⚠️ Warning: This is a draft ⚠️
This means it might contain formatting issues, incorrect code, conceptual problems, or other severe issues.
If you want to help to improve and eventually enable this page, please fork RosettaGit's repository and open a merge request on GitHub.
{{task}}
;Task Draw a rotating cube.
It should be oriented with one vertex pointing straight up, and its opposite vertex on the main diagonal (the one farthest away) straight down. It can be solid or wire-frame, and you can use ASCII art if your language doesn't have graphical capabilities. Perspective is optional.
;Related tasks
- [[Draw_a_cuboid|Draw a cuboid]]
- [[Write_language_name_in_3D_ASCII|write language name in 3D ASCII]]
C
Rotating wireframe cube in [https://www.opengl.org/ OpenGL], windowing implementation via [http://freeglut.sourceforge.net/ freeglut]
#include<gl/freeglut.h>
double rot = 0;
float matCol[] = {1,0,0,0};
void display(){
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT|GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
glPushMatrix();
glRotatef(30,1,1,0);
glRotatef(rot,0,1,1);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT,GL_DIFFUSE,matCol);
glutWireCube(1);
glPopMatrix();
glFlush();
}
void onIdle(){
rot += 0.1;
glutPostRedisplay();
}
void reshape(int w,int h){
float ar = (float) w / (float) h ;
glViewport(0,0,(GLsizei)w,(GLsizei)h);
glTranslatef(0,0,-10);
glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);
gluPerspective(70,(GLfloat)w/(GLfloat)h,1,12);
glLoadIdentity();
glFrustum ( -1.0, 1.0, -1.0, 1.0, 10.0, 100.0 ) ;
glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
glLoadIdentity();
}
void init(){
float pos[] = {1,1,1,0};
float white[] = {1,1,1,0};
float shini[] = {70};
glClearColor(.5,.5,.5,0);
glShadeModel(GL_SMOOTH);
glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0,GL_AMBIENT,white);
glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0,GL_DIFFUSE,white);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT,GL_SHININESS,shini);
glEnable(GL_LIGHTING);
glEnable(GL_LIGHT0);
glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
}
int main(int argC, char* argV[])
{
glutInit(&argC,argV);
glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_SINGLE|GLUT_RGB|GLUT_DEPTH);
glutInitWindowSize(600,500);
glutCreateWindow("Rossetta's Rotating Cube");
init();
glutDisplayFunc(display);
glutReshapeFunc(reshape);
glutIdleFunc(onIdle);
glutMainLoop();
return 0;
}
C#
{{trans|Java}}
using System;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Drawing.Drawing2D;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.Windows.Threading;
namespace RotatingCube
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
double[][] nodes = {
new double[] {-1, -1, -1}, new double[] {-1, -1, 1}, new double[] {-1, 1, -1},
new double[] {-1, 1, 1}, new double[] {1, -1, -1}, new double[] {1, -1, 1},
new double[] {1, 1, -1}, new double[] {1, 1, 1} };
int[][] edges = {
new int[] {0, 1}, new int[] {1, 3}, new int[] {3, 2}, new int[] {2, 0}, new int[] {4, 5},
new int[] {5, 7}, new int[] {7, 6}, new int[] {6, 4}, new int[] {0, 4}, new int[] {1, 5},
new int[] {2, 6}, new int[] {3, 7}};
public Form1()
{
Width = Height = 640;
StartPosition = FormStartPosition.CenterScreen;
SetStyle(
ControlStyles.AllPaintingInWmPaint |
ControlStyles.UserPaint |
ControlStyles.DoubleBuffer,
true);
Scale(100, 100, 100);
RotateCuboid(Math.PI / 4, Math.Atan(Math.Sqrt(2)));
var timer = new DispatcherTimer();
timer.Tick += (s, e) => { RotateCuboid(Math.PI / 180, 0); Refresh(); };
timer.Interval = new TimeSpan(0, 0, 0, 0, 17);
timer.Start();
}
private void RotateCuboid(double angleX, double angleY)
{
double sinX = Math.Sin(angleX);
double cosX = Math.Cos(angleX);
double sinY = Math.Sin(angleY);
double cosY = Math.Cos(angleY);
foreach (var node in nodes)
{
double x = node[0];
double y = node[1];
double z = node[2];
node[0] = x * cosX - z * sinX;
node[2] = z * cosX + x * sinX;
z = node[2];
node[1] = y * cosY - z * sinY;
node[2] = z * cosY + y * sinY;
}
}
private void Scale(int v1, int v2, int v3)
{
foreach (var item in nodes)
{
item[0] *= v1;
item[1] *= v2;
item[2] *= v3;
}
}
protected override void OnPaint(PaintEventArgs args)
{
var g = args.Graphics;
g.SmoothingMode = SmoothingMode.HighQuality;
g.Clear(Color.White);
g.TranslateTransform(Width / 2, Height / 2);
foreach (var edge in edges)
{
double[] xy1 = nodes[edge[0]];
double[] xy2 = nodes[edge[1]];
g.DrawLine(Pens.Black, (int)Math.Round(xy1[0]), (int)Math.Round(xy1[1]),
(int)Math.Round(xy2[0]), (int)Math.Round(xy2[1]));
}
foreach (var node in nodes)
{
g.FillEllipse(Brushes.Black, (int)Math.Round(node[0]) - 4,
(int)Math.Round(node[1]) - 4, 8, 8);
}
}
}
}
FutureBasic
[[File:rotating_cube.jpg|200px|thumb|right]] Among the capabilities of FutureBasic (or FB as it's called by its developers) is the ability to compile Open GL code as demonstrated here.
