);
writefln("XOR : %8b ^ %08b = %032b (%4d)", a, b, a ^ b, a ^ b);
writefln("LSH : %8b << %08b = %032b (%4d)", a, b, a << b, a << b);
writefln("RSH : %8b >> %08b = %032b (%4d)", a, b, a >> b, a >> b);
writefln("NOT : %8s ~ %08b = %032b (%4d)", "", a, ~a, ~a);
writefln("ROT : rot(%8b, %d) = %032b (%4d)",
a, b, rot(a, b), rot(a, b));
}
void main() {
immutable int a = 0b_1111_1111; // bit literal 255
immutable int b = 0b_0000_0010; // bit literal 2
testBit(a, b);
}
{{out}}
Input: a = 255, b = 2
AND : 11111111 & 00000010 = 00000000000000000000000000000010 ( 2)
OR : 11111111 | 00000010 = 00000000000000000000000011111111 ( 255)
XOR : 11111111 ^ 00000010 = 00000000000000000000000011111101 ( 253)
LSH : 11111111 << 00000010 = 00000000000000000000001111111100 (1020)
RSH : 11111111 >> 00000010 = 00000000000000000000000000111111 ( 63)
NOT : ~ 11111111 = 11111111111111111111111100000000 (-256)
ROT : rot(11111111, 2) = 11000000000000000000000000111111 (-1073741761)
Compilers are usually able to optimize the code pattern of the rot function to one CPU instruction plus loads. The DMD compiler too performs such optimization.
Delphi
program Bitwise;
{$APPTYPE CONSOLE}
begin
Writeln('2 and 3 = ', 2 and 3);
Writeln('2 or 3 = ', 2 or 3);
Writeln('2 xor 3 = ', 2 xor 3);
Writeln('not 2 = ', not 2);
Writeln('2 shl 3 = ', 2 shl 3);
Writeln('2 shr 3 = ', 2 shr 3);
// there are no built-in rotation operators in Delphi
Readln;
end.
DWScript
PrintLn('2 and 3 = '+IntToStr(2 and 3));
PrintLn('2 or 3 = '+IntToStr(2 or 3));
PrintLn('2 xor 3 = '+IntToStr(2 xor 3));
PrintLn('not 2 = '+IntToStr(not 2));
PrintLn('2 shl 3 = '+IntToStr(2 shl 3));
PrintLn('2 shr 3 = '+IntToStr(2 shr 3));
E
E provides arbitrary-size integers, so there is no distinct arithmetic and logical shift right. E does not provide bit rotate operations.
def bitwise(a :int, b :int) {
println(`Bitwise operations:
a AND b: ${a & b}
a OR b: ${a | b}
a XOR b: ${a ^ b}
NOT a: " + ${~a}
a left shift b: ${a << b}
a right shift b: ${a >> b}
`)
}
ECL
BitwiseOperations(INTEGER A, INTEGER B) := FUNCTION
BitAND := A & B;
BitOR := A | B;
BitXOR := A ^ B;
BitNOT := BNOT A;
BitSL := A << B;
BitSR := A >> B;
DS := DATASET([{A,B,'Bitwise AND:',BitAND},
{A,B,'Bitwise OR:',BitOR},
{A,B,'Bitwise XOR',BitXOR},
{A,B,'Bitwise NOT A:',BitNOT},
{A,B,'ShiftLeft A:',BitSL},
{A,B,'ShiftRight A:',BitSR}],
{INTEGER AVal,INTEGER BVal,STRING15 valuetype,INTEGER val});
RETURN DS;
END;
BitwiseOperations(255,5);
//right arithmetic shift, left and right rotate not implemented
/*
OUTPUT:
255 5 Bitwise AND: 5
255 5 Bitwise OR: 255
255 5 Bitwise XOR 250
255 5 Bitwise NOT A: -256
255 5 ShiftLeft A: 8160
255 5 ShiftRight A: 7
*/
Elena
ELENA 4.x :
import extensions;
extension testOp
{
bitwiseTest(y)
{
console.printLine(self," and ",y," = ",self.and(y));
console.printLine(self," or ",y," = ",self.or(y));
console.printLine(self," xor ",y," = ",self.xor(y));
console.printLine("not ",self," = ",self.Inverted);
console.printLine(self," shr ",y," = ",self.shiftRight(y));
console.printLine(self," shl ",y," = ",self.shiftLeft(y));
}
}
public program()
{
console.loadLineTo(new Integer()).bitwiseTest(console.loadLineTo(new Integer()))
}
{{out}}
255 and 2 = 2
255 or 2 = 255
255 xor 2 = 253
not 255 = -256
255 shr 2 = 63
255 shl 2 = 1020
Elixir
defmodule Bitwise_operation do
use Bitwise
def test(a \\ 255, b \\ 170, c \\ 2) do
IO.puts "Bitwise function:"
IO.puts "band(#{a}, #{b}) = #{band(a, b)}"
IO.puts "bor(#{a}, #{b}) = #{bor(a, b)}"
IO.puts "bxor(#{a}, #{b}) = #{bxor(a, b)}"
IO.puts "bnot(#{a}) = #{bnot(a)}"
IO.puts "bsl(#{a}, #{c}) = #{bsl(a, c)}"
IO.puts "bsr(#{a}, #{c}) = #{bsr(a, c)}"
IO.puts "\nBitwise as operator:"
IO.puts "#{a} &&& #{b} = #{a &&& b}"
IO.puts "#{a} ||| #{b} = #{a ||| b}"
IO.puts "#{a} ^^^ #{b} = #{a ^^^ b}"
IO.puts "~~~#{a} = #{~~~a}"
IO.puts "#{a} <<< #{c} = #{a <<< c}"
IO.puts "#{a} >>> #{c} = #{a >>> c}"
end
end
Bitwise_operation.test
{{out}}
Bitwise function:
band(255, 170) = 170
bor(255, 170) = 255
bxor(255, 170) = 85
bnot(255) = -256
bsl(255, 2) = 1020
bsr(255, 2) = 63
Bitwise as operator:
255 &&& 170 = 170
255 ||| 170 = 255
255 ^^^ 170 = 85
~~~255 = -256
255 <<< 2 = 1020
255 >>> 2 = 63
Erlang
All these operations are built-in functions except right arithmetic shift, left rotate, and right rotate.
-module(bitwise_operations).
-export([test/0]).
test() ->
A = 255,
B = 170,
io:format("~p band ~p = ~p\n",[A,B,A band B]),
io:format("~p bor ~p = ~p\n",[A,B,A bor B]),
io:format("~p bxor ~p = ~p\n",[A,B,A bxor B]),
io:format("not ~p = ~p\n",[A,bnot A]),
io:format("~p bsl ~p = ~p\n",[A,B,A bsl B]),
io:format("~p bsr ~p = ~p\n",[A,B,A bsr B]).
outputs:
255 band 170 = 170
255 bor 170 = 255
255 bxor 170 = 85
not 255 = -256
255 bsl 170 = 381627307539845370001346183518875822092557105621893120
255 bsr 170 = 0
=={{header|F_Sharp|F#}}==
let bitwise a b =
printfn "a and b: %d" (a &&& b)
printfn "a or b: %d" (a ||| b)
printfn "a xor b: %d" (a ^^^ b)
printfn "not a: %d" (~~~a)
printfn "a shl b: %d" (a <<< b)
printfn "a shr b: %d" (a >>> b) // arithmetic shift
printfn "a shr b: %d" ((uint32 a) >>> b) // logical shift
// No rotation operators.
Factor
"a=" "b=" [ write readln string>number ] bi@
{
[ bitand "a AND b: " write . ]
[ bitor "a OR b: " write . ]
[ bitxor "a XOR b: " write . ]
[ drop bitnot "NOT a: " write . ]
[ abs shift "a asl b: " write . ]
[ neg shift "a asr b: " write . ]
} 2cleave
outputs:
a=255
b=5
a AND b: 5
a OR b: 255
a XOR b: 250
NOT a: -256
a asl b: 8160
a asr b: 7
Currently rotation and logical shifts are not implemented.
FALSE
Only AND, OR, and NOT are available.
10 3
\$@$@$@$@\ { 3 copies }
"a & b = "&."
a | b = "|."
~a = "%~."
"
Forth
: arshift 0 ?do 2/ loop ; \ 2/ is an arithmetic shift right by one bit (2* shifts left one bit)
: bitwise ( a b -- )
cr ." a = " over . ." b = " dup .
cr ." a and b = " 2dup and .
cr ." a or b = " 2dup or .
cr ." a xor b = " 2dup xor .
cr ." not a = " over invert .
cr ." a shl b = " 2dup lshift .
cr ." a shr b = " 2dup rshift .
cr ." a ashr b = " 2dup arshift .
2drop ;
Rotation is not standard, but may be provided in particular Forth implementations, or as an assembly instruction in CODE words.
Fortran
In ISO Fortran 90 and later the following BIT INTRINSIC functions are defined:
integer :: i, j = -1, k = 42
logical :: a
i = bit_size(j) ! returns the number of bits in the given INTEGER variable
! bitwise boolean operations on integers
i = iand(k, j) ! returns bitwise AND of K and J
i = ior(k, j) ! returns bitwise OR of K and J
i = ieor(k, j) ! returns bitwise EXCLUSIVE OR of K and J
i = not(j) ! returns bitwise NOT of J
! single-bit integer/logical operations (bit positions are zero-based)
a = btest(i, 4) ! returns logical .TRUE. if bit position 4 of I is 1, .FALSE. if 0
i = ibclr(k, 8) ! returns value of K with 8th bit position "cleared" (set to 0)
i = ibset(k, 13) ! returns value of K with 13th bit position "set" (set to 1)
! multi-bit integer operations
i = ishft(k, j) ! returns value of K shifted by J bit positions, with ZERO fill
! (right shift if J < 0 and left shift if J > 0).
i = ishftc(k, j) ! returns value of K shifted CIRCULARLY by J bit positions
! (right circular shift if J < 0 and left if J > 0)
i = ishftc(k, j, 20) ! returns value as before except that ONLY the 20 lowest order
! (rightmost) bits are circularly shifted
i = ibits(k, 7, 8) ! extracts 8 contiguous bits from K starting at position 7 and
! returns them as the rightmost bits of an otherwise
! zero-filled integer. For non-negative K this is
! arithmetically equivalent to: MOD((K / 2**7), 2**8)
The following INTRINSIC ELEMENTAL SUBROUTINE is also defined:
call mvbits(k, 2, 4, j, 0) ! copy a sequence of 4 bits from k starting at bit 2 into j starting at bit 0
program bits_rosetta
implicit none
call bitwise(14,3)
contains
subroutine bitwise(a,b)
implicit none
integer, intent(in):: a,b
character(len=*), parameter :: fmt1 = '(2(a,i10))'
character(len=*),parameter :: fmt2 = '(3(a,b32.32),i20)'
write(*,fmt1) 'input a=',a,' b=',b
write(*,fmt2) 'and : ', a,' & ',b,' = ',iand(a, b),iand(a, b)
write(*,fmt2) 'or : ', a,' | ',b,' = ',ior(a, b),ior(a, b)
write(*,fmt2) 'xor : ', a,' ^ ',b,' = ',ieor(a, b),ieor(a, b)
write(*,fmt2) 'lsh : ', a,' << ',b,' = ',shiftl(a,b),shiftl(a,b) !since F2008, otherwise use ishft(a, abs(b))
write(*,fmt2) 'rsh : ', a,' >> ',b,' = ',shiftr(a,b),shiftr(a,b) !since F2008, otherwise use ishft(a, -abs(b))
write(*,fmt2) 'not : ', a,' ~ ',b,' = ',not(a),not(a)
write(*,fmt2) 'rot : ', a,' r ',b,' = ',ishftc(a,-abs(b)),ishftc(a,-abs(b))
end subroutine bitwise
end program bits_rosetta
Output
## FreeBASIC
```freebasic
' FB 1.05.0 Win64 (Note the (U)Integer type is 64 bits)
' FB doesn't have built-in logical shift right or rotation operators
' but, as they're not difficult to implement, I've done so below.
Function lsr(x As Const Integer, y As Const Integer) As Integer
Dim As UInteger z = x
Return z Shr y
End Function
Function rol(x As Const Integer, y As Const UInteger) As Integer
Dim z As Integer = x
Dim high As Integer
For i As Integer = 1 To y
high = Bit(z, 63)
For j As Integer = 62 To 0 Step -1
If Bit(z, j) Then
z = BitSet(z, j + 1)
Else
z = BitReset (z, j + 1)
End If
Next j
If high Then
z = BitSet(z, 0)
Else
z = BitReset(z, 0)
End If
Next i
Return z
End Function
Function ror(x As Const Integer, y As Const UInteger) As Integer
Dim z As Integer = x
Dim low As Integer
For i As Integer = 1 To y
low = Bit(z, 0)
For j As Integer = 1 To 63
If Bit(z, j) Then
z = BitSet(z, j - 1)
Else
z = BitReset (z, j - 1)
End If
Next j
If low Then
z = BitSet(z, 63)
Else
z = BitReset(z, 63)
End If
Next i
Return z
End Function
Sub bitwise(x As Integer, y As Integer)
Print "x = "; x
Print "y = "; y
Print "x AND y = "; x And y
Print "x OR y = "; x Or y
Print "x XOR y = "; x XOr y
Print "NOT x = "; Not x
Print "x SHL y = "; x Shl y
Print "x SHR y = "; x Shr y
Print "x LSR y = "; lsr(x, y)
Print "x ROL y = "; rol(x, y)
Print "x ROR y = "; ror(x, y)
End Sub
bitwise -15, 3
Print
Print "Press any key to quit"
Sleep
{{out}}
x = -15
y = 3
x AND y = 1
x OR y = -13
x XOR y = -14
NOT x = 14
x SHL y = -120
x SHR y = -2
x LSR y = 2305843009213693950
x ROL y = -113
x ROR y = 4611686018427387902
Free Pascal
program Bitwise;
{$mode objfpc}
var
// Pascal uses a native int type as a default literal type
// Make sure the operants work on an exact type.
x:shortint = 2;
y:ShortInt = 3;
begin
Writeln('2 and 3 = ', x and y);
Writeln('2 or 3 = ', x or y);
Writeln('2 xor 3 = ', x xor y);
Writeln('not 2 = ', not x);
Writeln('2 shl 3 = ', x >> y);
Writeln('2 shr 3 = ', x << y);
writeln('2 rol 3 = ', rolbyte(x,y));
writeln('2 ror 3 = ', rorbyte(x,y));
writeln('2 sar 3 = ', sarshortint(x,y));
Readln;
end.
