⚠️ Warning: This is a draft ⚠️
This means it might contain formatting issues, incorrect code, conceptual problems, or other severe issues.
If you want to help to improve and eventually enable this page, please fork RosettaGit's repository and open a merge request on GitHub.
{{Wikipedia|Markov_algorithm}}
{{task|Compilers and Interpreters}}
;Task: Create an interpreter for a [[wp:Markov algorithm|Markov Algorithm]].
Rules have the syntax:
If there is a . (period) present before the '''
A ruleset consists of a sequence of rules, with optional comments.
Rulesets
Use the following tests on entries:
;Ruleset 1:
# This rules file is extracted from Wikipedia:
# http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov_Algorithm
A -> apple
B -> bag
S -> shop
T -> the
the shop -> my brother
a never used -> .terminating rule
Sample text of:
: I bought a B of As from T S.
Should generate the output:
: I bought a bag of apples from my brother.
;Ruleset 2: A test of the terminating rule
# Slightly modified from the rules on Wikipedia
A -> apple
B -> bag
S -> .shop
T -> the
the shop -> my brother
a never used -> .terminating rule
Sample text of:
: I bought a B of As from T S.
Should generate:
: I bought a bag of apples from T shop.
;Ruleset 3: This tests for correct substitution order and may trap simple regexp based replacement routines if special regexp characters are not escaped.
# BNF Syntax testing rules
A -> apple
WWWW -> with
Bgage -> ->.*
B -> bag
->.* -> money
W -> WW
S -> .shop
T -> the
the shop -> my brother
a never used -> .terminating rule
Sample text of:
: I bought a B of As W my Bgage from T S.
Should generate:
: I bought a bag of apples with my money from T shop.
;Ruleset 4: This tests for correct order of scanning of rules, and may trap replacement routines that scan in the wrong order. It implements a general unary multiplication engine. (Note that the input expression must be placed within underscores in this implementation.)
### Unary Multiplication Engine, for testing Markov Algorithm implementations
### By Donal Fellows.
# Unary addition engine
_+1 -> _1+
1+1 -> 11+
# Pass for converting from the splitting of multiplication into ordinary
# addition
1! -> !1
,! -> !+
_! -> _
# Unary multiplication by duplicating left side, right side times
1*1 -> x,@y
1x -> xX
X, -> 1,1
X1 -> 1X
_x -> _X
,x -> ,X
y1 -> 1y
y_ -> _
# Next phase of applying
1@1 -> x,@y
1@_ -> @_
,@_ -> !_
++ -> +
# Termination cleanup for addition
_1 -> 1
1+_ -> 1
_+_ ->
Sample text of:
: 1111*11111
should generate the output:
: 11111111111111111111
;Ruleset 5: A simple [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_machine Turing machine], implementing a three-state [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busy_beaver busy beaver].
The tape consists of '''0'''s and '''1'''s, the states are '''A''', '''B''', '''C''' and '''H''' (for '''H'''alt), and the head position is indicated by writing the state letter before the character where the head is. All parts of the initial tape the machine operates on have to be given in the input.
Besides demonstrating that the Markov algorithm is Turing-complete, it also made me catch a bug in the C++ implementation which wasn't caught by the first four rulesets.
# Turing machine: three-state busy beaver
#
# state A, symbol 0 => write 1, move right, new state B
A0 -> 1B
# state A, symbol 1 => write 1, move left, new state C
0A1 -> C01
1A1 -> C11
# state B, symbol 0 => write 1, move left, new state A
0B0 -> A01
1B0 -> A11
# state B, symbol 1 => write 1, move right, new state B
B1 -> 1B
# state C, symbol 0 => write 1, move left, new state B
0C0 -> B01
1C0 -> B11
# state C, symbol 1 => write 1, move left, halt
0C1 -> H01
1C1 -> H11
This ruleset should turn
: 000000A000000
into
: 00011H1111000
Ada
markov.ads:
with Ada.Strings.Unbounded;
package Markov is
use Ada.Strings.Unbounded;
type Ruleset (Length : Natural) is private;
type String_Array is array (Positive range <>) of Unbounded_String;
function Parse (S : String_Array) return Ruleset;
function Apply (R : Ruleset; S : String) return String;
private
type Entry_Kind is (Comment, Rule);
type Set_Entry (Kind : Entry_Kind := Rule) is record
case Kind is
when Rule =>
Source : Unbounded_String;
Target : Unbounded_String;
Is_Terminating : Boolean;
when Comment =>
Text : Unbounded_String;
end case;
end record;
subtype Rule_Entry is Set_Entry (Kind => Rule);
type Entry_Array is array (Positive range <>) of Set_Entry;
type Ruleset (Length : Natural) is record
Entries : Entry_Array (1 .. Length);
end record;
end Markov;
markov.adb:
package body Markov is
function Parse (S : String_Array) return Ruleset is
Result : Ruleset (Length => S'Length);
begin
for I in S'Range loop
if Length (S (I)) = 0 or else Element (S (I), 1) = '#' then
Result.Entries (I) := (Kind => Comment, Text => S (I));
else
declare
Separator : Natural;