include "Tlbx agl.incl"
include "Tlbx glut.incl"
output file "Rotating Cube"
local fn AnimateCube
'~'1
begin globals
dim as double sRotation
end globals
// Speed of rotation
sRotation += 2.9
glMatrixMode( _GLMODELVIEW )
glLoadIdentity()
glTranslated( 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 )
glRotated( sRotation, -0.45, -0.8, -0.6 )
glColor3d( 1.0, 0.0, 0.3 )
glLineWidth( 1.5 )
glutWireCube( 1.0 )
end fn
// Main program
dim as GLint attrib(2)
dim as CGrafPtr port
dim as AGLPixelFormat fmt
dim as AGLContext glContext
dim as EventRecord ev
dim as GLboolean yesOK
window 1, @"Rotating Cube", (0,0) - (500,500)
attrib(0) = _AGLRGBA
attrib(1) = _AGLDOUBLEBUFFER
attrib(2) = _AGLNONE
fmt = fn aglChoosePixelFormat( 0, 0, attrib(0) )
glContext = fn aglCreateContext( fmt, 0 )
aglDestroyPixelFormat( fmt )
port = window( _wndPort )
yesOK = fn aglSetDrawable( glContext, port )
yesOK = fn aglSetCurrentContext( glContext )
glClearColor( 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 )
poke long event - 8, 1
do
glClear( _GLCOLORBUFFERBIT )
fn AnimateCube
aglSwapBuffers( glContext )
HandleEvents
until gFBQuit
Go
As of Go 1.9, it looks as if the only standard library supporting animated graphics is image/gif - so we create an animated GIF...
package main
import (
"image"
"image/color"
"image/gif"
"log"
"math"
"os"
)
const (
width, height = 640, 640
offset = height / 2
fileName = "rotatingCube.gif"
)
var nodes = [][]float64{{-100, -100, -100}, {-100, -100, 100}, {-100, 100, -100}, {-100, 100, 100},
{100, -100, -100}, {100, -100, 100}, {100, 100, -100}, {100, 100, 100}}
var edges = [][]int{{0, 1}, {1, 3}, {3, 2}, {2, 0}, {4, 5}, {5, 7}, {7, 6},
{6, 4}, {0, 4}, {1, 5}, {2, 6}, {3, 7}}
func main() {
var images []*image.Paletted
fgCol := color.RGBA{0xff, 0x00, 0xff, 0xff}
var palette = []color.Color{color.RGBA{0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xff}, fgCol}
var delays []int
imgFile, err := os.Create(fileName)
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
defer imgFile.Close()
rotateCube(math.Pi/4, math.Atan(math.Sqrt(2)))
var frame float64
for frame = 0; frame < 360; frame++ {
img := image.NewPaletted(image.Rect(0, 0, width, height), palette)
images = append(images, img)
delays = append(delays, 5)
for _, edge := range edges {
xy1 := nodes[edge[0]]
xy2 := nodes[edge[1]]
drawLine(int(xy1[0])+offset, int(xy1[1])+offset, int(xy2[0])+offset, int(xy2[1])+offset, img, fgCol)
}
rotateCube(math.Pi/180, 0)
}
if err := gif.EncodeAll(imgFile, &gif.GIF{Image: images, Delay: delays}); err != nil {
imgFile.Close()
log.Fatal(err)
}
}
func rotateCube(angleX, angleY float64) {
sinX := math.Sin(angleX)
cosX := math.Cos(angleX)
sinY := math.Sin(angleY)
cosY := math.Cos(angleY)
for _, node := range nodes {
x := node[0]
y := node[1]
z := node[2]
node[0] = x*cosX - z*sinX
node[2] = z*cosX + x*sinX
z = node[2]
node[1] = y*cosY - z*sinY
node[2] = z*cosY + y*sinY
}
}
func drawLine(x0, y0, x1, y1 int, img *image.Paletted, col color.RGBA) {
dx := abs(x1 - x0)
dy := abs(y1 - y0)
var sx, sy int = -1, -1
if x0 < x1 {
sx = 1
}
if y0 < y1 {
sy = 1
}
err := dx - dy
for {
img.Set(x0, y0, col)
if x0 == x1 && y0 == y1 {
break
}
e2 := 2 * err
if e2 > -dy {
err -= dy
x0 += sx
}
if e2 < dx {
err += dx
y0 += sy
}
}
}
func abs(x int) int {
if x < 0 {
return -x
}
return x
}
Haskell
This implementation compiles to JavaScript that runs in a browser using the [https://github.com/ghcjs/ghcjs ghcjs compiler ] . The [https://github.com/reflex-frp/reflex-dom reflex-dom ] library is used to help with svg rendering and animation.
{-# LANGUAGE RecursiveDo #-}
import Reflex.Dom
import Data.Map as DM (Map, lookup, insert, empty, fromList)
import Data.Matrix
import Data.Time.Clock
import Control.Monad.Trans
size = 500
updateFrequency = 0.2
rotationStep = pi/10
data Color = Red | Green | Blue | Yellow | Orange | Purple | Black deriving (Show,Eq,Ord,Enum)
zRot :: Float -> Matrix Float
zRot rotation =
let c = cos rotation
s = sin rotation
in fromLists [[ c, s, 0, 0 ]
,[-s, c, 0, 0 ]
,[ 0, 0, 1, 0 ]
,[ 0, 0, 0, 1 ]
]
xRot :: Float -> Matrix Float
xRot rotation =
let c = cos rotation
s = sin rotation
in fromLists [[ 1, 0, 0, 0 ]
,[ 0, c, s, 0 ]
,[ 0, -s, c, 0 ]
,[ 0, 0, 0, 1 ]
]
yRot :: Float -> Matrix Float
yRot rotation =
let c = cos rotation
s = sin rotation
in fromLists [[ c, 0, -s, 0 ]
,[ 0, 1, 0, 0 ]
,[ s, 0, c, 0 ]
,[ 0, 0, 0, 1 ]
]
translation :: (Float,Float,Float) -> Matrix Float
translation (x,y,z) =
fromLists [[ 1, 0, 0, 0 ]
,[ 0, 1, 0, 0 ]
,[ 0, 0, 1, 0 ]
,[ x, y, z, 1 ]
]
scale :: Float -> Matrix Float
scale s =