FutureBasic
FB does not have a bitwise symbol for not, but rather uses the "not" expression. It does not support predefined bitwise symbols for rotate left and rotate right, but functions in this demo provide that capability.
include "ConsoleWindow"
// Set tab width for printing
def tab 1
local fn rotl( b as long, n as long ) as long
end fn = ( ( 2^n * b) mod 256) or (b > 127)
local fn rotr( b as long, n as long ) as long
end fn = (b >> n mod 32) or ( b << (32-n) mod 32)
local fn bitwise( a as long, b as long )
print "Input: a = "; a; " b = "; b
print
print "AND :", "a && b = ", bin$(a && b), ": "; a && b
print "NAND :", "a ^& b = ", bin$(a ^& b), ": "; a ^& b
print "OR :", "a || b = ", bin$(a || b), ": "; a || b
print "NOR :", "a ^| b = ", bin$(a ^| b), ": "; a ^| b
print "XOR :", "a ^^ b = ", bin$(a ^^ b), ": "; a ^^ b
print "NOT :", " not a = ", bin$( not a), ": "; not a
print
print "Left shift :", "a << b =", bin$(a << b), ": "; a << b
print "Right shift :", "a >> b =", bin$(a >> b), ": "; a >> b
print
print "Rotate left :", "fn rotl( a, b ) = ", bin$(fn rotl( a, b)), ": "; fn rotl( a, b )
print "Rotate right :", "fn rotr( a, b ) = ", bin$(fn rotr( a, b )),": "; fn rotr( a, b )
end fn
fn bitwise( 255, 2 )
Output:
Input: a = 255 b = 2
AND : a && b = 00000000000000000000000000000010 : 2
NAND : a ^& b = 00000000000000000000000011111101 : 253
OR : a || b = 00000000000000000000000011111111 : 255
NOR : a ^| b = 11111111111111111111111111111111 : -1
XOR : a ^^ b = 00000000000000000000000011111101 : 253
NOT : not a = 11111111111111111111111100000000 : -256
Left shift : a << b = 00000000000000000000001111111100 : 1020
Right shift : a >> b = 00000000000000000000000000111111 : 63
Rotate left : fn rotl( a, b ) = 11111111111111111111111111111111 : -1
Rotate right : fn rotr( a, b ) = 11000000000000000000000000111111 : -1073741761
Go
package main
import "fmt"
func bitwise(a, b int16) {
fmt.Printf("a: %016b\n", uint16(a))
fmt.Printf("b: %016b\n", uint16(b))
// Bitwise logical operations
fmt.Printf("and: %016b\n", uint16(a&b))
fmt.Printf("or: %016b\n", uint16(a|b))
fmt.Printf("xor: %016b\n", uint16(a^b))
fmt.Printf("not: %016b\n", uint16(^a))
if b < 0 {
fmt.Println("Right operand is negative, but all shifts require an unsigned right operand (shift distance).")
return
}
ua := uint16(a)
ub := uint32(b)
// Logical shifts (unsigned left operand)
fmt.Printf("shl: %016b\n", uint16(ua<<ub))
fmt.Printf("shr: %016b\n", uint16(ua>>ub))
// Arithmetic shifts (signed left operand)
fmt.Printf("las: %016b\n", uint16(a<<ub))
fmt.Printf("ras: %016b\n", uint16(a>>ub))
// Rotations
fmt.Printf("rol: %016b\n", uint16(a<<ub|int16(uint16(a)>>(16-ub))))
fmt.Printf("ror: %016b\n", uint16(int16(uint16(a)>>ub)|a<<(16-ub)))
}
func main() {
var a, b int16 = -460, 6
bitwise(a, b)
}
Output:
a: 1111111000110100
b: 0000000000000110
and: 0000000000000100
or: 1111111000110110
xor: 1111111000110010
not: 0000000111001011
shl: 1000110100000000
shr: 0000001111111000
las: 1000110100000000
ras: 1111111111111000
rol: 1000110100111111
ror: 1101001111111000
Groovy
def bitwise = { a, b ->
println """
a & b = ${a} & ${b} = ${a & b}
a | b = ${a} | ${b} = ${a | b}
a ^ b = ${a} ^ ${b} = ${a ^ b}
~ a = ~ ${a} = ${~ a}
a << b = ${a} << ${b} = ${a << b}
a >> b = ${a} >> ${b} = ${a >> b} arithmetic (sign-preserving) shift
a >>> b = ${a} >>> ${b} = ${a >>> b} logical (zero-filling) shift
"""
}
Program:
bitwise(-15,3)
Output:
a & b = -15 & 3 = 1
a | b = -15 | 3 = -13
a ^ b = -15 ^ 3 = -14
~ a = ~ -15 = 14
a << b = -15 << 3 = -120
a >> b = -15 >> 3 = -2 arithmetic (sign-preserving) shift
a >>> b = -15 >>> 3 = 536870910 logical (zero-filling) shift
Haskell
The operations in ''Data.Bits'' work on ''Int'', ''Integer'', and any of the sized integer and word types.
import Data.Bits
bitwise :: Int -> Int -> IO ()
bitwise a b =
mapM_
print
[ a .&. b
, a .|. b
, a `xor` b
, complement a
, shiftL a b -- left shift
, shiftR a b -- arithmetic right shift
, shift a b -- You can also use the "unified" shift function;
-- positive is for left shift, negative is for right shift
, shift a (-b)
, rotateL a b -- rotate left
, rotateR a b -- rotate right
, rotate a b -- You can also use the "unified" rotate function;
-- positive is for left rotate, negative is for right rotate
, rotate a (-b)
]
main :: IO ()
main = bitwise 255 170
{{Out}}
170
255
85
-256
0
0
0
0
1121501860331520
1069547520
1121501860331520
1069547520
If you were shifting Words (unsigned integers) instead of Ints, then the shift would be automatically logical shifts: import Data.Word print $ shiftL (-1 :: Word) 1 print $ shiftR (-1 :: Word) 1
HicEst
There is no rotate and no shift support built in to HicEst
i = IAND(k, j)
i = IOR( k, j)
i = IEOR(k, j)
i = NOT( k )
HPPPL
EXPORT BITOPS(a, b)
BEGIN
PRINT(BITAND(a, b));
PRINT(BITOR(a, b));
PRINT(BITXOR(a, b));
PRINT(BITNOT(a));
PRINT(BITSL(a, b));
PRINT(BITSR(a, b));
// HPPPL has no builtin rotates or arithmetic right shift.
END;
=={{header|Icon}} and {{header|Unicon}}==
procedure main()
bitdemo(255,2)
bitdemo(-15,3)
end
procedure bitdemo(i,i2)
write()
demowrite("i",i)
demowrite("i2",i2)
demowrite("complement i",icom(i))
demowrite("i or i2",ior(i,i2))
demowrite("i and i2",iand(i,i2))
demowrite("i xor i2",ixor(i,i2))
demowrite("i shift " || i2,ishift(i,i2))
demowrite("i shift -" || i2,ishift(i,-i2))
return
end
procedure demowrite(vs,v)
return write(vs, ": ", v, " = ", int2bit(v),"b")
end
Icon/Unicon implements bitwise operations on integers. Because integers can be transparently large integers operations that require fixed sizes don't make sense and aren't defined. These include rotation and logical shifting (shift is arithmetic) . Please note also that 'not' is a reserved word and the negation function is 'icom'
Sample output:
i: 255 = 11111111b
i2: 2 = 10b
complement i: -256 = -100000000b
i or i2: 255 = 11111111b
i and i2: 2 = 10b
i xor i2: 253 = 11111101b
i shift 2: 1020 = 1111111100b
i shift -2: 63 = 111111b
i: -15 = -1111b
i2: 3 = 11b
complement i: 14 = 1110b
i or i2: -13 = -1101b
i and i2: 1 = 1b
i xor i2: -14 = -1110b
i shift 3: -120 = -1111000b
i shift -3: -2 = -10b
Inform 6
Inform 6 has no xor or rotate operators. It also has no shift operators, although the Z-machine, its usual target architecture, does. These can be accessed with inline assembly, which is done here.
[ bitwise a b temp;
print "a and b: ", a & b, "^";
print "a or b: ", a | b, "^";
print "not a: ", ~a, "^";
@art_shift a b -> temp;
print "a << b (arithmetic): ", temp, "^";
temp = -b;
@art_shift a temp -> temp;
print "a >> b (arithmetic): ", temp, "^";
@log_shift a b -> temp;
print "a << b (logical): ", temp, "^";
temp = -b;
@log_shift a temp -> temp;
print "a >> b (logical): ", temp, "^";
];
J
Here are the "[http://www.jsoftware.com/help/dictionary/dbdotn.htm bitwise operators]":
bAND=: 17 b. NB. 16+#.0 0 0 1
bOR=: 23 b. NB. 16+#.0 1 1 1
bXOR=: 22 b. NB. 16+#.0 1 1 0
b1NOT=: 28 b. NB. 16+#.1 1 0 0
bLshift=: 33 b.~ NB. see http://www.jsoftware.com/help/release/bdot.htm
bRshift=: 33 b.~ -
bRAshift=: 34 b.~ -
bLrot=: 32 b.~
bRrot=: 32 b.~ -
And here is a routine which takes a list of bitwise operators and two numbers and displays a table of results from combining those two numbers with each of the operators:
bitwise=: 1 :0
:
smoutput (((":x),"1' ',.(>u),.' '),"1":y),"1' => ',"1'.X'{~#:x u`:0 y
)
And here they are in action:
254 bAND`bOR`bXOR`b1NOT`bLshift`bRshift`bRAshift`bLrot`bRrot bitwise 3
254 bAND 3 => ............................X.
254 bOR 3 => ......................XXXXXXXX
254 bXOR 3 => ......................XXXXXX.X
254 b1NOT 3 => XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.......X
254 bLshift 3 => ...................XXXXXXX....
254 bRshift 3 => .........................XXXXX
254 bRAshift 3 => .........................XXXXX
254 bLrot 3 => ...................XXXXXXX....
254 bRrot 3 => .........................XXXXX
Further test
bXOR/ 3333 5555 7777 9999
8664
Java
public static void bitwise(int a, int b){
System.out.println("a AND b: " + (a & b));
System.out.println("a OR b: "+ (a | b));
System.out.println("a XOR b: "+ (a ^ b));
System.out.println("NOT a: " + ~a);
System.out.println("a << b: " + (a << b)); // left shift
System.out.println("a >> b: " + (a >> b)); // arithmetic right shift
System.out.println("a >>> b: " + (a >>> b)); // logical right shift
System.out.println("a rol b: " + Integer.rotateLeft(a, b)); //rotate left, Java 1.5+
System.out.println("a ror b: " + Integer.rotateRight(a, b)); //rotate right, Java 1.5+
}
All of the operators may be combined with the = operator to save space. For example, the following lines each do the same thing:
a <<= 3;
a = a << 3;
a *= 8; //2 * 2 * 2 = 8
a = a * 8;
JavaScript
There are no integers in Javascript, but there are still bitwise operators. They will convert their number operands into integers before performing they task. In other languages, these operators are very close to the hardware and very fast. In JavaScript, they are very far from the hardware and very slow and rarely used.
function bitwise(a, b){
alert("a AND b: " + (a & b));
alert("a OR b: "+ (a | b));
alert("a XOR b: "+ (a ^ b));
alert("NOT a: " + ~a);
alert("a << b: " + (a << b)); // left shift
alert("a >> b: " + (a >> b)); // arithmetic right shift
alert("a >>> b: " + (a >>> b)); // logical right shift
}
Julia
# Version 5.2
@show 1 & 2 # AND
@show 1 | 2 # OR
@show 1 ^ 2 # XOR -- for Julia 6.0 the operator is `⊻`
@show ~1 # NOT
@show 1 >>> 2 # SHIFT RIGHT (LOGICAL)
@show 1 >> 2 # SHIFT RIGHT (ARITMETIC)
@show 1 << 2 # SHIFT LEFT (ARITMETIC/LOGICAL)
A = BitArray([true, true, false, false, true])
@show A ror(A,1) ror(A,2) ror(A,5) # ROTATION RIGHT
@show rol(A,1) rol(A,2) rol(A,5) # ROTATION LEFT
{{out}}
1 & 2 = 0
1 | 2 = 3
1 ^ 2 = 1
~1 = -2
1 >>> 2 = 0
1 >> 2 = 0
1 << 2 = 4
A = Bool[true,true,false,false,true]
ror(A,1) = Bool[true,true,true,false,false]
ror(A,2) = Bool[false,true,true,true,false]
ror(A,5) = Bool[true,true,false,false,true]
rol(A,1) = Bool[true,false,false,true,true]
rol(A,2) = Bool[false,false,true,true,true]
rol(A,5) = Bool[true,true,false,false,true]
Kotlin
/* for symmetry with Kotlin's other binary bitwise operators
we wrap Java's 'rotate' methods as infix functions */
infix fun Int.rol(distance: Int): Int = Integer.rotateLeft(this, distance)
infix fun Int.ror(distance: Int): Int = Integer.rotateRight(this, distance)
fun main(args: Array<String>) {
// inferred type of x and y is Int i.e. 32 bit signed integers
val x = 10
val y = 2
println("x = $x")
println("y = $y")
println("NOT x = ${x.inv()}")
println("x AND y = ${x and y}")
println("x OR y = ${x or y}")
println("x XOR y = ${x xor y}")
println("x SHL y = ${x shl y}")
println("x ASR y = ${x shr y}") // arithmetic shift right (sign bit filled)
println("x LSR y = ${x ushr y}") // logical shift right (zero filled)
println("x ROL y = ${x rol y}")
println("x ROR y = ${x ror y}")
}
{{out}}
x = 10
y = 2
NOT x = -11
x AND y = 2
x OR y = 10
x XOR y = 8
x SHL y = 40
x ASR y = 2
x LSR y = 2
x ROL y = 40
x ROR y = -2147483646
LFE
All these operations are built-in functions except right arithmetic shift, left rotate, and right rotate.