Terminating : Boolean;
Target : Unbounded_String;
begin
Separator := Index (S (I), " -> ");
if Separator = 0 then
raise Constraint_Error;
end if;
Target :=
Unbounded_Slice
(Source => S (I),
Low => Separator + 4,
High => Length (S (I)));
Terminating := Length (Target) > 0
and then Element (Target, 1) = '.';
if Terminating then
Delete (Source => Target, From => 1, Through => 1);
end if;
Result.Entries (I) :=
(Kind => Rule,
Source => Unbounded_Slice
(Source => S (I),
Low => 1,
High => Separator - 1),
Target => Target,
Is_Terminating => Terminating);
end;
end if;
end loop;
return Result;
end Parse;
procedure Apply
(R : Rule_Entry;
S : in out Unbounded_String;
Modified : in out Boolean)
is
Pattern : String := To_String (R.Source);
Where : Natural := Index (S, Pattern);
begin
while Where /= 0 loop
Modified := True;
Replace_Slice
(Source => S,
Low => Where,
High => Where + Pattern'Length - 1,
By => To_String (R.Target));
Where := Index (S, Pattern, Where + Length (R.Target));
end loop;
end Apply;
function Apply (R : Ruleset; S : String) return String is
Result : Unbounded_String := To_Unbounded_String (S);
Current_Rule : Set_Entry;
Modified : Boolean := False;
begin
loop
Modified := False;
for I in R.Entries'Range loop
Current_Rule := R.Entries (I);
if Current_Rule.Kind = Rule then
Apply (Current_Rule, Result, Modified);
exit when Current_Rule.Is_Terminating or else Modified;
end if;
end loop;
exit when not Modified;
end loop;
return To_String (Result);
end Apply;
end Markov;
test_markov.adb:
with Ada.Command_Line;
with Ada.Text_IO.Unbounded_IO;
with Ada.Strings.Unbounded;
with Markov;
procedure Test_Markov is
use Ada.Strings.Unbounded;
package IO renames Ada.Text_IO.Unbounded_IO;
Rule_File : Ada.Text_IO.File_Type;
Line_Count : Natural := 0;
begin
if Ada.Command_Line.Argument_Count /= 2 then
Ada.Text_IO.Put_Line ("Usage: test_markov ruleset_file source_file");
return;
end if;
Ada.Text_IO.Open
(File => Rule_File,
Mode => Ada.Text_IO.In_File,
Name => Ada.Command_Line.Argument (1));
while not Ada.Text_IO.End_Of_File (Rule_File) loop
Ada.Text_IO.Skip_Line (Rule_File);
Line_Count := Line_Count + 1;
end loop;
declare
Lines : Markov.String_Array (1 .. Line_Count);
begin
Ada.Text_IO.Reset (Rule_File);
for I in Lines'Range loop
Lines (I) := IO.Get_Line (Rule_File);
end loop;
Ada.Text_IO.Close (Rule_File);
declare
Ruleset : Markov.Ruleset := Markov.Parse (Lines);
Source_File : Ada.Text_IO.File_Type;
begin
Ada.Text_IO.Open
(File => Source_File,
Mode => Ada.Text_IO.In_File,
Name => Ada.Command_Line.Argument (2));
while not Ada.Text_IO.End_Of_File (Source_File) loop
Ada.Text_IO.Put_Line
(Markov.Apply (Ruleset, Ada.Text_IO.Get_Line (Source_File)));
end loop;
Ada.Text_IO.Close (Source_File);
end;
end;
end Test_Markov;
Output (rulesX contains the ruleset of above examples and testX the example text):
$ ./test_markov rules1 test1
I bought a bag of apples from my brother.
$ ./test_markov rules2 test2
I bought a bag of apples from T shop.
$ ./test_markov rules3 test3
I bought a bag of apples with my money from T shop.
$ ./test_markov rules4 test4
11111111111111111111
$ ./test_markov rules5 test5
00011H1111000
AutoHotkey
;---------------------------------------------------------------------------
; Markov Algorithm.ahk
; by wolf_II
;---------------------------------------------------------------------------
; interpreter for a Markov Algorithm
;---------------------------------------------------------------------------
;---------------------------------------------------------------------------
AutoExecute: ; auto-execute section of the script
;---------------------------------------------------------------------------
#SingleInstance, Force ; only one instance allowed
#NoEnv ; don't check empty variables
StartupDir := A_WorkingDir ; remember startup directory
SetWorkingDir, %A_ScriptDir% ; change directoy
StringCaseSense, On ; case sensitive comparisons
;-----------------------------------------------------------------------
AppName := "Markov Algorithm"
Gosub, GuiCreate
Gui, Show,, %AppName%
Return
;---------------------------------------------------------------------------
GuiCreate: ; create the GUI
;---------------------------------------------------------------------------
; GUI options
Gui, -MinimizeBox
Gui, Add, Edit, y0 h0 ; catch the focus
; Ruleset
Gui, Add, GroupBox, w445 h145 Section, Ruleset
Gui, Add, Edit, xs+15 ys+20 w300 r8 vRuleset
Gui, Add, Button, x+15 w100, Load Ruleset
Gui, Add, Button, wp, Save Ruleset
Gui, Add, Button, w30, 1
Gui, Add, Button, x+5 wp, 2
Gui, Add, Button, x+5 wp, 3
Gui, Add, Button, xs+330 y+6 wp, 4
Gui, Add, Button, x+5 wp, 5
; String
Gui, Add, GroupBox, xs w445 h75 Section, String
Gui, Add, Edit, xs+15 ys+20 w300 vString
Gui, Add, Button, x+15 w100, Apply Ruleset
Gui, Add, Button, xp wp Hidden, Stop
Gui, Add, CheckBox, xs+15 yp+30 vSingleStepping, Single Stepping?