fromLists [[ s, 0, 0, 0 ]
,[ 0, s, 0, 0 ]
,[ 0, 0, s, 0 ]
,[ 0, 0, 0, 1 ]
]
-- perspective transformation;
perspective :: Matrix Float
perspective =
fromLists [[ 1, 0, 0, 0 ]
,[ 0, 1, 0, 0 ]
,[ 0, 0, 1, 1 ]
,[ 0, 0, 1, 1 ] ]
transformPoints :: Matrix Float -> Matrix Float -> [(Float,Float)]
transformPoints transform points =
let result4d = points `multStd2` transform
result2d = (\[x,y,z,w] -> (x/w,y/w)) <$> toLists result4d
in result2d
showRectangle :: MonadWidget t m => Float -> Float -> Float -> Float -> Color -> Dynamic t (Matrix Float) -> m ()
showRectangle x0 y0 x1 y1 faceColor dFaceView = do
let points = fromLists [[x0,y0,0,1],[x0,y1,0,1],[x1,y1,0,1],[x1,y0,0,1]]
pointsToString = concatMap (\(x,y) -> show x ++ ", " ++ show y ++ " ")
dAttrs <- mapDyn (\fvk -> DM.fromList [ ("fill", show faceColor)
, ("points", pointsToString (transformPoints fvk points))
] ) dFaceView
elDynAttrSVG "polygon" dAttrs $ return ()
showUnitSquare :: MonadWidget t m => Color -> Float -> Dynamic t (Matrix Float) -> m ()
showUnitSquare faceColor margin dFaceView =
showRectangle margin margin (1.0 - margin) (1.0 - margin) faceColor dFaceView
-- show colored square on top of black square for outline effect
showFace :: MonadWidget t m => Color -> Dynamic t (Matrix Float) -> m ()
showFace faceColor dFaceView = do
showUnitSquare Black 0 dFaceView
showUnitSquare faceColor 0.03 dFaceView
facingCamera :: [Float] -> Matrix Float -> Bool
facingCamera viewPoint modelTransform =
let cross [x0,y0,z0] [x1,y1,z1] = [y0*z1-z0*y1, z0*x1-x0*z1, x0*y1-y0*x1 ]
dot v0 v1 = sum $ zipWith (*) v0 v1
vMinus = zipWith (-)
untransformedPoints = fromLists [ [0,0,0,1] -- lower left
, [1,0,0,1] -- lower right
, [0,1,0,1] ] -- upper left
transformedPoints = toLists $ untransformedPoints `multStd2` modelTransform
pt00 = take 3 $ head transformedPoints -- transformed lower left
pt10 = take 3 $ transformedPoints !! 1 -- transformed upper right
pt01 = take 3 $ transformedPoints !! 2 -- transformed upper left
tVec_10_00 = pt10 `vMinus` pt00 -- lower right to lower left
tVec_01_00 = pt01 `vMinus` pt00 -- upper left to lower left
perpendicular = tVec_10_00 `cross` tVec_01_00 -- perpendicular to face
cameraToPlane = pt00 `vMinus` viewPoint -- line of sight to face
-- Perpendicular points away from surface;
-- Camera vector points towards surface
-- Opposed vectors means that face will be visible.
in cameraToPlane `dot` perpendicular < 0
faceView :: Matrix Float -> Matrix Float -> (Bool, Matrix Float)
faceView modelOrientation faceOrientation =
let modelTransform = translation (-1/2,-1/2,1/2) -- unit square to origin + z offset
`multStd2` faceOrientation -- orientation specific to each face
`multStd2` scale (1/2) -- shrink cube to fit in view.
`multStd2` modelOrientation -- position the entire cube
isFacingCamera = facingCamera [0,0,-1] modelTransform -- backface elimination
-- combine to get single transform from 2d face to 2d display
viewTransform = modelTransform
`multStd2` perspective
`multStd2` scale size -- scale up to svg box scale
`multStd2` translation (size/2, size/2, 0) -- move to center of svg box
in (isFacingCamera, viewTransform)
updateFaceViews :: Matrix Float -> Map Color (Matrix Float) -> (Color, Matrix Float) -> Map Color (Matrix Float)
updateFaceViews modelOrientation prevCollection (faceColor, faceOrientation) =
let (isVisible, newFaceView) = faceView modelOrientation faceOrientation
in if isVisible
then insert faceColor newFaceView prevCollection
else prevCollection
faceViews :: Matrix Float -> Map Color (Matrix Float)
faceViews modelOrientation =
foldl (updateFaceViews modelOrientation) empty
[ (Purple , xRot (0.0) )
, (Yellow , xRot (pi/2) )
, (Red , yRot (pi/2) )
, (Green , xRot (-pi/2) )
, (Blue , yRot (-pi/2) )
, (Orange , xRot (pi) )
]
viewModel :: MonadWidget t m => Dynamic t (Matrix Float) -> m ()
viewModel modelOrientation = do
faceMap <- mapDyn faceViews modelOrientation
listWithKey faceMap showFace
return ()
view :: MonadWidget t m => Dynamic t (Matrix Float) -> m ()
view modelOrientation = do
el "h1" $ text "Rotating Cube"
elDynAttrSVG "svg"
(constDyn $ DM.fromList [ ("width", show size), ("height", show size) ])
$ viewModel modelOrientation
main = mainWidget $ do
let initialOrientation = xRot (pi/4) `multStd2` zRot (atan(1/sqrt(2)))
update _ modelOrientation = modelOrientation `multStd2` (yRot (rotationStep) )
tick <- tickLossy updateFrequency =<< liftIO getCurrentTime
rec
view modelOrientation
modelOrientation <- foldDyn update initialOrientation tick
return ()
-- At end because of Rosetta Code handling of unmatched quotes.