(defun bitwise (a b)
(io:format '"~p~n" (list (band a b)))
(io:format '"~p~n" (list (bor a b)))
(io:format '"~p~n" (list (bxor a b)))
(io:format '"~p~n" (list (bnot a)))
(io:format '"~p~n" (list (bsl a b)))
(io:format '"~p~n" (list (bsr a b))))
(defun d2b
(x) (integer_to_list x 2))
(defun bitwise
((a b 'binary)
(io:format '"(~s ~s ~s): ~s~n"
(list "band" (d2b a) (d2b b) (d2b (band a b))))
(io:format '"(~s ~s ~s): ~s~n"
(list "bor" (d2b a) (d2b b) (d2b (bor a b))))
(io:format '"(~s ~s ~s): ~s~n"
(list "bxor" (d2b a) (d2b b) (d2b (bxor a b))))
(io:format '"(~s ~s): ~s~n"
(list "bnot" (d2b a) (d2b (bnot a))))
(io:format '"(~s ~s ~s): ~s~n"
(list "bsl" (d2b a) (d2b b) (d2b (bsl a b))))
(io:format '"(~s ~s ~s): ~s~n"
(list "bsr" (d2b a) (d2b b) (d2b (bsr a b))))))
Example usage:
> (bitwise 255 170)
170
255
85
-256
381627307539845370001346183518875822092557105621893120
0
ok
> (bitwise 255 170 'binary)
(band 11111111 10101010): 10101010
(bor 11111111 10101010): 11111111
(bxor 11111111 10101010): 1010101
(bnot 11111111): -100000000
(bsl 11111111 10101010): 1111111100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
(bsr 11111111 10101010): 0
ok
>
Liberty BASIC
Written as functions.
' bitwise operations on byte-sized variables
v =int( 256 *rnd( 1))
s = 1
print "Shift ="; s; " place."
print
print "Number as dec. = "; v; " & as 8-bits byte = ", dec2Bin$( v)
print "NOT as dec. = "; bitInvert( v), dec2Bin$( bitInvert( v))
print "Shifted left as dec. = "; shiftLeft( v, s), dec2Bin$( shiftLeft( v, s))
print "Shifted right as dec. = "; shiftRight( v, s), dec2Bin$( shiftRight( v, s))
print "Rotated left as dec. = "; rotateLeft( v, s), dec2Bin$( rotateLeft( v, s))
print "Rotated right as dec. = "; rotateRight( v, s), dec2Bin$( rotateRight( v, s))
end
function shiftLeft( b, n)
shiftLeft =( b *2^n) and 255
end function
function shiftRight( b, n)
shiftRight =int(b /2^n)
end function
function rotateLeft( b, n)
rotateLeft = (( 2^n *b) mod 256) or ( b >127)
end function
function rotateRight( b, n)
rotateRight = (128*( b and 1)) or int( b /2)
end function
function bitInvert( b)
bitInvert =b xor 255
end function
function dec2Bin$( num) ' Given an integer decimal 0 <--> 255, returns binary equivalent as a string
n =num
dec2Bin$ =""
while ( num >0)
dec2Bin$ =str$( num mod 2) +dec2Bin$
num =int( num /2)
wend
dec2Bin$ =right$( "00000000" +dec2Bin$, 8)
end function
Lingo
Lingo has built-in functions for bitwise AND, OR, XOR and NOT:
put bitAND(2,7)
put bitOR(2,7)
put bitXOR(2,7)
put bitNOT(7)
Bit shifting and rotating has to be implemented by custom functions.
LiveCode
put "and:" && (255 bitand 2) & comma into bitops
put " or:" && (255 bitor 2) & comma after bitops
put " xor:" && (255 bitxor 2) & comma after bitops
put " not:" && (bitnot 255) after bitops
put bitops
-- Ouput
and: 2, or: 255, xor: 253, not: 4294967040
LiveCode does not provide built-in bit-shift operations.
LLVM
; ModuleID = 'test.o'
;e means little endian
;p: { pointer size : pointer abi : preferred alignment for pointers }
;i same for integers
;v is for vectors
;f for floats
;a for aggregate types
;s for stack objects
;n: {size:size:size...}, best integer sizes
target datalayout = "e-p:32:32:32-i1:8:8-i8:8:8-i16:16:16-i32:32:32-i64:64:64-f32:32:32-f64:64:64-v64:64:64-v128:128:128-a0:0:64-f80:32:32-n8:16:32"
;this was compiled with mingw32; thus it must be linked to an ABI compatible c library
target triple = "i386-mingw32"
@.str = private constant [13 x i8] c"a and b: %d\0A\00", align 1 ; <[13 x i8]*> [#uses=1]
@.str1 = private constant [12 x i8] c"a or b: %d\0A\00", align 1 ; <[12 x i8]*> [#uses=1]
@.str2 = private constant [13 x i8] c"a xor b: %d\0A\00", align 1 ; <[13 x i8]*> [#uses=1]
@.str3 = private constant [11 x i8] c"not a: %d\0A\00", align 1 ; <[11 x i8]*> [#uses=1]
@.str4 = private constant [12 x i8] c"a << n: %d\0A\00", align 1 ; <[12 x i8]*> [#uses=1]
@.str5 = private constant [12 x i8] c"a >> n: %d\0A\00", align 1 ; <[12 x i8]*> [#uses=1]
@.str6 = private constant [12 x i8] c"c >> b: %d\0A\00", align 1 ; <[12 x i8]*> [#uses=1]
;A function that will do many bitwise opreations to two integer arguments, %a and %b
define void @bitwise(i32 %a, i32 %b) nounwind {
;entry block
entry:
;Register to store (a & b)
%0 = and i32 %b, %a ; <i32> [#uses=1]
;print the results
%1 = tail call i32 (i8*, ...)* @printf(i8* getelementptr inbounds ([13 x i8]* @.str, i32 0, i32 0), i32 %0) nounwind ; <i32> [#uses=0]
;Register to store (a | b)
%2 = or i32 %b, %a ; <i32> [#uses=1]
;print the results
%3 = tail call i32 (i8*, ...)* @printf(i8* getelementptr inbounds ([12 x i8]* @.str1, i32 0, i32 0), i32 %2) nounwind ; <i32> [#uses=0]
;Register to store (a ^ b)
%4 = xor i32 %b, %a ; <i32> [#uses=1]
;print the results
%5 = tail call i32 (i8*, ...)* @printf(i8* getelementptr inbounds ([13 x i8]* @.str2, i32 0, i32 0), i32 %4) nounwind ; <i32> [#uses=0]
;Register to store (~a)
%not = xor i32 %a, -1 ; <i32> [#uses=1]
;print the results
%6 = tail call i32 (i8*, ...)* @printf(i8* getelementptr inbounds ([11 x i8]* @.str3, i32 0, i32 0), i32 %not) nounwind ; <i32> [#uses=0]
;Register to store (a << b)
%7 = shl i32 %a, %b ; <i32> [#uses=1]
;print the results
%8 = tail call i32 (i8*, ...)* @printf(i8* getelementptr inbounds ([12 x i8]* @.str4, i32 0, i32 0), i32 %7) nounwind ; <i32> [#uses=0]
;Register to store (a >> b) (a is signed)
%9 = ashr i32 %a, %b ; <i32> [#uses=1]
;print the results
%10 = tail call i32 (i8*, ...)* @printf(i8* getelementptr inbounds ([12 x i8]* @.str5, i32 0, i32 0), i32 %9) nounwind ; <i32> [#uses=0]
;Register to store (c >> b), where c is unsiged (eg. logical right shift)
%11 = lshr i32 %a, %b ; <i32> [#uses=1]
;print the results
%12 = tail call i32 (i8*, ...)* @printf(i8* getelementptr inbounds ([12 x i8]* @.str6, i32 0, i32 0), i32 %11) nounwind ; <i32> [#uses=0]
;terminator instruction
ret void
}
;Declare external fuctions
declare i32 @printf(i8* nocapture, ...) nounwind
Logo
{{works with|UCB Logo}}
to bitwise :a :b
(print [a and b:] BitAnd :a :b)
(print [a or b:] BitOr :a :b)
(print [a xor b:] BitXor :a :b)
(print [not a:] BitNot :a)
; shifts are to the left if positive, to the right if negative
(print [a lshift b:] LShift :a :b)
(print [a lshift -b:] LShift :a minus :b)
(print [-a ashift -b:] AShift minus :a minus :b)
end
bitwise 255 5
The output of this program is:
a and b: 5
a or b: 255
a xor b: 250
not a: -256
a lshift b: 8160
a lshift -b: 7
-a ashift -b: -8
Lua
LuaBitOp implements bitwise functionality for Lua:
local bit = require"bit"
local vb = {
0, 1, -1, 2, -2, 0x12345678, 0x87654321,
0x33333333, 0x77777777, 0x55aa55aa, 0xaa55aa55,
0x7fffffff, 0x80000000, 0xffffffff
}
local function cksum(name, s, r)
local z = 0
for i=1,#s do z = (z + string.byte(s, i)*i) % 2147483629 end
if z ~= r then
error("bit."..name.." test failed (got "..z..", expected "..r..")", 0)
end
end
local function check_unop(name, r)
local f = bit[name]
local s = ""
if pcall(f) or pcall(f, "z") or pcall(f, true) then
error("bit."..name.." fails to detect argument errors", 0)
end
for _,x in ipairs(vb) do s = s..","..tostring(f(x)) end
cksum(name, s, r)
end
local function check_binop(name, r)
local f = bit[name]
local s = ""
if pcall(f) or pcall(f, "z") or pcall(f, true) then
error("bit."..name.." fails to detect argument errors", 0)
end
for _,x in ipairs(vb) do
for _,y in ipairs(vb) do s = s..","..tostring(f(x, y)) end
end
cksum(name, s, r)
end
local function check_binop_range(name, r, yb, ye)
local f = bit[name]
local s = ""
if pcall(f) or pcall(f, "z") or pcall(f, true) or pcall(f, 1, true) then
error("bit."..name.." fails to detect argument errors", 0)
end
for _,x in ipairs(vb) do
for y=yb,ye do s = s..","..tostring(f(x, y)) end
end
cksum(name, s, r)
end
local function check_shift(name, r)
check_binop_range(name, r, 0, 31)
end
-- Minimal sanity checks.
assert(0x7fffffff == 2147483647, "broken hex literals")
assert(0xffffffff == -1 or 0xffffffff == 2^32-1, "broken hex literals")
assert(tostring(-1) == "-1", "broken tostring()")
assert(tostring(0xffffffff) == "-1" or tostring(0xffffffff) == "4294967295", "broken tostring()")
-- Basic argument processing.
assert(bit.tobit(1) == 1)
assert(bit.band(1) == 1)
assert(bit.bxor(1,2) == 3)
assert(bit.bor(1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128) == 255)
The ''RiscLua'' dialect, for [http://lua.riscos.org.uk/ '''RISC OS'''], has 32-bit integers as the default number type. It provides binary operations & (and), | (or), ^^ (xor), << (logical shift left), >> (logical shift right) and a unary operation ~ (negate).