elDynAttrSVG a2 a3 a4 = do
elDynAttrNS' (Just "http://www.w3.org/2000/svg") a2 a3 a4
return ()
Link to live demo: https://dc25.github.io/drawRotatingCubeHaskell/
Java
[[File:rotating_cube_java.png|200px|thumb|right]]
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.ActionEvent;
import static java.lang.Math.*;
import javax.swing.*;
public class RotatingCube extends JPanel {
double[][] nodes = {{-1, -1, -1}, {-1, -1, 1}, {-1, 1, -1}, {-1, 1, 1},
{1, -1, -1}, {1, -1, 1}, {1, 1, -1}, {1, 1, 1}};
int[][] edges = {{0, 1}, {1, 3}, {3, 2}, {2, 0}, {4, 5}, {5, 7}, {7, 6},
{6, 4}, {0, 4}, {1, 5}, {2, 6}, {3, 7}};
public RotatingCube() {
setPreferredSize(new Dimension(640, 640));
setBackground(Color.white);
scale(100);
rotateCube(PI / 4, atan(sqrt(2)));
new Timer(17, (ActionEvent e) -> {
rotateCube(PI / 180, 0);
repaint();
}).start();
}
final void scale(double s) {
for (double[] node : nodes) {
node[0] *= s;
node[1] *= s;
node[2] *= s;
}
}
final void rotateCube(double angleX, double angleY) {
double sinX = sin(angleX);
double cosX = cos(angleX);
double sinY = sin(angleY);
double cosY = cos(angleY);
for (double[] node : nodes) {
double x = node[0];
double y = node[1];
double z = node[2];
node[0] = x * cosX - z * sinX;
node[2] = z * cosX + x * sinX;
z = node[2];
node[1] = y * cosY - z * sinY;
node[2] = z * cosY + y * sinY;
}
}
void drawCube(Graphics2D g) {
g.translate(getWidth() / 2, getHeight() / 2);
for (int[] edge : edges) {
double[] xy1 = nodes[edge[0]];
double[] xy2 = nodes[edge[1]];
g.drawLine((int) round(xy1[0]), (int) round(xy1[1]),
(int) round(xy2[0]), (int) round(xy2[1]));
}
for (double[] node : nodes)
g.fillOval((int) round(node[0]) - 4, (int) round(node[1]) - 4, 8, 8);
}
@Override
public void paintComponent(Graphics gg) {
super.paintComponent(gg);
Graphics2D g = (Graphics2D) gg;
g.setRenderingHint(RenderingHints.KEY_ANTIALIASING,
RenderingHints.VALUE_ANTIALIAS_ON);
drawCube(g);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
SwingUtilities.invokeLater(() -> {
JFrame f = new JFrame();
f.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
f.setTitle("Rotating Cube");
f.setResizable(false);
f.add(new RotatingCube(), BorderLayout.CENTER);
f.pack();
f.setLocationRelativeTo(null);
f.setVisible(true);
});
}
}
JavaScript
{{trans|Java}}
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<style>
canvas {
background-color: black;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<canvas></canvas>
<script>
var canvas = document.querySelector("canvas");
canvas.width = window.innerWidth;
canvas.height = window.innerHeight;
var g = canvas.getContext("2d");
var nodes = [[-1, -1, -1], [-1, -1, 1], [-1, 1, -1], [-1, 1, 1],
[1, -1, -1], [1, -1, 1], [1, 1, -1], [1, 1, 1]];
var edges = [[0, 1], [1, 3], [3, 2], [2, 0], [4, 5], [5, 7], [7, 6],
[6, 4], [0, 4], [1, 5], [2, 6], [3, 7]];
function scale(factor0, factor1, factor2) {
nodes.forEach(function (node) {
node[0] *= factor0;
node[1] *= factor1;
node[2] *= factor2;
});
}
function rotateCuboid(angleX, angleY) {
var sinX = Math.sin(angleX);
var cosX = Math.cos(angleX);
var sinY = Math.sin(angleY);
var cosY = Math.cos(angleY);
nodes.forEach(function (node) {
var x = node[0];
var y = node[1];
var z = node[2];
node[0] = x * cosX - z * sinX;
node[2] = z * cosX + x * sinX;
z = node[2];
node[1] = y * cosY - z * sinY;
node[2] = z * cosY + y * sinY;
});
}
function drawCuboid() {
g.save();
g.clearRect(0, 0, canvas.width, canvas.height);
g.translate(canvas.width / 2, canvas.height / 2);
g.strokeStyle = "#FFFFFF";
g.beginPath();
edges.forEach(function (edge) {
var p1 = nodes[edge[0]];
var p2 = nodes[edge[1]];
g.moveTo(p1[0], p1[1]);
g.lineTo(p2[0], p2[1]);
});
g.closePath();
g.stroke();
g.restore();
}
scale(200, 200, 200);
rotateCuboid(Math.PI / 4, Math.atan(Math.sqrt(2)));
setInterval(function() {
rotateCuboid(Math.PI / 180, 0);
drawCuboid();
}, 17);
</script>
</body>
</html>
Julia
Run at the Julia REPL command line.
using Makie
N = 40
interval = 0.10
scene = mesh(FRect3D(Vec3f0(-0.5), Vec3f0(1)), color = :skyblue2)
rect = scene[end]
for rad in 0.5:1/N:8.5
arr = normalize([cospi(rad/2), 0, sinpi(rad/2), -sinpi(rad/2)])
rotate!(rect, Quaternionf0(arr[1], arr[2], arr[3], arr[4]))
sleep(interval)
end
Kotlin
{{trans|Java}}
// version 1.1
import java.awt.*
import javax.swing.*
class RotatingCube : JPanel() {
private val nodes = arrayOf(
doubleArrayOf(-1.0, -1.0, -1.0),
doubleArrayOf(-1.0, -1.0, 1.0),
doubleArrayOf(-1.0, 1.0, -1.0),
doubleArrayOf(-1.0, 1.0, 1.0),
doubleArrayOf( 1.0, -1.0, -1.0),
doubleArrayOf( 1.0, -1.0, 1.0),
doubleArrayOf( 1.0, 1.0, -1.0),
doubleArrayOf( 1.0, 1.0, 1.0)
)
private val edges = arrayOf(
intArrayOf(0, 1),
intArrayOf(1, 3),
intArrayOf(3, 2),
intArrayOf(2, 0),
intArrayOf(4, 5),
intArrayOf(5, 7),
intArrayOf(7, 6),
intArrayOf(6, 4),
intArrayOf(0, 4),
intArrayOf(1, 5),
intArrayOf(2, 6),
intArrayOf(3, 7)
)
init {
preferredSize = Dimension(640, 640)
background = Color.white
scale(100.0)
rotateCube(Math.PI / 4.0, Math.atan(Math.sqrt(2.0)))
Timer(17) {
rotateCube(Math.PI / 180.0, 0.0)
repaint()
}.start()
}
private fun scale(s: Double) {
for (node in nodes) {
node[0] *= s
node[1] *= s
node[2] *= s
}
}
private fun rotateCube(angleX: Double, angleY: Double) {
val sinX = Math.sin(angleX)
val cosX = Math.cos(angleX)
val sinY = Math.sin(angleY)
val cosY = Math.cos(angleY)
for (node in nodes) {
val x = node[0]
val y = node[1]
var z = node[2]
node[0] = x * cosX - z * sinX
node[2] = z * cosX + x * sinX
z = node[2]
node[1] = y * cosY - z * sinY
node[2] = z * cosY + y * sinY
}
}
private fun drawCube(g: Graphics2D) {
g.translate(width / 2, height / 2)
for (edge in edges) {
val xy1 = nodes[edge[0]]
val xy2 = nodes[edge[1]]
g.drawLine(Math.round(xy1[0]).toInt(), Math.round(xy1[1]).toInt(),
Math.round(xy2[0]).toInt(), Math.round(xy2[1]).toInt())
}
for (node in nodes) {
g.fillOval(Math.round(node[0]).toInt() - 4, Math.round(node[1]).toInt() - 4, 8, 8)
}
}
override public fun paintComponent(gg: Graphics) {
super.paintComponent(gg)
val g = gg as Graphics2D
g.setRenderingHint(RenderingHints.KEY_ANTIALIASING, RenderingHints.VALUE_ANTIALIAS_ON)
g.color = Color.blue
drawCube(g)
}
}
fun main(args: Array<String>) {
SwingUtilities.invokeLater {
val f = JFrame()
f.defaultCloseOperation = JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE
f.title = "Rotating cube"
f.isResizable = false
f.add(RotatingCube(), BorderLayout.CENTER)
f.pack()
f.setLocationRelativeTo(null)
f.isVisible = true
}
}
Maple
plots:-display(
seq(
plots:-display(
plottools[cuboid]( [0,0,0], [1,1,1] ),
axes=none, scaling=constrained, orientation=[0,45,i] ),
i = 0..360, 20 ),
insequence=true );
Mathematica
Dynamic[
Graphics3D[
GeometricTransformation[
GeometricTransformation[Cuboid[], RotationTransform[Pi/4, {1, 1, 0}]],
RotationTransform[Clock[2 Pi], {0, 0, 1}]
],
Boxed -> False]]
Perl
#!/usr/bin/perl
use strict; # http://www.rosettacode.org/wiki/Draw_a_rotating_cube
use warnings;
use Tk;
use Time::HiRes qw( time );
my $size = 600;
my $wait = int 1000 / 30;
my ($height, $width) = ($size, $size * sqrt 8/9);
my $mid = $width / 2;
my $rot = atan2(0, -1) / 3; # middle corners every 60 degrees
my $mw = MainWindow->new;
my $c = $mw->Canvas(-width => $width, -height => $height)->pack;
$c->Tk::bind('<ButtonRelease>' => sub {$mw->destroy}); # click to exit
draw();
MainLoop;
sub draw
{
my $angle = time - $^T; # full rotation every 2*PI seconds
my @points = map { $mid + $mid * cos $angle + $_ * $rot,
$height * ($_ % 2 + 1) / 3 } 0 .. 5;
$c->delete('all');
$c->createLine( @points[-12 .. 1], $mid, 0, -width => 5,);
$c->createLine( @points[4, 5], $mid, 0, @points[8, 9], -width => 5,);
$c->createLine( @points[2, 3], $mid, $height, @points[6, 7], -width => 5,);
$c->createLine( $mid, $height, @points[10, 11], -width => 5,);
$mw->after($wait, \&draw);
}
Perl 6
{{works with|Rakudo|2018.12}} Perl6 has no native graphics libraries built in, but makes it fairly easy to bind to third party libraries. Here we'll use bindings to [[wp:Libcaca|Libcaca]], the '''C'''olor '''A'''S'''C'''II '''A'''rt library to generate a rotating cube in an ASCII terminal.
use lib 'lib';
use Terminal::Caca;
given my $canvas = Terminal::Caca.new {
.title('Rosetta Code - Rotating cube - Press any key to exit');
sub scale-and-translate($x, $y, $z) {
$x * 5 / ( 5 + $z ) * 15 + 40,
$y * 5 / ( 5 + $z ) * 7 + 15,
$z;
}
sub rotate3d-x( $x, $y, $z, $angle ) {
my ($cosθ, $sinθ) = cis( $angle * π / 180.0 ).reals;
$x,
$y * $cosθ - $z * $sinθ,
$y * $sinθ + $z * $cosθ;
}
sub rotate3d-y( $x, $y, $z, $angle ) {
my ($cosθ, $sinθ) = cis( $angle * π / 180.0 ).reals;
$x * $cosθ - $z * $sinθ,
$y,
$x * $sinθ + $z * $cosθ;
}
sub rotate3d-z( $x, $y, $z, $angle ) {
my ($cosθ, $sinθ) = cis( $angle * π / 180.0 ).reals;
$x * $cosθ - $y * $sinθ,
$x * $cosθ + $y * $sinθ,
$z;
}
# Unit cube from polygon mesh, aligned to axes
my @mesh =
[ [1, 1, -1], [-1, -1, -1], [-1, 1, -1] ], # far face
[ [1, 1, -1], [-1, -1, -1], [ 1, -1, -1] ],
[ [1, 1, 1], [-1, -1, 1], [-1, 1, 1] ], # near face
[ [1, 1, 1], [-1, -1, 1], [ 1, -1, 1] ];
@mesh.push: [$_».rotate( 1)] for @mesh[^4]; # positive and
@mesh.push: [$_».rotate(-1)] for @mesh[^4]; # negative rotations
# Rotate to correct orientation for task
for ^@mesh X ^@mesh[0] -> ($i, $j) {
@(@mesh[$i;$j]) = rotate3d-x |@mesh[$i;$j], 45;
@(@mesh[$i;$j]) = rotate3d-z |@mesh[$i;$j], 40;
}
my @colors = red, blue, green, cyan, magenta, yellow;
loop {
for ^359 -> $angle {
.color( white, white );
.clear;
# Flatten 3D into 2D and rotate for all faces
my @faces-z;
my $c-index = 0;
for @mesh -> @triangle {
my @points;
my $sum-z = 0;
for @triangle -> @node {
my ($px, $py, $z) = scale-and-translate |rotate3d-y |@node, $angle;
@points.append: $px.Int, $py.Int;
$sum-z += $z;
}
@faces-z.push: %(
color => @colors[$c-index++ div 2],
points => @points,
avg-z => $sum-z / +@points;
);
}
# Draw all faces
# Sort by z to draw farthest first
for @faces-z.sort( -*.<avg-z> ) -> %face {
# Draw filled triangle
.color( %face<color>, %face<color> );
.fill-triangle( |%face<points> );
# And frame
.color( black, black );
.thin-triangle( |%face<points> );
}
.refresh;
exit if .wait-for-event(key-press);
}
}
# Cleanup on scope exit
LEAVE {
.cleanup;
}
}
Phix
{{libheader|pGUI}}
--
-- demo\rosetta\DrawRotatingCube.exw
--
include pGUI.e
Ihandle canvas
cdCanvas cd_canvas
--
-- define 8 corners equidistant from {0,0,0}:
--
-- 6-----2
-- 5-----1 3
-- 8-----4
--
-- ie the right face is 1-2-3-4 clockwise, and the left face
-- is 5-6-7-8 counter-clockwise (unless using x-ray vision).