LSE64
{{incorrect|LSE64|No reason given.}}
over : 2 pick
2dup : over over
bitwise : \
" A=" ,t over ,h sp " B=" ,t dup ,h nl \
" A and B=" ,t 2dup & ,h nl \
" A or B=" ,t 2dup | ,h nl \
" A xor B=" ,t over ^ ,h nl \
" not A=" ,t ~ ,h nl
\ a \ 7 bitwise # hex literals
Maple
with(Bits):
bit:=proc(A,B)
local a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i,x,bitpow;
bitpow := 2^B:
a:=And(A,B);
b:=Not(A);
c:=Or(A,B);
d:=Xor(A,B);
#Left Shift
e:= irem(2*A,bitpow);
#Right Shift
f := iquo(A,2);
#Left Rotate
g:= irem(2*A,bitpow,'x')+x;
#Rightarithshift
i:= iquo(A,2)+bitpow/2*irem(A,bitpow/2);
return a,b,c,d,e,f,g,i;
end proc;
=={{header|Mathematica}}/ {{header|Wolfram Language}}== Most functions are built-in or can be made really easily:
(*and xor and or*)
BitAnd[integer1, integer2]
BitXor[integer1, integer2]
BitOr[integer1, integer2]
(*logical not*)
BitNot[integer1]
(*left and right shift*)
BitShiftLeft[integer1]
BitShiftRight[integer1]
(*rotate digits left and right*)
FromDigits[RotateLeft[IntegerDigits[integer1, 2]], 2]
FromDigits[RotateRight[IntegerDigits[integer1, 2]], 2]
(*right arithmetic shift*)
FromDigits[Prepend[Most[#], #[[1]]], 2] &[IntegerDigits[integer1, 2]]
The function BitShiftLeft, BitShiftRight, RotateRight, RotateLeft all take a second argument, which is the displacement, by default it is set to 1. BitAnd, BitXor and BitOr can handle more than 2 arguments:
BitXor[3333, 5555, 7777, 9999]
gives back:
=={{header|MATLAB}} / {{header|Octave}}==
Newer versions of MATLAB have even more bitwise operations than those demonstrated here. A complete list of bitwise operations for the newest version of MATLAB can be found at [http://www.mathworks.com/help/toolbox/fixedpoint/ref/f20333.html#bp7caxc-42 MathWorks]
```MATLAB
function bitwiseOps(a,b)
disp(sprintf('%d and %d = %d', [a b bitand(a,b)]));
disp(sprintf('%d or %d = %d', [a b bitor(a,b)]));
disp(sprintf('%d xor %d = %d', [a b bitxor(a,b)]));
disp(sprintf('%d << %d = %d', [a b bitshift(a,b)]));
disp(sprintf('%d >> %d = %d', [a b bitshift(a,-b)]));
end
Output:
bitwiseOps(255,2)
255 and 2 = 2
255 or 2 = 255
255 xor 2 = 253
255 << 2 = 1020
255 >> 2 = 63
Maxima
load(functs)$
a: 3661$
b: 2541$
logor(a, b);
/* 4077 */
logand(a, b);
/* 2125 */
logxor(a, b);
/* 1952 */
/* NOT(x) is simply -x - 1
-a - 1;
/* -3662 */
logor(a, -a - 1);
/* -1 */
logand(a, -a - 1);
/* 0 */
MAXScript
fn bitwise a b =
(
format "a and b: %\n" (bit.and a b)
format "a or b: %\n" (bit.or a b)
format "a xor b: %\n" (bit.xor a b)
format "not a: %\n" (bit.not a)
format "Left shift a: %\n" (bit.shift a b)
format "Right shift a: %\n" (bit.shift a -b)
)
bitwise 255 170
MAXScript doesn't have arithmetic shift or rotate operations.
ML/I
ML/I only supports bitwise AND and OR operations. These are available from version CKD onwards.
MCSKIP "WITH" NL
"" Bitwise operations
"" assumes macros on input stream 1, terminal on stream 2
MCSKIP MT,<>
MCINS %.
MCDEF SL SPACES NL AS <MCSET T1=%A1.
MCSET T2=%A2.
a and b = %%T1.&%T2..
a or b = %%T1.|%T2..
The other operators are not supported.
MCSET S10=0
>
MCSKIP SL WITH *
MCSET S1=1
*MCSET S10=2
=={{header|Modula-3}}==
MODULE Bitwise EXPORTS Main;
IMPORT IO, Fmt, Word;
VAR c: Word.T;
PROCEDURE Bitwise(a, b: INTEGER) =
BEGIN
IO.Put("a AND b: " & Fmt.Int(Word.And(a, b)) & "\n");
IO.Put("a OR b: " & Fmt.Int(Word.Or(a, b)) & "\n");
IO.Put("a XOR b: " & Fmt.Int(Word.Xor(a, b)) & "\n");
IO.Put("NOT a: " & Fmt.Int(Word.Not(a)) & "\n");
c := a;
IO.Put("c LeftShift b: " & Fmt.Unsigned(Word.LeftShift(c, b)) & "\n");
IO.Put("c RightShift b: " & Fmt.Unsigned(Word.RightShift(c, b)) & "\n");
IO.Put("c LeftRotate b: " & Fmt.Unsigned(Word.LeftRotate(c, b)) & "\n");
IO.Put("c RightRotate b: " & Fmt.Unsigned(Word.RightRotate(c, b)) & "\n");
END Bitwise;
BEGIN
Bitwise(255, 5);
END Bitwise.
Output:
a AND b: 5
a OR b: 255
a XOR b: 250
NOT a: -256
c LeftShift b: 1fe0
c RightShift b: 7
c LeftRotate b: 1fe0
c RightRotate b: f8000007
Neko
/**
<doc>
<h2>bitwise operations</h2>
<p>Tectonics:
nekoc bitwise.neko
neko bitwise</p>
</doc>
*/
// Neko is a signed 31 bit integer VM, full 32 bit requires builtins
var int32_new = $loader.loadprim("std@int32_new", 1);
var int32_and = $loader.loadprim("std@int32_and", 2);
var int32_or = $loader.loadprim("std@int32_or", 2);
var int32_xor = $loader.loadprim("std@int32_xor", 2);
var int32_shl = $loader.loadprim("std@int32_shl", 2);
var int32_shr = $loader.loadprim("std@int32_shr", 2);
var int32_ushr = $loader.loadprim("std@int32_ushr", 2);
var int32_complement = $loader.loadprim("std@int32_complement", 1);
// Function to show bitwise operations on a,b
var bitwise = function(a, b) {
var ia = int32_new(a);
var ib = int32_new(b);
$print("Neko 32 bit integer library\n");
$print("a AND b: ", a, " ", b, " ", int32_and(ia, ib), "\n");
$print("a OR b: ", a, " ", b, " ", int32_or(ia, ib), "\n");
$print("a XOR b: ", a, " ", b, " ", int32_xor(ia, ib), "\n");
$print("ones complement a: ", a, " ", int32_complement(ia), "\n");
$print("a SHL b: ", a, " ", b, " ", int32_shl(ia, ib), "\n");
$print("a SHR b: ", a, " ", b, " ", int32_shr(ia, ib), "\n");
$print("a USHR b: ", a, " ", b, " ", int32_ushr(ia, ib), "\n");
$print("a ROL b: is not directly supported in Neko Int32\n");
$print("a ROR b: is not directly supported in Neko Int32\n");
$print("\nNormal Neko 31 bit signed integers\n");
a = $int(a);
b = $int(b);
$print("a AND b: ", a, " ", b, " ", a & b, "\n");
$print("a OR b: ", a, " ", b, " ", a | b, "\n");
$print("a XOR b: ", a, " ", b, " ", a ^ b, "\n");
$print("NOT a: is not directly supported in Neko syntax\n");
$print("a SHL b: ", a, " ", b, " ", a << b, "\n");
$print("a SHR b: ", a, " ", b, " ", a >> b, "\n");
$print("a USHR b: ", a, " ", b, " ", a >>> b, "\n");
$print("a ROL b: is not directly supported in Neko syntax\n");
$print("a ROR b: is not directly supported in Neko syntax\n");
}
// Pass command line arguments to the demo function
// initially as float, to ensure no internal bit truncation
var a = $float($loader.args[0]);
var b = $float($loader.args[1]);
if a == null a = 0;
if b == null b = 0;
bitwise(a,b);
{{out}}
prompt$ nekoc bitwise.neko
prompt$ neko bitwise 0x7fffffff 2
Neko 32 bit integer library
a AND b: 2147483647 2 2
a OR b: 2147483647 2 2147483647
a XOR b: 2147483647 2 2147483645
ones complement a: 2147483647 -2147483648
a SHL b: 2147483647 2 -4
a SHR b: 2147483647 2 536870911
a USHR b: 2147483647 2 536870911
a ROL b: is not directly supported in Neko Int32
a ROR b: is not directly supported in Neko Int32
Normal Neko 31 bit signed integers
a AND b: -1 2 2
a OR b: -1 2 -1
a XOR b: -1 2 -3
NOT a: is not directly supported in Neko syntax
a SHL b: -1 2 -4
a SHR b: -1 2 -1
a USHR b: -1 2 1073741823
a ROL b: is not directly supported in Neko syntax
a ROR b: is not directly supported in Neko syntax
Nemerle
def i = 255;
def j = 2;
WriteLine($"$i and $j is $(i & j)");
WriteLine($"$i or $j is $(i | j)");
WriteLine($"$i xor $j is $(i ^ j)");
WriteLine($"not $i is $(~i)");
WriteLine($"$i lshift $j is $(i << j)");
WriteLine($"$i arshift $j is $(i >> j)"); // When the left operand of the >> operator is of a signed integral type,
// the operator performs an arithmetic shift right
WriteLine($"$(i :> uint) rshift $j is $(c >> j)"); // When the left operand of the >> operator is of an unsigned integral type,
// the operator performs a logical shift right
// there are no rotation operators in Nemerle, but you could define your own w/ a macro if you really wanted it
Nim
proc bitwise(a, b) =
echo "a and b: " , a and b
echo "a or b: ", a or b
echo "a xor b: ", a xor b
echo "not a: ", not a
echo "a << b: ", a shl b
echo "a >> b: ", a shr b
NSIS
All bitwise operations in NSIS are handled by the [http://nsis.sourceforge.net/Docs/Chapter4.html#4.9.10.2 IntOp] instruction.
Function Bitwise
Push $0
Push $1
Push $2
StrCpy $0 7
StrCpy $1 2
IntOp $2 $0 & $1
DetailPrint "Bitwise AND: $0 & $1 = $2"
IntOp $2 $0 | $1
DetailPrint "Bitwise OR: $0 | $1 = $2"
IntOp $2 $0 ^ $1
DetailPrint "Bitwise XOR: $0 ^ $1 = $2"
IntOp $2 $0 ~
DetailPrint "Bitwise NOT (negate in NSIS docs): ~$0 = $2"
DetailPrint "There are no Arithmetic shifts in NSIS"
IntOp $2 $0 >> $1
DetailPrint "Right Shift: $0 >> 1 = $2"
IntOp $2 $0 << $1
DetailPrint "Left Shift: $0 << $1 = $2"
DetailPrint "There are no Rotates in NSIS"
Pop $2
Pop $1
Pop $0
FunctionEnd
=={{header|Oberon-2}}== {{Works with|oo2c version 2}}
MODULE Bitwise;
IMPORT
SYSTEM,
Out;
PROCEDURE Do(a,b: LONGINT);
VAR
x,y: SET;
BEGIN
x := SYSTEM.VAL(SET,a);y := SYSTEM.VAL(SET,b);
Out.String("a and b :> ");Out.Int(SYSTEM.VAL(LONGINT,x * y),0);Out.Ln;
Out.String("a or b :> ");Out.Int(SYSTEM.VAL(LONGINT,x + y),0);Out.Ln;
Out.String("a xor b :> ");Out.Int(SYSTEM.VAL(LONGINT,x / y),0);Out.Ln;
Out.String("a and ~b:> ");Out.Int(SYSTEM.VAL(LONGINT,x - y),0);Out.Ln;
Out.String("~a :> ");Out.Int(SYSTEM.VAL(LONGINT,-x),0);Out.Ln;
Out.String("a left shift b :> ");Out.Int(SYSTEM.VAL(LONGINT,SYSTEM.LSH(x,b)),0);Out.Ln;
Out.String("a right shift b :> ");Out.Int(SYSTEM.VAL(LONGINT,SYSTEM.LSH(x,-b)),0);Out.Ln;
Out.String("a left rotate b :> ");Out.Int(SYSTEM.VAL(LONGINT,SYSTEM.ROT(x,b)),0);Out.Ln;
Out.String("a right rotate b :> ");Out.Int(SYSTEM.VAL(LONGINT,SYSTEM.ROT(x,-b)),0);Out.Ln;
Out.String("a arithmetic left shift b :> ");Out.Int(SYSTEM.VAL(LONGINT,ASH(a,b)),0);Out.Ln;
Out.String("a arithmetic right shift b :> ");Out.Int(SYSTEM.VAL(LONGINT,ASH(a,-b)),0);Out.Ln
END Do;
BEGIN
Do(10,2);
END Bitwise.