--
enum X, Y, Z
constant l = 100
constant corners = {{+l,+l,+l},
{+l,+l,-l},
{+l,-l,-l},
{+l,-l,+l},
{-l,+l,+l},
{-l,+l,-l},
{-l,-l,-l},
{-l,-l,+l}}
constant faces = {{CD_RED, 1,2,3,4}, -- right
{CD_YELLOW, 1,5,6,2}, -- top
{CD_GREEN, 1,4,8,5}, -- front
{CD_BLUE, 2,3,7,6}, -- back
{CD_WHITE, 3,4,8,7}, -- btm
{CD_ORANGE, 5,6,7,8}} -- left
atom ry = 0 -- rotation angle, 0..359, on a timer
constant naxes = {{Y,Z}, -- (rotate about the X-axis)
{X,Z}, -- (rotate about the Y-axis)
{X,Y}} -- (rotate about the Z-axis)
function rotate(sequence points, atom angle, integer axis)
--
-- rotate points by the specified angle about the given axis
--
atom radians = angle*CD_DEG2RAD,
sin_t = sin(radians),
cos_t = cos(radians)
integer {nx,ny} = naxes[axis]
for i=1 to length(points) do
atom x = points[i][nx],
y = points[i][ny]
points[i][nx] = x * cos_t - y * sin_t
points[i][ny] = y * cos_t + x * sin_t
end for
return points
end function
function projection(sequence points, atom d)
--
-- project points from {0,0,d} onto the perpendicular plane through {0,0,0}
--
for i=1 to length(points) do
atom {x,y,z} = points[i]
points[i][X] = x/(1-z/d)
points[i][Y] = y/(1-z/d)
end for
return points
end function
function nearest(sequence points)
--
-- return the index of the nearest point (highest z value)
--
integer np = 1
atom maxz = points[1][Z]
for i=2 to length(points) do
atom piz = points[i][Z]
if piz>maxz then
maxz = piz
np = i
end if
end for
return np
end function
procedure vertices(integer wx, wh, sequence points, face)
-- (common code for line/fill drawing)
for i=2 to length(face) do
integer fi = face[i]
cdCanvasVertex(cd_canvas,wx+points[fi][X],wh-points[fi][Y])
end for
end procedure
procedure draw_cube(integer wx, wh)
sequence points = corners
points = rotate(points,45,X) -- (cube should now look like a H)
atom zr = 90-arctan(sqrt(2))*CD_RAD2DEG -- (about 35 degrees)
points = rotate(points,zr,Z) -- (cube should now look like an italic H)
points = rotate(points,ry,Y) -- (timed, two corners should remain static)
points = projection(points,1000)
integer np = nearest(points)
--
-- find the three faces that contain the nearest point,
-- then order by/draw them furthest diag away first.
-- (one of them, and theoretically two but not at the
-- rotations in use, may be completely obscured, due
-- to the effects of the perspective projection.)
--
sequence faceset = {}
for i=1 to length(faces) do
sequence fi = faces[i]
integer k = find(np,fi)
if k then
integer diag = mod(k,4)+2
diag = fi[diag]
faceset = append(faceset,{points[diag][Z],i})
end if
end for
faceset = sort(faceset)
for i=1 to length(faceset) do
integer fdx = faceset[i][2]
sequence fi = faces[fdx]
cdCanvasSetForeground(cd_canvas,fi[1])
-- draw edges (anti-aliased)
cdCanvasBegin(cd_canvas,CD_CLOSED_LINES)
vertices(wx,wh,points,fi)
cdCanvasEnd(cd_canvas)
-- fill sides (else would get bresenham edges)
cdCanvasBegin(cd_canvas,CD_FILL)
vertices(wx,wh,points,fi)
cdCanvasEnd(cd_canvas)
end for
end procedure
function canvas_action_cb(Ihandle canvas)
cdCanvasActivate(cd_canvas)
cdCanvasClear(cd_canvas)
integer {wx, wh} = sq_floor_div(IupGetIntInt(canvas, "DRAWSIZE"),2)
draw_cube(wx,wh)
cdCanvasFlush(cd_canvas)
return IUP_DEFAULT
end function
function canvas_map_cb(Ihandle canvas)
atom res = IupGetDouble(NULL, "SCREENDPI")/25.4
IupGLMakeCurrent(canvas)
cd_canvas = cdCreateCanvas(CD_GL, "10x10 %g", {res})
cdCanvasSetBackground(cd_canvas, CD_PARCHMENT)
return IUP_DEFAULT
end function
function canvas_unmap_cb(Ihandle canvas)
cdKillCanvas(cd_canvas)
return IUP_DEFAULT
end function
function canvas_resize_cb(Ihandle /*canvas*/)
integer {canvas_width, canvas_height} = IupGetIntInt(canvas, "DRAWSIZE")
atom res = IupGetDouble(NULL, "SCREENDPI")/25.4
cdCanvasSetAttribute(cd_canvas, "SIZE", "%dx%d %g", {canvas_width, canvas_height, res})
return IUP_DEFAULT
end function
function esc_close(Ihandle /*ih*/, atom c)
if c=K_ESC then return IUP_CLOSE end if
return IUP_CONTINUE
end function
function timer_cb(Ihandle /*ih*/)
ry = mod(ry+359,360)
IupRedraw(canvas)
return IUP_IGNORE
end function
procedure main()
IupOpen()
IupImageLibOpen()
canvas = IupGLCanvas()
IupSetAttribute(canvas, "RASTERSIZE", "640x480")
IupSetCallback(canvas, "ACTION", Icallback("canvas_action_cb"))
IupSetCallback(canvas, "MAP_CB", Icallback("canvas_map_cb"))
IupSetCallback(canvas, "UNMAP_CB", Icallback("canvas_unmap_cb"))
IupSetCallback(canvas, "RESIZE_CB", Icallback("canvas_resize_cb"))
Ihandle dlg = IupDialog(IupVbox({canvas}))
IupSetAttribute(dlg,"TITLE","Draw a Rotating Cube");
IupSetCallback(dlg, "K_ANY", Icallback("esc_close"))
IupShow(dlg)
IupSetAttribute(canvas, "RASTERSIZE", NULL)
Ihandle hTimer = IupTimer(Icallback("timer_cb"), 40)
IupMainLoop()
IupClose()
end procedure
main()
PostScript
'''Don't send this to your printer!'''
%!PS-Adobe-3.0
%%BoundingBox: 0 0 400 400
/ed { exch def } def
/roty { dup sin /s ed cos /c ed [[c 0 s neg] [0 1 0] [s 0 c]] } def
/rotz { dup sin /s ed cos /c ed [[c s neg 0] [s c 0] [0 0 1]] } def
/dot { /a ed /b ed
a 0 get b 0 get mul
a 1 get b 1 get mul
a 2 get b 2 get mul
add add } def
/mmul { /v ed [exch {v dot} forall] } def
/transall { /m ed [exch {m exch mmul}forall] } def
/vt
[[1 1 1] [-1 1 1]
[1 -1 1] [-1 -1 1]
[1 1 -1] [-1 1 -1]
[1 -1 -1] [-1 -1 -1]]
-45 roty transall
2 sqrt 1 atan rotz transall
def
/xy { exch get {} forall pop } def
/page {
/a ed /v vt a roty transall def
0 setlinewidth 100 100 scale 2 2 translate
/edge { v xy moveto v xy lineto stroke } def
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 2 1 3 4 6 5 7 0 4 1 5 2 6 3 7
1 1 12 { pop edge } for
showpage
} def
0 {3.2 add dup page } loop
%%EOF
Python
==={{libheader|VPython}}=== {{works with|Python|2.7.9}} See also: [[Draw_a_cuboid]]
=Short version=
from visual import *
scene.title = "VPython: Draw a rotating cube"
scene.range = 2
scene.autocenter = True
print "Drag with right mousebutton to rotate view."
print "Drag up+down with middle mousebutton to zoom."
deg45 = math.radians(45.0) # 0.785398163397
cube = box() # using defaults, see http://www.vpython.org/contents/docs/defaults.html
cube.rotate( angle=deg45, axis=(1,0,0) )
cube.rotate( angle=deg45, axis=(0,0,1) )
while True: # Animation-loop
rate(50)
cube.rotate( angle=0.005, axis=(0,1,0) )
Racket
#lang racket/gui
(require math/matrix math/array)
(define (Rx θ)
(matrix [[1.0 0.0 0.0]
[0.0 (cos θ) (- (sin θ))]
[0.0 (sin θ) (cos θ)]]))
(define (Ry θ)
(matrix [[ (cos θ) 0.0 (sin θ)]
[ 0.0 1.0 0.0 ]
[(- (sin θ)) 0.0 (cos θ)]]))
(define (Rz θ)
(matrix [[(cos θ) (- (sin θ)) 0.0]
[(sin θ) (cos θ) 0.0]
[ 0.0 0.0 1.0]]))
(define base-matrix
(matrix* (identity-matrix 3 100.0)
(Rx (- (/ pi 2) (atan (sqrt 2))))
(Rz (/ pi 4.0))))
(define (current-matrix)
(matrix* (Ry (/ (current-inexact-milliseconds) 1000.))
base-matrix))
(define corners
(for*/list ([x '(-1.0 1.0)]
[y '(-1.0 1.0)]
[z '(-1.0 1.0)])
(matrix [[x] [y] [z]])))
(define lines
'((0 1) (0 2) (0 4) (1 3) (1 5)
(2 3) (2 6) (3 7) (4 5) (4 6)
(5 7) (6 7)))
(define ox 200.)
(define oy 200.)
(define (draw-line dc a b)
(send dc draw-line
(+ ox (array-ref a #(0 0)))
(+ oy (array-ref a #(1 0)))
(+ ox (array-ref b #(0 0)))
(+ oy (array-ref b #(1 0)))))
(define (draw-cube c dc)
(define-values (w h) (send dc get-size))
(set! ox (/ w 2))
(set! oy (/ h 2))
(define cs (for/vector ([c (in-list corners)])
(matrix* (current-matrix) c)))
(for ([l (in-list lines)])
(match-define (list i j) l)
(draw-line dc (vector-ref cs i) (vector-ref cs j))))
(define f (new frame% [label "cube"]))
(define c (new canvas% [parent f] [min-width 400] [min-height 400] [paint-callback draw-cube]))
(send f show #t)
(send* (send c get-dc)
(set-pen "black" 1 'solid)
(set-smoothing 'smoothed))
(define (refresh)
(send c refresh))
(define t (new timer% [notify-callback refresh] [interval 35] [just-once? #f]))
Scala
Java Swing Interoperability
{{libheader|Scala Java Swing interoperability}} {{libheader|Scala GUI Animation}} {{works with|Scala|2.13}}
import java.awt.event.ActionEvent
import java.awt._
import javax.swing.{JFrame, JPanel, Timer}
import scala.math.{Pi, atan, cos, sin, sqrt}
object RotatingCube extends App {
class RotatingCube extends JPanel {
private val vertices: Vector[Array[Double]] =
Vector(Array(-1, -1, -1), Array(-1, -1, 1), Array(-1, 1, -1),
Array(-1, 1, 1), Array(1, -1, -1), Array(1, -1, 1), Array(1, 1, -1), Array(1, 1, 1))
private val edges: Vector[(Int, Int)] =
Vector((0, 1), (1, 3), (3, 2), (2, 0), (4, 5), (5, 7),
(7, 6), (6, 4), (0, 4), (1, 5), (2, 6), (3, 7))
setPreferredSize(new Dimension(640, 640))
setBackground(Color.white)
scale(100)
rotateCube(Pi / 4, atan(sqrt(2)))
new Timer(17, (_: ActionEvent) => {
rotateCube(Pi / 180, 0)
repaint()
}).start()
override def paintComponent(gg: Graphics): Unit = {
def drawCube(g: Graphics2D): Unit = {
g.translate(getWidth / 2, getHeight / 2)
for {edge <- edges
xy1: Array[Double] = vertices(edge._1)
xy2: Array[Double] = vertices(edge._2)
} {
g.drawLine(xy1(0).toInt, xy1(1).toInt, xy2(0).toInt, xy2(1).toInt)
g.fillOval(xy1(0).toInt -4, xy1(1).toInt - 4, 8, 8)
g.setColor(Color.black)
}
}
super.paintComponent(gg)
val g: Graphics2D = gg.asInstanceOf[Graphics2D]
g.setRenderingHint(RenderingHints.KEY_ANTIALIASING, RenderingHints.VALUE_ANTIALIAS_ON)
drawCube(g)