{{out}}
a and b :> 2
a or b :> 10
a xor b :> 8
a and ~b:> 8
~a :> -11
a left shift b :> 40
a right shift b :> 2
a left rotate b :> 40
a right rotate b :> -2147483646
a arithmetic left shift b :> 40
a arithmetic right shift b :> 2
Objeck
use IO;
bundle Default {
class Test {
function : Main(args : String[]) ~ Nil {
BitWise(3, 4);
}
function : BitWise(a : Int, b : Int) ~ Nil {
Console->GetInstance()->Print("a and b: ")->PrintLine(a and b);
Console->GetInstance()->Print("a or b: ")->PrintLine(a or b);
Console->GetInstance()->Print("a xor b: ")->PrintLine(a xor b);
# shift left & right are supported by the compiler and VM but not
# exposed to end-users; those instructions are used for optimizations
}
}
}
OCaml
let bitwise a b =
Printf.printf "a and b: %d\n" (a land b);
Printf.printf "a or b: %d\n" (a lor b);
Printf.printf "a xor b: %d\n" (a lxor b);
Printf.printf "not a: %d\n" (lnot a);
Printf.printf "a lsl b: %d\n" (a lsl b); (* left shift *)
Printf.printf "a asr b: %d\n" (a asr b); (* arithmetic right shift *)
Printf.printf "a lsr b: %d\n" (a lsr b); (* logical right shift *)
;;
Octave
There's no arithmetic shift nor rotation (and the not can be done through a xor)
function bitops(a, b)
s = sprintf("%s %%s %s = %%s\n", dec2bin(a), dec2bin(b));
printf(s, "or", dec2bin(bitor(a, b)));
printf(s, "and", dec2bin(bitand(a, b)));
printf(s, "xor", dec2bin(bitxor(a, b)));
printf(s, "left shift", dec2bin(bitshift(a, abs(b))));
printf(s, "right shift", dec2bin(bitshift(a, -abs(b))));
printf("simul not %s = %s", dec2bin(a), dec2bin(bitxor(a, 0xffffffff)));
endfunction
bitops(0x1e, 0x3);
Oforth
There is no built-in for not and rotation
: bitwise(a, b)
a b bitAnd println
a b bitOr println
a b bitXor println
a bitLeft(b) println
a bitRight(b) println ;
ooRexx
/* ooRexx *************************************************************
/ Bit Operations work as in Rexx (of course)
* Bit operations are performed up to the length of the shorter string.
* The rest of the longer string is copied to the result.
* ooRexx introduces the possibility to specify a padding character
* to be used for expanding the shorter string.
* 10.11.2012 Walter Pachl taken over from REXX and extended for ooRexx
**********************************************************************/
a=21
b=347
Say ' a :'c2b(a) ' 'c2x(a)
Say ' b :'c2b(b) c2x(b)
Say 'bitand(a,b) :'c2b(bitand(a,b)) c2x(bitand(a,b))
Say 'bitor(a,b) :'c2b(bitor(a,b)) c2x(bitor(a,b))
Say 'bitxor(a,b) :'c2b(bitxor(a,b)) c2x(bitxor(a,b))
p='11111111'B
Say 'ooRexx only:'
Say 'a~bitor(b,p):'c2b(a~bitor(b,p)) c2x(a~bitor(b,p))
Exit
c2b: return x2b(c2x(arg(1)))
Output:
a :0011001000110001 3231
b :001100110011010000110111 333437
bitand(a,b) :001100100011000000110111 323037
bitor(a,b) :001100110011010100110111 333537
bitxor(a,b) :000000010000010100110111 010537
ooRexx only:
a~bitor(b,p):001100110011010111111111 3335FF
OpenEdge/Progress
The only bit operators available in OpenEdge are the GET-BITS() and PUT-BITS() functions. These functions can be used to implement all bitwise operators.
PARI/GP
Pari does not support bitwise rotations, which have no obvious meaning with arbitrary-precision integers. See also bitnegimply for another bitwise operator. For shifts, see also shiftmul.
bo(a,b)={
print("And: "bitand(a,b));
print("Or: "bitor(a,b));
print("Not: "bitneg(a));
print("Xor: "bitxor(a,b));
print("Left shift: ",a<<b);
print("Right shift: ",a>>b);
}
Pascal
While Standard Pascal does not have bitwise operations, most Pascal implementations (including Turbo Pascal and Delphi) extend the standard logical operators to also provide bitwise operations:
var
a, b: integer;
begin
a := 10; { binary 1010 }
b := 12; { binary 1100 }
writeln('a and b = ', a and b); { 8 = 1000 }
writeln('a or b = ', a or b); { 14 = 1110 }
writeln('a xor b = ', a xor b) { 6 = 0110 }
end.
Perl
use integer;
sub bitwise($$) {
($a, $b) = @_;
print 'a and b: '. ($a & $b) ."\n";
print 'a or b: '. ($a | $b) ."\n";
print 'a xor b: '. ($a ^ $b) ."\n";
print 'not a: '. (~$a) ."\n";
print 'a >> b: ', $a >> $b, "\n"; # logical right shift
use integer; # "use integer" enables bitwise operations to return signed ints
print "after use integer:\n";
print 'a << b: ', $a << $b, "\n"; # left shift
print 'a >> b: ', $a >> $b, "\n"; # arithmetic right shift
}
Perl 6
{{works with|Rakudo|2017.05}}
constant MAXINT = uint.Range.max;
constant BITS = MAXINT.base(2).chars;
# define rotate ops for the fun of it
multi sub infix:<⥁>(Int:D \a, Int:D \b) { :2[(a +& MAXINT).polymod(2 xx BITS-1).list.rotate(b).reverse] }
multi sub infix:<⥀>(Int:D \a, Int:D \b) { :2[(a +& MAXINT).polymod(2 xx BITS-1).reverse.list.rotate(b)] }
sub int-bits (Int $a, Int $b) {
say '';
say_bit "$a", $a;
say '';
say_bit "2's complement $a", +^$a;
say_bit "$a and $b", $a +& $b;
say_bit "$a or $b", $a +| $b;
say_bit "$a xor $b", $a +^ $b;
say_bit "$a unsigned shift right $b", ($a +& MAXINT) +> $b;
say_bit "$a signed shift right $b", $a +> $b;
say_bit "$a rotate right $b", $a ⥁ $b;
say_bit "$a shift left $b", $a +< $b;
say_bit "$a rotate left $b", $a ⥀ $b;
}
int-bits(7,2);
int-bits(-65432,31);
sub say_bit ($message, $value) {
printf("%30s: %{'0' ~ BITS}b\n", $message, $value +& MAXINT);
}
{{out}}
7: 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000111
2's complement 7: 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111000
7 and 2: 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010
7 or 2: 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000111
7 xor 2: 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000101
7 unsigned shift right 2: 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001
7 signed shift right 2: 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001
7 rotate right 2: 1100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001
7 shift left 2: 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000011100
7 rotate left 2: 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000011100
-65432: 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111110000000001101000
2's complement -65432: 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001111111110010111
-65432 and 31: 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001000
-65432 or 31: 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111110000000001111111
-65432 xor 31: 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111110000000001110111
-65432 unsigned shift right 31: 0000000000000000000000000000000111111111111111111111111111111111
-65432 signed shift right 31: 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
-65432 rotate right 31: 1111111111111110000000001101000111111111111111111111111111111111
-65432 shift left 31: 1111111111111111100000000011010000000000000000000000000000000000
-65432 rotate left 31: 1111111111111111100000000011010001111111111111111111111111111111
Phix
Phix has four builtin bitwise operations (and/or/xor/not), all of which have sequence variants. There are no builtin shift or rotate operations, but it would be easy to devise one using / or * powers of 2 [which the compiler often optimises to single machine instructions] and the builtins, see [[Bitwise_operations#C|C]] for an example, or use inline assembly as shown below.
enum SHL, SAR, SHR, ROL, ROR
function bitop(atom a, integer b, integer op)
atom res
#ilASM{
[32]
mov eax,[a]
call :%pLoadMint
mov ecx,[b]
mov edx,[op]
cmp dl,SHL
jne @f
shl eax,cl
jmp :storeres
@@:
cmp dl,SAR
jne @f
sar eax,cl
jmp :storeres
@@:
cmp dl,SHR
jne @f
shr eax,cl
jmp :storeres
@@:
cmp dl,ROL
jne @f
rol eax,cl
jmp :storeres
@@:
cmp dl,ROR
jne @f
ror eax,cl
jmp :storeres
@@:
int3
::storeres
lea edi,[res]
call :%pStoreMint
[64]
mov rax,[a]
mov rcx,[b]
mov edx,[op]
cmp dl,SHL
jne @f
shl rax,cl
jmp :storeres
@@:
cmp dl,SAR
jne @f
sar rax,cl
jmp :storeres
@@:
cmp dl,SHR
jne @f
shr rax,cl
jmp :storeres
@@:
cmp dl,ROL
jne @f
rol rax,cl
jmp :storeres
@@:
cmp dl,ROR
jne @f
ror eax,cl
jmp :storeres
@@:
int3
::storeres
lea rdi,[res]
call :%pStoreMint
}
return res
end function
procedure bitwise(atom a, atom b)
printf(1,"and_bits(%b,%b) = %032b\n",{a,b,and_bits(a,b)})
printf(1," or_bits(%b,%b) = %032b\n",{a,b, or_bits(a,b)})
printf(1,"xor_bits(%b,%b) = %032b\n",{a,b,xor_bits(a,b)})
printf(1,"not_bits(%b) = %032b\n",{a,not_bits(a)})
printf(1," shl(%b,%b) = %032b\n",{a,b,bitop(a,b,SHL)})
printf(1," sar(%b,%b) = %032b\n",{a,b,bitop(a,b,SAR)})
printf(1," shr(%b,%b) = %032b\n",{a,b,bitop(a,b,SHR)})
printf(1," rol(%b,%b) = %032b\n",{a,b,bitop(a,b,ROL)})
printf(1," ror(%b,%b) = %032b\n",{a,b,bitop(a,b,ROR)})
end procedure
bitwise(0x800000FE,7)
{{out}}
and_bits(10000000000000000000000011111110,111) = 00000000000000000000000000000110
or_bits(10000000000000000000000011111110,111) = 10000000000000000000000011111111
xor_bits(10000000000000000000000011111110,111) = 10000000000000000000000011111001
not_bits(10000000000000000000000011111110) = 01111111111111111111111100000001
shl(10000000000000000000000011111110,111) = 00000000000000000111111100000000
sar(10000000000000000000000011111110,111) = 11111111000000000000000000000001
shr(10000000000000000000000011111110,111) = 00000001000000000000000000000001
rol(10000000000000000000000011111110,111) = 00000000000000000111111101000000
ror(10000000000000000000000011111110,111) = 11111101000000000000000000000001
PHP
function bitwise($a, $b)
{
function zerofill($a,$b) {
if($a>=0) return $a>>$b;
if($b==0) return (($a>>1)&0x7fffffff)*2+(($a>>$b)&1); // this line shifts a 0 into the sign bit for compatibility, replace with "if($b==0) return $a;" if you need $b=0 to mean that nothing happens
return ((~$a)>>$b)^(0x7fffffff>>($b-1));
echo '$a AND $b: ' . $a & $b . '\n';
echo '$a OR $b: ' . $a | $b . '\n';
echo '$a XOR $b: ' . $a ^ $b . '\n';
echo 'NOT $a: ' . ~$a . '\n';
echo '$a << $b: ' . $a << $b . '\n'; // left shift
echo '$a >> $b: ' . $a >> $b . '\n'; // arithmetic right shift
echo 'zerofill($a, $b): ' . zerofill($a, $b) . '\n'; // logical right shift
}
PicoLisp
PicoLisp has no specific word size. Numbers grow to arbitrary length. Therefore, bitwise NOT, logical (non-arithmetic) SHIFTs, and rotate operations do not make sense.
Bitwise AND:
: (& 6 3)
-> 2
: (& 7 3 1)
-> 1
Bitwise AND-Test (tests if all bits in the first argument are set in the following arguments):
: (bit? 1 2)
-> NIL
: (bit? 6 3)
-> NIL
: (bit? 6 15 255)
-> 6
Bitwise OR:
: (| 1 2)
-> 3
: (| 1 2 4 8)
-> 15
Bitwise XOR:
: (x| 2 7)
-> 5
: (x| 2 7 1)
-> 4
Shift (right with a positive count, left with a negative count):
: (>> 1 8)
-> 4
: (>> 3 16)
-> 2
: (>> -3 16)
-> 128
: (>> -1 -16)
-> -32
PL/I
/* PL/I can perform bit operations on binary integers. */
k = iand(i,j);
k = ior(i,j);
k = inot(i,j);
k = ieor(i,j);
k = isll(i,n); /* unsigned shifts i left by n places. */
k = isrl(i,n); /* unsigned shifts i right by n places. */
k = lower2(i, n); /* arithmetic right shift i by n places. */
k = raise2(i, n); /* arithmetic left shift i by n places. */
/* PL/I can also perform boolean operations on bit strings */
/* of any length: */
declare (s, t, u) bit (*);
u = s & t; /* logical and */
u = s | t; /* logical or */
u = ^ s; /* logical not */
u = s ^ t; /* exclusive or */
Built-in rotate functions are not available.
They can be readily implemented by the user, though:
u = substr(s, length(s), 1) || substr(s, 1, length(s)-1); /* implements rotate right. */
u = substr(s, 2) || substr(s, 1, 1); /* implements rotate left. */
Pop11
define bitwise(a, b);
printf(a && b, 'a and b = %p\n');
printf(a || b, 'a or b = %p\n');
printf(a ||/& b, 'a xor b = %p\n');
printf(~~ a, 'not a = %p\n');
printf(a << b, 'left shift of a by b = %p\n');
printf(a >> b, 'arithmetic right shift of a by b = %p\n');
enddefine;
Conceptually in Pop11 integers have infinite precision, in particular negative numbers conceptually have infinitely many leading 1's in two's complement notation. Hence, logical right shift is not defined. If needed, logical right shift can be simulated by masking high order bits.
Similarly, on infinitely precise numbers rotation is undefined.
PureBasic
Procedure Bitwise(a, b)
Debug a & b ; And
Debug a | b ;Or
Debug a ! b ; XOr
Debug ~a ;Not
Debug a << b ; shift left
Debug a >> b ; arithmetic shift right
; Logical shift right and rotates are not available
; You can of use inline ASM to achieve this:
Define Temp
; logical shift right
!mov edx, dword [p.v_a]
!mov ecx, dword [p.v_b]
!shr edx, cl
!mov dword [p.v_Temp], edx
Debug Temp
; rotate left
!mov edx, dword [p.v_a]
!mov ecx, dword [p.v_b]
!rol edx, cl
!mov dword [p.v_Temp], edx
Debug Temp
; rotate right
!mov edx, dword [p.v_a]
!mov ecx, dword [p.v_b]
!ror edx, cl
!mov dword [p.v_Temp], edx
Debug Temp
EndProcedure
PowerShell
Logical right shift and rotations are not supported in PowerShell. {{works with|PowerShell|2.0}}
$X -band $Y
$X -bor $Y
$X -bxor $Y
-bnot $X
{{works with|PowerShell|3.0}}
$X -shl $Y
# Arithmetic right shift
$X -shr $Y
# Requires quite a stretch of the imagination to call this "native" support of right rotate, but it works
[System.Security.Cryptography.SHA256Managed].GetMethod('RotateRight', 'NonPublic, Static', $null, @([UInt32], [Int32]), $null).Invoke($null, @([uint32]$X, $Y))
Python
def bitwise(a, b):
print 'a and b:', a & b
print 'a or b:', a | b
print 'a xor b:', a ^ b
print 'not a:', ~a
print 'a << b:', a << b # left shift
print 'a >> b:', a >> b # arithmetic right shift
Python does not have built in rotate or logical right shift operations.
Note: Newer Python versions (circa 2.4?) will automatically promote integers into "long integers" (arbitrary length, bounded by available memory). This can be noticed especially when using left shift operations. When using bitwise operations one usually wants to keep these bounded to specific sizes such as 8, 16, 32 or 64 bit widths. To do these we use the AND operator with specific values (bitmasks). For example:
# 8-bit bounded shift:
x = x << n & 0xff
# ditto for 16 bit:
x = x << n & 0xffff
# ... and 32-bit:
x = x << n & 0xffffffff
# ... and 64-bit:
x = x << n & 0xffffffffffffffff
We can easily implement our own rotation functions. For left rotations this is down by ORing the left shifted and masked lower bits against the right shifted upper bits. For right rotations we perform the converse operations, ORing a set of right shifted lower bits against the appropriate number of left shifted upper bits.
def bitstr(n, width=None):
"""return the binary representation of n as a string and
optionally zero-fill (pad) it to a given length
"""
result = list()
while n:
result.append(str(n%2))
n = int(n/2)
if (width is not None) and len(result) < width:
result.extend(['0'] * (width - len(result)))
result.reverse()
return ''.join(result)
def mask(n):
"""Return a bitmask of length n (suitable for masking against an
int to coerce the size to a given length)
"""
if n >= 0:
return 2**n - 1
else:
return 0
def rol(n, rotations=1, width=8):
"""Return a given number of bitwise left rotations of an integer n,
for a given bit field width.
"""
rotations %= width
if rotations < 1:
return n
n &= mask(width) ## Should it be an error to truncate here?
return ((n << rotations) & mask(width)) | (n >> (width - rotations))
def ror(n, rotations=1, width=8):
"""Return a given number of bitwise right rotations of an integer n,
for a given bit field width.
"""
rotations %= width
if rotations < 1:
return n
n &= mask(width)
return (n >> rotations) | ((n << (width - rotations)) & mask(width))
In this example we show a relatively straightforward function for converting integers into strings of bits, and another simple ''mask()'' function to create arbitrary lengths of bits against which we perform our masking operations. Also note that the implementation of these functions defaults to single bit rotations of 8-bit bytes. Additional arguments can be used to over-ride these defaults. Any case where the number of rotations modulo the width is zero represents a rotation of all bits back to their starting positions. This implementation should handle any integer number of rotations over bitfields of any valid (positive integer) length.
R
Native functions in R 3.x
# Since R 3.0.0, the base package provides bitwise operators, see ?bitwAnd
a <- 35
b <- 42
bitwAnd(a, b)
bitwOr(a, b)
bitwXor(a, b)
bitwNot(a)
bitwShiftL(a, 2)
bitwShiftR(a, 2)
# See also http://cran.r-project.org/src/base/NEWS.html
===Using ''as.hexmode'' or ''as.octmode''===
a <- as.hexmode(35)
b <- as.hexmode(42)
as.integer(a & b) # 34
as.integer(a | b) # 43
as.integer(xor(a, b)) # 9
===Using ''intToBits''=== The logical operators in R, namely &, | and !, are designed to work on logical vectors rather than bits. It is possible to convert from integer to logical vector and back to make these work as required, e.g.
intToLogicalBits <- function(intx) as.logical(intToBits(intx))
logicalBitsToInt <- function(lb) as.integer(sum((2^(0:31))[lb]))
"%AND%" <- function(x, y)
{
logicalBitsToInt(intToLogicalBits(x) & intToLogicalBits(y))
}
"%OR%" <- function(x, y)
{
logicalBitsToInt(intToLogicalBits(x) | intToLogicalBits(y))
}
35 %AND% 42 # 34
35 %OR% 42 # 42
===Using ''bitops'' package===
library(bitops)
bitAnd(35, 42) # 34
bitOr(35, 42) # 43
bitXor(35, 42) # 9
bitFlip(35, bitWidth=8) # 220
bitShiftL(35, 1) # 70
bitShiftR(35, 1) # 17
# Note that no bit rotation is provided in this package
===Using hidden native functions from ''base'' package===
# As one can see from
getDLLRegisteredRoutines(getLoadedDLLs()$base)
# R knows functions bitwiseAnd, bitwiseOr, bitwiseXor and bitwiseNot.
# Here is how to call them (see ?.Call for the calling mechanism):
.Call("bitwiseOr", as.integer(12), as.integer(10))
.Call("bitwiseXor", as.integer(12), as.integer(10))
.Call("bitwiseAnd", as.integer(12), as.integer(10))
.Call("bitwiseNot", as.integer(12))
# It would be easy to embed these calls in R functions, for better readability
# Also, it's possible to call these functions on integer vectors:
.Call("bitwiseOr", c(5L, 2L), c(3L, 8L))
Racket
#lang racket
(define a 255)
(define b 5)
(list (bitwise-and a b)
(bitwise-ior a b)
(bitwise-xor a b)
(bitwise-not a)
(arithmetic-shift a b) ; left shift
(arithmetic-shift a (- b))) ; right shift
Output:
'(5 255 250 -256 8160 7)
Retro
There is no predefined arithmetic shifts in Retro.
: bitwise ( ab- )
cr
over "a = %d\n" puts
dup "b = %d\n" puts
2over and "a and b = %d\n" puts
2over or "a or b = %d\n" puts
2over xor "a xor b = %d\n" puts
over not "not a = %d\n" puts
2over << "a << b = %d\n" puts
2over >> "a >> b = %d\n" puts
2drop ;
REXX
╔═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
║ Since REXX stores numbers (indeed, all values) as characters, it makes no sense to ║
║ "rotate" a value, since there aren't any boundaries for the value. I.E.: there ║
║ isn't any 32─bit word "container" or "cell" (for instance) to store an integer. ║
║ ║
║ Furthermore, since REXX numbers can be arbitrary precision, the concept of rotating ║
║ a number has no meaning. ║
╚═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝
/*REXX program performs bit─wise operations on integers: & | && ¬ «L »R */
numeric digits 1000 /*be able to handle ginormous integers.*/
say center('decimal', 9) center("value", 9) center('bits', 50)
say copies('─' , 9) copies("─" , 9) copies('─', 50)
a = 21 ; call show a , 'A' /* display A */
b = 3 ; call show b , 'B' /* display B */
call show bAnd(a, b) , 'A & B' /* and */
call show bOr(a, b) , 'A | B' /* or */
call show bXor(a, b) , 'A && B' /* xor */
call show bNot(a) , '¬ A' /* not */
call show bShiftL(a, b) , 'A [«B]' /* shift left */
call show bShiftR(a, b) , 'A [»B]' /* shirt right */
exit /*stick a fork in it, we're all done. */
/*──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
show: say right( arg(1), 9) center( arg(2), 9) right( d2b( arg(1) ), 50); return
d2b: return x2b( d2x( arg(1) ) ) + 0 /*some REXXes have the D2B BIF. */
b2d: return x2d( b2x( arg(1) ) ) /* " " " " B2D " */
bNot: return b2d( translate( d2b( arg(1) ), 10, 01) ) +0 /*+0 ≡ normalizes a #.*/
bShiftL: return b2d( d2b( arg(1) ) || copies(0, arg(2) ) ) +0 /* " " " " " */
bAnd: return c2d( bitand( d2c( arg(1) ), d2c( arg(2) ) ) )
bOr: return c2d( bitor( d2c( arg(1) ), d2c( arg(2) ) ) )
bXor: return c2d( bitxor( d2c( arg(1) ), d2c( arg(2) ) ) )
bShiftR: $=substr(reverse(d2b(arg(1))),arg(2)+1); if $='' then $=0; return b2d(reverse($))
{{out|output}}
decimal value bits
───────── ───────── ──────────────────────────────────────────────────
21 A 10101
3 B 11
1 A & B 1
23 A | B 10111
22 A && B 10110
10 ¬ A 1010
168 A [«B] 10101000
2 A [»B] 10
Ring
x = 8
y = 2
see "x & y - Binary AND : " + (x & y) + nl
see "x | y - Binary OR : " + (x | y) + nl
see "x ^ y - Binary XOR : " + (x ^ y) +nl
see "~x - Binary Ones Complement : " + (~x) + nl
see "x << y - Binary Left Shift : " + (x << y) + nl
see "x >> y - Binary Right Shift : " + (x >> y) + nl
RLaB
In RLaB the bitwise operations are available for ''integers'' type of numbers. For the operations below if both arguments are integers then the result of the operation is an integer as well.
x = int(3);
>> y = int(1);
>> z = x && y; printf("0x%08x\n",z); // logical 'and'
0x00000001
>> z = x || y; printf("0x%08x\n",z); // logical 'or'
0x00000003
>> z = !x; printf("0x%08x\n",z); // logical 'not'
0xfffffffc
>> i2 = int(2);
>> z = x * i2; printf("0x%08x\n",z); // left-shift is multiplication by 2 where both arguments are integers
0x00000006
>> z = x / i2; printf("0x%08x\n",z); // right-shift is division by 2 where both arguments are integers
0x00000001
Robotic
input string "First value"
set "local1" to "input"
input string "Second value"
set "local2" to "input"
. ">>> is an arithmetic shift; >> is a logical shift"
[ "a AND b = ('local1' a 'local2')"
[ "a OR b = ('local1' o 'local2')"
[ "a XOR b = ('local1' x 'local2')"
[ "NOT a = (~'local1')"
[ "a << b = ('local1' << 'local2')"
[ "a >> b = ('local1' >> 'local2')"
[ "a >>> b = ('local1' >>> 'local2')"
end
. "Bitwise rotation is not natively supported"
Ruby
def bitwise(a, b)
form = "%1$7s:%2$6d %2$016b"
puts form % ["a", a]
puts form % ["b", b]
puts form % ["a and b", a & b]
puts form % ["a or b ", a | b]
puts form % ["a xor b", a ^ b]
puts form % ["not a ", ~a]
puts form % ["a << b ", a << b] # left shift
puts form % ["a >> b ", a >> b] # arithmetic right shift
end
bitwise(14,3)
{{out}}
a: 14 0000000000001110
b: 3 0000000000000011
a and b: 2 0000000000000010
a or b : 15 0000000000001111
a xor b: 13 0000000000001101
not a : -15 ..11111111110001
a << b : 112 0000000001110000
a >> b : 1 0000000000000001
Rust
fn main() {
let a: u8 = 105;
let b: u8 = 91;
println!("a = {:0>8b}", a);
println!("b = {:0>8b}", b);
println!("a | b = {:0>8b}", a | b);
println!("a & b = {:0>8b}", a & b);
println!("a ^ b = {:0>8b}", a ^ b);
println!("!a = {:0>8b}", !a);
println!("a << 3 = {:0>8b}", a << 3);
println!("a >> 3 = {:0>8b}", a >> 3);
}
Output:
a = 01101001
b = 01011011
a | b = 01111011
a & b = 01001001
a ^ b = 00110010
!a = 10010110
a << 3 = 01001000
a >> 3 = 00001101
SAS
/* rotations are not available, but are easy to implement with the other bitwise operators */
data _null_;
a=105;
b=91;
c=bxor(a,b);
d=band(a,b);
e=bor(a,b);
f=bnot(a); /* on 32 bits */
g=blshift(a,1);
h=brshift(a,1);
put _all_;
run;
Scala
def bitwise(a: Int, b: Int) {
println("a and b: " + (a & b))
println("a or b: " + (a | b))
println("a xor b: " + (a ^ b))
println("not a: " + (~a))
println("a << b: " + (a << b)) // left shift
println("a >> b: " + (a >> b)) // arithmetic right shift
println("a >>> b: " + (a >>> b)) // unsigned right shift
println("a rot b: " + Integer.rotateLeft(a, b)) // Rotate Left
println("a rol b: " + Integer.rotateRight(a, b)) // Rotate Right
}
Scheme
{{Works with|Scheme|RRS}}
(import (rnrs arithmetic bitwise (6)))
(define (bitwise a b)
(display (bitwise-and a b))
(newline)
(display (bitwise-ior a b))
(newline)
(display (bitwise-xor a b))
(newline)
(display (bitwise-not a))
(newline)
(display (bitwise-arithmetic-shift-right a b))
(newline))
(bitwise 255 5)
Output:
''Note: bitwise operations were also described in [http://srfi.schemers.org/srfi-60/ SRFI-60], with additional aliases (and previously discussed in [http://srfi.schemers.org/srfi-33/ SRFI-33] which remained draft).''