}
private def scale(s: Double): Unit = {
for {node <- vertices
i <- node.indices
} node(i) *= s
}
private def rotateCube(angleX: Double, angleY: Double): Unit = {
def sinCos(x: Double) = (sin(x), cos(x))
val ((sinX, cosX), (sinY, cosY)) = (sinCos(angleX), sinCos(angleY))
for {
node <- vertices
x: Double = node(0)
y: Double = node(1)
} {
def f(p: Double, q: Double)(a: Double, b: Double) = a * p + b * q
def fx(a: Double, b: Double) = f(cosX, sinX)(a, b)
def fy(a: Double, b: Double) = f(cosY, sinY)(a, b)
node(0) = fx(x, -node(2))
val z = fx(node(2), x)
node(1) = fy(y, -z)
node(2) = fy(z, y)
}
}
}
new JFrame("Rotating Cube") {
add(new RotatingCube(), BorderLayout.CENTER)
pack()
setDefaultCloseOperation(javax.swing.WindowConstants.EXIT_ON_CLOSE)
setLocationRelativeTo(null)
setResizable(false)
setVisible(true)
}
}
Tcl
See also [[Draw_a_cuboid|Draw a cuboid]]. This implementation uses tcllib's [http://core.tcl.tk/tcllib/doc/trunk/embedded/www/tcllib/files/modules/math/linalg.html Linear Algebra] module for some matrix ops to handle the screen transform and (animated!) rotation. Rendering is in a Tk canvas.
The Matrix procedure is something unique to Tcl: it's essentially a control construct that leverages expr to make declaring matrices much more convenient than hand-rolling lists.
There is a bit of wander in the top and bottom points, which might just be due to rounding error in the cube's initial "rotation into position".
See [http://wiki.tcl.tk/14283 this wiki page] (and others linked from it) for many similar examples.
# matrix operation support:
package require math::linearalgebra
namespace import ::math::linearalgebra::matmul
namespace import ::math::linearalgebra::crossproduct
namespace import ::math::linearalgebra::dotproduct
namespace import ::math::linearalgebra::sub
# returns a cube as a list of faces,
# where each face is a list of (3space) points
proc make_cube {{radius 1}} {
set dirs {
A { 1 1 1}
B { 1 1 -1}
C { 1 -1 -1}
D { 1 -1 1}
E {-1 1 1}
F {-1 1 -1}
G {-1 -1 -1}
H {-1 -1 1}
}
set faces {
{A B C D}
{D C G H}
{H G F E}
{E F B A}
{A D H E}
{C B F G}
}
lmap fa $faces {
lmap dir $fa {
lmap x [dict get $dirs $dir] {
expr {1.0 * $x * $radius}
}
}
}
}
# a matrix constructor
proc Matrix {m} {
tailcall lmap row $m {
lmap e $row {
expr 1.0*($e)
}
}
}
proc identity {} {
Matrix {
{1 0 0}
{0 1 0}
{0 0 1}
}
}
# some matrices useful for animation:
proc rotateZ {theta} {
Matrix {
{ cos($theta) -sin($theta) 0 }
{ sin($theta) cos($theta) 0 }
{ 0 0 1 }
}
}
proc rotateY {theta} {
Matrix {
{ sin($theta) 0 cos($theta) }
{ 0 1 0 }
{ cos($theta) 0 -sin($theta) }
}
}
proc rotateX {theta} {
Matrix {
{ 1 0 0 }
{ 0 cos($theta) -sin($theta) }
{ 0 sin($theta) cos($theta) }
}
}
proc camera {flen} {
Matrix {
{ $flen 0 0 }
{ 0 $flen 0 }
{ 0 0 0 }
}
}
proc render {canvas object} {
set W [winfo width $canvas]
set H [winfo height $canvas]
set fl 1.0
set t [expr {[clock microseconds] / 1000000.0}]
set transform [identity]
set transform [matmul $transform [rotateX [expr {atan(1)}]]]
set transform [matmul $transform [rotateZ [expr {atan(1)}]]]
set transform [matmul $transform [rotateY $t]]
set transform [matmul $transform [camera $fl]]
foreach face $object {
# do transformations into screen space:
set points [lmap p $face { matmul $p $transform }]
# calculate a normal
set o [lindex $points 0]
set v1 [sub [lindex $points 1] $o]
set v2 [sub [lindex $points 2] $o]
set normal [crossproduct $v1 $v2]
set cosi [dotproduct $normal {0 0 -1.0}]
if {$cosi <= 0} { ;# rear-facing!
continue
}
set points [lmap p $points {
lassign $p x y
list [expr {$x + $W/2}] [expr {$y + $H/2}]
}]
set points [concat {*}$points]
$canvas create poly $points -outline black -fill red
}
}
package require Tk
pack [canvas .c] -expand yes -fill both
proc tick {} {
.c delete all
render .c $::world
after 50 tick
}
set ::world [make_cube 100]
tick
=={{header|TI-83 BASIC}}==
:-1→Xmin:1→Xmax
:-1→Ymin:1→Ymax
:AxesOff
:Degrees
:While 1
:For(X,0,359,5
:sin(X-120→I%
:sin(X→PV
:sin(X+120→FV
:Line(0,1,I%,.3
:Line(0,1,PV,.3
:Line(0,1,FV,.3
:Line(0,-1,-I%,-.3
:Line(0,-1,-PV,-.3
:Line(0,-1,-FV,-.3
:Line(.3,I%,-.3,-PV
:Line(.3,I%,-.3,-FV
:Line(.3,PV,-.3,-I%
:Line(.3,PV,-.3,-FV
:Line(.3,FV,-.3,-I%
:Line(.3,FV,-.3,-PV
:End
:End
I%, PV, and FV are all finance variables that can be found in the finance menu (inside the APPS menu on TI-83+ and up). Finance variables are much faster than normal variables.
[[Category:Geometry]]