## Seed7
The type [http://seed7.sourceforge.net/manual/types.htm#integer integer] is intended for arithmetic operations.
Besides arithmetic shifts, which are seen as multiplication and division by powers of two, no bitwise operations are supported.
The type [http://seed7.sourceforge.net/libraries/bin32.htm bin32] is intended for bit-pattern operations.
Bin32 has the same internal representation as integer.
That way conversions between them don't cause an overhead.
Right shifting of bin32 values is done with logical shifts.
```seed7
$ include "seed7_05.s7i";
include "bin32.s7i";
const proc: bitwise (in integer: a, in integer: b) is func
begin
writeln("a: " <& a radix 2 lpad0 32);
writeln("b: " <& b radix 2 lpad0 32);
writeln("integer operations:");
writeln("a << b: " <& a << b radix 2 lpad0 32); # left shift
writeln("a >> b: " <& a >> b radix 2 lpad0 32); # arithmetic right shift
end func;
const proc: bitwise (in bin32: a, in bin32: b) is func
begin
writeln("bin32 operations:");
writeln("a and b: " <& a & b radix 2 lpad0 32);
writeln("a or b: " <& a | b radix 2 lpad0 32);
writeln("a xor b: " <& a >< b radix 2 lpad0 32);
writeln("not a: " <& ~a radix 2 lpad0 32);
writeln("a << b: " <& a << ord(b) radix 2 lpad0 32); # left shift
writeln("a >> b: " <& a >> ord(b) radix 2 lpad0 32); # logical right shift
writeln("a rotL b: " <& rotLeft(a, ord(b)) radix 2 lpad0 32); # Rotate Left
writeln("a rolR b: " <& rotRight(a, ord(b)) radix 2 lpad0 32); # Rotate Right
end func;
const proc: main is func
begin
bitwise(65076, 6);
bitwise(bin32(65076), bin32(6));
end func;
{{out}}
a: 00000000000000001111111000110100
b: 00000000000000000000000000000110
integer operations:
a << b: 00000000001111111000110100000000
a >> b: 00000000000000000000001111111000
bin32 operations:
a and b: 00000000000000000000000000000100
a or b: 00000000000000001111111000110110
a xor b: 00000000000000001111111000110010
not a: 11111111111111110000000111001011
a << b: 00000000001111111000110100000000
a >> b: 00000000000000000000001111111000
a rotL b: 00000000001111111000110100000000
a rolR b: 11010000000000000000001111111000
Sidef
func bitwise(a, b) {
say ('a and b : ', a & b)
say ('a or b : ', a | b)
say ('a xor b : ', a ^ b)
say ('not a : ', ~a)
say ('a << b : ', a << b) # left shift
say ('a >> b : ', a >> b) # arithmetic right shift
}
bitwise(14,3)
{{out}}
a and b : 2
a or b : 15
a xor b : 13
not a : -15
a << b : 112
a >> b : 1
Simula
BEGIN
COMMENT TO MY KNOWLEDGE SIMULA DOES NOT SUPPORT BITWISE OPERATIONS SO WE MUST WRITE PROCEDURES FOR THE JOB ;
INTEGER WORDSIZE;
WORDSIZE := 32;
BEGIN
PROCEDURE TOBITS(N,B); INTEGER N; BOOLEAN ARRAY B;
BEGIN
INTEGER I,BITN;
FOR I := WORDSIZE-1 STEP -1 UNTIL 0 DO BEGIN
BITN := MOD(N,2); B(I) := BITN<>0; N := N // 2;
END;
END TOBITS;
INTEGER PROCEDURE FROMBITS(B); BOOLEAN ARRAY B;
BEGIN
INTEGER I, RESULT;
FOR I := 0 STEP 1 UNTIL WORDSIZE-1 DO
RESULT := 2 * RESULT + (IF B(I) THEN 1 ELSE 0);
FROMBITS := RESULT;
END FROMBITS;
INTEGER PROCEDURE BITOP(A,B,F);
INTEGER A,B;
PROCEDURE F IS BOOLEAN PROCEDURE F(A,B); BOOLEAN A,B;;
BEGIN
INTEGER I;
BOOLEAN ARRAY BA(0:WORDSIZE-1);
BOOLEAN ARRAY BB(0:WORDSIZE-1);
TOBITS(A,BA);
TOBITS(B,BB);
FOR I := 0 STEP 1 UNTIL WORDSIZE-1 DO BA(I) := F(BA(I),BB(I));
BITOP := FROMBITS(BA);
END BITOP;
INTEGER PROCEDURE BITUOP(A,F);
INTEGER A;
PROCEDURE F IS BOOLEAN PROCEDURE F(A); BOOLEAN A;;
BEGIN
INTEGER I;
BOOLEAN ARRAY BA(0:WORDSIZE-1);
TOBITS(A,BA);
FOR I := 0 STEP 1 UNTIL WORDSIZE-1 DO BA(I) := F(BA(I));
BITUOP := FROMBITS(BA);
END BITUOP;
BOOLEAN PROCEDURE OPAND(A,B); BOOLEAN A,B; OPAND := A AND B;
INTEGER PROCEDURE BITAND(A,B); INTEGER A,B; BITAND := BITOP(A,B,OPAND);
BOOLEAN PROCEDURE OPOR(A,B); BOOLEAN A,B; OPOR := A OR B;
INTEGER PROCEDURE BITOR(A,B); INTEGER A,B; BITOR := BITOP(A,B,OPOR);
BOOLEAN PROCEDURE OPXOR(A,B); BOOLEAN A,B; OPXOR := (A AND NOT B) OR (NOT A AND B);
INTEGER PROCEDURE BITXOR(A,B); INTEGER A,B; BITXOR := BITOP(A,B,OPXOR);
BOOLEAN PROCEDURE OPNOT(A); BOOLEAN A; OPNOT := NOT A;
INTEGER PROCEDURE BITNOT(A); INTEGER A; BITNOT := BITUOP(A,OPNOT);
INTEGER PROCEDURE BITSHL(A,B); INTEGER A,B;
BEGIN
IF B < 0 THEN A := BITSHR(A,-B)
ELSE WHILE B > 0 DO BEGIN A := 2 * A; B := B-1; END;
BITSHL := A;
END BITSHL;
INTEGER PROCEDURE BITSHR(A,B); INTEGER A,B;
BEGIN
IF B < 0 THEN A := BITSHL(A,-B)
ELSE WHILE B > 0 DO BEGIN A := A // 2; B := B-1; END;
BITSHR := A;
END BITSHR;
INTEGER PROCEDURE BITROTR(A,B); INTEGER A,B;
BEGIN
INTEGER I,J;
BOOLEAN ARRAY BA(0:WORDSIZE-1);
BOOLEAN ARRAY BB(0:WORDSIZE-1);
TOBITS(A,BA);
FOR I := 0 STEP 1 UNTIL WORDSIZE-1 DO BEGIN
J := MOD(I + B, WORDSIZE); BB(J) := BA(I);
END;
BITROTR := FROMBITS(BB);
END BITROTR;
INTEGER PROCEDURE BITROTL(A,B); INTEGER A,B;
BITROTL := BITROTR(A,-B);
PROCEDURE BITWISE(A,B); INTEGER A,B;
BEGIN
OUTTEXT("A AND B : "); OUTINT(BITAND(A,B),0); OUTIMAGE;
OUTTEXT("A OR B : "); OUTINT(BITOR (A,B),0); OUTIMAGE;
OUTTEXT("A XOR B : "); OUTINT(BITXOR(A,B),0); OUTIMAGE;
OUTTEXT("NOT A : "); OUTINT(BITNOT(A), 0); OUTIMAGE;
OUTTEXT("A << B : "); OUTINT(BITSHL(A,B),0); OUTIMAGE; ! LEFT SHIFT ;
OUTTEXT("A >> B : "); OUTINT(BITSHR(A,B),0); OUTIMAGE; ! ARITHMETIC RIGHT SHIFT ;
OUTTEXT("A ROTL B : "); OUTINT(BITROTL(A,B),0); OUTIMAGE; ! ROTATE LEFT ;
OUTTEXT("A ROTR B : "); OUTINT(BITROTR(A,B),0); OUTIMAGE; ! ROTATE RIGHT ;
END BITWISE;
BITWISE(14,3);
END;
END
{{out}}
A AND B : 2
A OR B : 15
A XOR B : 13
NOT A : -15
A << B : 112
A >> B : 1
A ROTL B : 112
A ROTR B : -1073741823
Slate
[ |:a :b |
inform: (a bitAnd: b) printString.
inform: (a bitOr: b) printString.
inform: (a bitXor: b) printString.
inform: (a bitNot) printString.
inform: (a << b) printString.
inform: (a >> b) printString.
] applyTo: {8. 12}.
'''Bold text'''
Smalltalk
{{works with|GNU Smalltalk}} {{works with|Smalltalk/X}} {{works with|VisualWorks Smalltalk}} Since [[GNU Smalltalk]] by default runs without a graphical user interface, I wrote the program in that dialect. The actual methods for bitwise operations (''bitAnd:'', etc.) are the same in all implementations.
| testBitFunc |
testBitFunc := [ :a :b |
('%1 and %2 is %3' % { a. b. (a bitAnd: b) }) displayNl.
('%1 or %2 is %3' % { a. b. (a bitOr: b) }) displayNl.
('%1 xor %2 is %3' % { a. b. (a bitXor: b) }) displayNl.
('not %1 is %2' % { a. (a bitInvert) }) displayNl.
('%1 left shift %2 is %3' % { a. b. (a bitShift: b) }) displayNl.
('%1 right shift %2 is %3' % { a. b. (a bitShift: (b negated)) }) displayNl.
].
testBitFunc value: 16r7F value: 4 .
in addition to the above, {{works with|Smalltalk/X}}
(a bitClear: b) "mask out bits"
(a bitAt: index) "retrieve a bit (bit-index, one-based)"
(a setBit: index) "set a bit (bit-index)"
(a clearBit: index) "clear a bit (bit-index)"
(a invertBit: index) "invert a bit (bit index)"
lowBit "find the index of the lowest one-bit; zero if none"
highBit "find the index of the highest one-bit; zero if none"
bitCount "count the one-bits"
Notice that all of those work on arbitrarily large integers (i.e. 1000 factorial lowBit -> 995).
Standard ML
For integers, IntInfs provide bitwise operations:
fun bitwise_ints (a, b) = (
print ("a and b: " ^ IntInf.toString (IntInf.andb (IntInf.fromInt a, IntInf.fromInt b)) ^ "\n");
print ("a or b: " ^ IntInf.toString (IntInf.orb (IntInf.fromInt a, IntInf.fromInt b)) ^ "\n");
print ("a xor b: " ^ IntInf.toString (IntInf.xorb (IntInf.fromInt a, IntInf.fromInt b)) ^ "\n");
print ("not a: " ^ IntInf.toString (IntInf.notb (IntInf.fromInt a )) ^ "\n");
print ("a lsl b: " ^ IntInf.toString (IntInf.<< (IntInf.fromInt a, Word.fromInt b )) ^ "\n"); (* left shift *)
print ("a asr b: " ^ IntInf.toString (IntInf.~>> (IntInf.fromInt a, Word.fromInt b )) ^ "\n") (* arithmetic right shift *)
)
More shifts are available for words (unsigned ints):
fun bitwise_words (a, b) = (
print ("a and b: " ^ Word.fmt StringCvt.DEC (Word.andb (a, b)) ^ "\n");
print ("a or b: " ^ Word.fmt StringCvt.DEC (Word.orb (a, b)) ^ "\n");
print ("a xor b: " ^ Word.fmt StringCvt.DEC (Word.xorb (a, b)) ^ "\n");
print ("not a: " ^ Word.fmt StringCvt.DEC (Word.notb a ) ^ "\n");
print ("a lsl b: " ^ Word.fmt StringCvt.DEC (Word.<< (a, b) ) ^ "\n"); (* left shift *)
print ("a asr b: " ^ Word.fmt StringCvt.DEC (Word.~>> (a, b) ) ^ "\n"); (* arithmetic right shift *)
print ("a asr b: " ^ Word.fmt StringCvt.DEC (Word.>> (a, b) ) ^ "\n") (* logical right shift *)
)
Stata
Stata does not have bitwise operators as of version 15.1. It's possible to use Mata functions '''[https://www.stata.com/help.cgi?mf_inbase inbase]''' and '''frombase''' to convert integers to binary strings, and operate on these, but it will be much slower than native operators. William Matsuoka has written functions for this [http://www.wmatsuoka.com/stata/building-an-api-library here].
Swift
func bitwise(a: Int, b: Int) {
// All bitwise operations (including shifts)
// require both operands to be the same type
println("a AND b: \(a & b)")
println("a OR b: \(a | b)")
println("a XOR b: \(a ^ b)")
println("NOT a: \(~a)")
println("a << b: \(a << b)") // left shift
// for right shifts, if the operands are unsigned, Swift performs
// a logical shift; if signed, an arithmetic shift.
println("a >> b: \(a >> b)") // arithmetic right shift
println("a lsr b: \(Int(bitPattern: UInt(bitPattern: a) >> UInt(bitPattern: b)))") // logical right shift
}
bitwise(-15,3)
{{out}}
a AND b: 1
a OR b: -13
a XOR b: -14
NOT a: 14
a << b: -120
a >> b: -2
a lsr b: 2305843009213693950
SystemVerilog
Verilog, being a hardware description language, had pretty comprehensive support for bit twiddling; though rotation is still a slightly manual operation. Just to be different, I decided to use a couple of 53-bit integers:
program main;
initial begin
bit [52:0] a,b,c;
a = 53'h123476547890fe;
b = 53'h06453bdef23ca6;
c = a & b; $display("%h & %h = %h", a,b,c);
c = a | b; $display("%h | %h = %h", a,b,c);
c = a ^ b; $display("%h ^ %h = %h", a,b,c);
c = ~ a; $display("~%h = %h", a, c);
c = a << 5; $display("%h << 5 = %h", a, c);
c = a >> 5; $display("%h >> 5 = %h", a, c);
c = { a[53-23:0], a[52-:23] }; $display("%h rotate-left 23 = %h", a, c);
c = { a[1:0], a[52:2] }; $display("%h rotate-right 2 = %h", a, c);
end
endprogram
If we want to do a variable bit rotation, then we need to think in hardware terms, and build a mux structure (this could be a function, but using a module allows it to be parameterized:
module rotate(in, out, shift);
parameter BITS = 32;
parameter SHIFT_BITS = 5;
input [BITS-1:0] in;
output [BITS-1:0] out;
input [SHIFT_BITS-1:0] shift;
always_comb foreach (out[i]) out[i] = in[ (i+shift) % BITS ];
endmodule
of course, one could always write the foreach loop inline.
Tcl
proc bitwise {a b} {
puts [format "a and b: %#08x" [expr {$a & $b}]]
puts [format "a or b: %#08x" [expr {$a | $b}]]
puts [format "a xor b: %#08x" [expr {$a ^ $b}]]
puts [format "not a: %#08x" [expr {~$a}]]
puts [format "a << b: %#08x" [expr {$a << $b}]]
puts [format "a >> b: %#08x" [expr {$a >> $b}]]
}
There are no built-in operations for arithmetic right shift or for bit rotation. Indeed, rotation precludes the use of arbitrary-width integers and can only be defined with respect to a particular width. However, we can simulate these operations for 32-bit values (requires Tcl 8.5):
proc bitwiseUnsupported {a b} {
set bits 0xFFFFFFFF
# Force interpretation as a 32-bit unsigned value
puts [format "a ArithRightShift b: %#08x" [expr {($a & $bits) >> $b}]]
puts [format "a RotateRight b: %#08x" [expr {
(($a >> $b) & ($bits >> $b)) |
(($a << (32-$b)) & ($bits ^ ($bits >> $b)))
}]]
puts [format "a RotateLeft b: %#08x" [expr {
(($a << $b) & $bits & ($bits << $b)) |
(($a >> (32-$b)) & ($bits ^ ($bits << $b)))
}]]
}
=={{header|TI-89 BASIC}}==
While the TI-89 supports arbitrary-size integers, all bitwise arithmetic is performed on the rightmost 32 bits of the integers' two's complement representation.
The right shift operation fills the new leftmost bit with a copy of the old leftmost bit.
bitwise(a,b)
Prgm
Local show, oldbase
Define show(label, x)=Prgm
Local r
setMode("Base","DEC")
string(x) → r
setMode("Base","HEX")
Disp label & r & " " & string(x)
EndPrgm
getMode("Base") → oldbase
show("", {a, b})
show("And ", a and b)
show("Or ", a or b)
show("Xor ", a xor b)
show("Not ", not a)
Pause "[Press ENTER]"
show("LSh ", shift(a,b))
show("RSh ", shift(a,–b))
show("LRo ", rotate(a,b))
show("RRo ", rotate(a,–b))
setMode("Base",oldbase)
EndPrgm
VBA
In VBA, the logical operators And, Or, Xor, Not are actually binary operators. There are also Eqv and Imp (for bitwise "equivalence" and "logical implication").
Debug.Print Hex(&HF0F0 And &HFF00) 'F000
Debug.Print Hex(&HF0F0 Or &HFF00) 'FFF0
Debug.Print Hex(&HF0F0 Xor &HFF00) 'FF0
Debug.Print Hex(Not &HF0F0) 'F0F
Debug.Print Hex(&HF0F0 Eqv &HFF00) 'F00F
Debug.Print Hex(&HF0F0 Imp &HFF00) 'FF0F
The other operations in the task are not builtin, but are easy to implement. Integers are signed, and overflow throws and exception, one must take care of this.
Function MaskL(k As Integer) As Long
If k < 1 Then
MaskL = 0
ElseIf k > 31 Then
MaskL = -1
Else
MaskL = (-1) Xor (2 ^ (32 - k) - 1)
End If
End Function
Function MaskR(k As Integer) As Long
If k < 1 Then
MaskR = 0
ElseIf k > 31 Then
MaskR = -1
Else
MaskR = 2 ^ k - 1
End If
End Function
Function Bit(k As Integer) As Long
If k < 0 Or k > 31 Then
Bit = 0
ElseIf k = 31 Then
Bit = MaskL(1)
Else
Bit = 2 ^ k
End If
End Function
Function ShiftL(n As Long, k As Integer) As Long
If k = 0 Then
ShiftL = n
ElseIf k > 31 Then
ShiftL = 0
ElseIf k < 0 Then
ShiftL = ShiftR(n, -k)
Else
ShiftL = (n And MaskR(31 - k)) * 2 ^ k
If (n And Bit(31 - k)) <> 0 Then ShiftL = ShiftL Or MaskL(1)
End If
End Function
Function ShiftR(n As Long, k As Integer) As Long
If k = 0 Then
ShiftR = n
ElseIf k > 31 Then
ShiftR = 0
ElseIf k < 0 Then
ShiftR = ShiftL(n, -k)
Else
ShiftR = (n And MaskR(31)) \ 2 ^ k
If (n And MaskL(1)) <> 0 Then ShiftR = ShiftR Or Bit(31 - k)
End If
End Function
Function RotateL(n As Long, k As Integer) As Long
k = (32768 + k) Mod 32
If k = 0 Then
RotateL = n
Else
RotateL = ShiftL(n, k) Or ShiftR(n, 32 - k)
End If
End Function
Function RotateR(n As Long, k As Integer) As Long
k = (32768 + k) Mod 32
If k = 0 Then
RotateR = n
Else
RotateR = ShiftR(n, k) Or ShiftL(n, 32 - k)
End If
End Function
Function ClearBit(n As Long, k As Integer) As Long
ClearBit = n And Not Bit(k)
End Function
Function SetBit(n As Long, k As Integer) As Long
SetBit = n Or Bit(k)
End Function
Function SwitchBit(n As Long, k As Integer) As Long
SwitchBit = n Xor Bit(k)
End Function
Function TestBit(n As Long, k As Integer) As Boolean
TestBit = (n And Bit(k)) <> 0
End Function
Examples
Debug.Print Hex(MaskL(8)) 'FF000000
Debug.Print Hex(MaskR(8)) 'FF
Debug.Print Hex(Bit(7)) '80
Debug.Print Hex(ShiftL(-1, 8)) 'FFFFFF00
Debug.Print Hex(ShiftL(-1, -8)) 'FFFFFF
Debug.Print Hex(ShiftR(-1, 8)) 'FFFFFF
Debug.Print Hex(ShiftR(-1, -8)) 'FFFFFF00
Debug.Print Hex(RotateL(65535, 8)) 'FFFF00
Debug.Print Hex(RotateL(65535, -8)) 'FF0000FF
Debug.Print Hex(RotateR(65535, 8)) 'FF0000FF
Debug.Print Hex(RotateR(65535, -8)) 'FFFF00
Visual Basic
{{works with|Visual Basic|VB6 Standard}} identical syntax as in [[#VBA]].
Visual Basic .NET
Sub Test(a as Integer, b as Integer)
WriteLine("And " & a And b)
WriteLine("Or " & a Or b)
WriteLine("Xor " & a Xor b)
WriteLine("Not " & Not a)
WriteLine("Left Shift " & a << 2)
WriteLine("Right Shift " & a >> 2)
End Sub
Visual Basic doesn't have built-in support for bitwise rotation.
x86 Assembly
{{works with|nasm}} It must be linked with the libc and "start" code; lazyly a gcc bitops.o works, being bitops.o produced by nasm -f elf bitops.asm (I've chosen ELF since I am on a GNU/Linux box)
extern printf
global main
section .text
main
mov eax, dword [_a]
mov ecx, dword [_b]
push ecx
push eax
and eax, ecx
mov ebx, _opand
call out_ops
call get_nums
or eax, ecx
mov ebx, _opor
call out_ops
call get_nums
xor eax, ecx
mov ebx, _opxor
call out_ops
call get_nums
shr eax, cl
mov ebx, _opshr
call out_ops
call get_nums
shl eax, cl
mov ebx, _opshl
call out_ops
call get_nums
rol eax, cl
mov ebx, _oprol
call out_ops
call get_nums
ror eax, cl
mov ebx, _opror
call out_ops
call get_nums
sal eax, cl
mov ebx, _opsal
call out_ops
call get_nums
sar eax, cl
mov ebx, _opsar
call out_ops
mov eax, dword [esp+0]
not eax
push eax
not eax
push eax
push _opnot
push _null
push _testn
call printf
add esp, 20
add esp, 8
ret
out_ops
push eax
push ecx
push ebx
push dword [_a]
push _test
call printf
add esp, 20
ret
get_nums
mov eax, dword [esp+4]
mov ecx, dword [esp+8]
ret
section .data
_a dd 11
_b dd 3
section .rodata
_test db '%08x %s %08x = %08x', 10, 0
_testn db '%08s %s %08x = %08x', 10, 0
_opand db 'and', 0
_opor db 'or ', 0
_opxor db 'xor', 0
_opshl db 'shl', 0
_opshr db 'shr', 0
_opror db 'ror', 0
_oprol db 'rol', 0
_opnot db 'not', 0
_opsal db 'sal', 0
_opsar db 'sar', 0
_null db 0
end
XLISP
(defun bitwise-operations (a b)
; rotate operations are not supported
(print `(,a and ,b = ,(logand a b)))
(print `(,a or ,b = ,(logior a b)))
(print `(,a xor ,b = ,(logxor a b)))
(print `(,a left shift by ,b = ,(lsh a b)))
(print `(,a right shift by ,b = ,(lsh a (- b)))) ; negative second operand shifts right
(print `(,a arithmetic right shift by ,b = ,(ash a (- b)))) )
XPL0
Text(0, "A and B = "); HexOut(0, A and B); CrLf(0); \alternate symbol: &
Text(0, "A or B = "); HexOut(0, A or B); CrLf(0); \alternate symbol: !
Text(0, "A xor B = "); HexOut(0, A xor B); CrLf(0); \alternate symbol: |
Text(0, "not A = "); HexOut(0, not A); CrLf(0); \alternate symbol: ~
Text(0, "A << B = "); HexOut(0, A << B); CrLf(0);
Text(0, "A >> B logical = "); HexOut(0, A >> B); CrLf(0);
Text(0, "A >> B arithmetic = "); HexOut(0, A ->> B); CrLf(0);
\Rotate operations must be done by calling a function such as:
func ROR(A, B); int A, B; return A>>B ! A<<(32-B);
Text(0, "A ror B = "); HexOut(0, ROR(A,B)); CrLf(0);
The reason the "!" and "|" symbols may seem reversed is that the OR operator was introduced at a time when only uppercase characters were available (such as on the Apple II). The XOR operator was added later.
Yabasic
sub formBin$(n)
return right$("00000000" + bin$(n), 8)
end sub
a = 6 : b = 3
print a, " = \t", formBin$(a)
print b, " = \t", formBin$(b)
print "\t--------"
print "AND = \t", formBin$(and(a, b))
print "OR = \t", formBin$(or(a, b))
print "XOR = \t", formBin$(xor(a, b))
print "NOT ", a, " =\t", formBin$(xor(255, a))
6 = 00000110
3 = 00000011
--------
AND = 00000010
OR = 00000111
XOR = 00000101
NOT 6 = 11111001
zkl
No bitwise rotates. Shifts are unsigned.
(7).bitAnd(1) //-->1
(8).bitOr(1) //-->9
(7).bitXor(1) //-->6
(1).bitNot() : "%,x".fmt(_) //-->ff|ff|ff|ff|ff|ff|ff|fe
(7).shiftRight(1) //-->3
(7).shiftLeft(1) //-->0xe
(-1).toString(16) //-->ffffffffffffffff
(-1).shiftRight(1).toString(16) //-->7fffffffffffffff
{{omit from|bc|No built-in bitwise operations}} {{omit from|dc|No built-in bitwise operations}} {{omit from|GUISS}} {{omit from|TPP}} {{omit from|UNIX Shell}}