; Output
Gui, Add, GroupBox, xs w445 h235 Section, Output
Gui, Add, Edit, xs+15 ys+20 w415 r15 ReadOnly vOutput HwndhOut
Return
;---------------------------------------------------------------------------
GuiClose:
;---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ExitApp
Return
;---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ButtonLoadRuleset: ; load ruleset from file
;---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Gui, +OwnDialogs
FileSelectFile, RulesetFile,,, Load Ruleset, *.markov
If Not SubStr(RulesetFile, -6) = ".markov"
RulesetFile .= ".markov"
If FileExist(RulesetFile) {
FileRead, Ruleset, %RulesetFile%
GuiControl,, Ruleset, %Ruleset%
} Else
MsgBox, 16, Error - %AppName%, File not found:`n`n"%RulesetFile%"
Return
;---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ButtonSaveRuleset: ; save ruleset to file
;---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Gui, +OwnDialogs
Gui, Submit, NoHide
FileSelectFile, RulesetFile, S16,, Save Ruleset, *.markov
If Not SubStr(RulesetFile, -6) = ".markov"
RulesetFile .= ".markov"
FileDelete, %RulesetFile%
FileAppend, %Ruleset%, %RulesetFile%
Gui, Show
Return
_
;---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Button1: ; http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Execute_a_Markov_algorithm#Ruleset_1
;---------------------------------------------------------------------------
GuiControl,, Output ; clear output
GuiControl,, String, I bought a B of As from T S.
GuiControl,, Ruleset,
(LTrim
# This rules file is extracted from Wikipedia:
# http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov_Algorithm
A -> apple
B -> bag
S -> shop
T -> the
the shop -> my brother
a never used -> .terminating rule
)
Return
;---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Button2: ; http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Execute_a_Markov_algorithm#Ruleset_2
;---------------------------------------------------------------------------
GuiControl,, Output ; clear output
GuiControl,, String, I bought a B of As from T S.
GuiControl,, Ruleset,
(LTrim
# Slightly modified from the rules on Wikipedia
A -> apple
B -> bag
S -> .shop
T -> the
the shop -> my brother
a never used -> .terminating rule
)
Return
;---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Button3: ; http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Execute_a_Markov_algorithm#Ruleset_3
;---------------------------------------------------------------------------
GuiControl,, Output ; clear output
GuiControl,, String, I bought a B of As W my Bgage from T S.
GuiControl,, Ruleset,
(LTrim
# BNF Syntax testing rules
A -> apple
WWWW -> with
Bgage -> ->.*
B -> bag
->.* -> money
W -> WW
S -> .shop
T -> the
the shop -> my brother
a never used -> .terminating rule
)
Return
;---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Button4: ; http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Execute_a_Markov_algorithm#Ruleset_4
;---------------------------------------------------------------------------
GuiControl,, Output ; clear output
GuiControl,, String, _1111*11111_
GuiControl,, Ruleset,
(LTrim
### Unary Multiplication Engine, for testing Markov Algorithm implementations
### By Donal Fellows.
# Unary addition engine
_+1 -> _1+
1+1 -> 11+
# Pass for converting from the splitting of multiplication into ordinary
# addition
1! -> !1
,! -> !+
_! -> _
# Unary multiplication by duplicating left side, right side times
1*1 -> x,@y
1x -> xX
X, -> 1,1
X1 -> 1X
_x -> _X
,x -> ,X
y1 -> 1y
y_ -> _
# Next phase of applying
1@1 -> x,@y
1@_ -> @_
,@_ -> !_
++ -> +
# Termination cleanup for addition
_1 -> 1
1+_ -> 1
_+_ ->
)
Return
;---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Button5: ; http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Execute_a_Markov_algorithm#Ruleset_5
;---------------------------------------------------------------------------
GuiControl,, Output ; clear output
GuiControl,, String, 000000A000000
GuiControl,, Ruleset,
(LTrim
# Turing machine: three-state busy beaver
#
# state A, symbol 0 => write 1, move right, new state B
A0 -> 1B
# state A, symbol 1 => write 1, move left, new state C
0A1 -> C01
1A1 -> C11
# state B, symbol 0 => write 1, move left, new state A
0B0 -> A01
1B0 -> A11
# state B, symbol 1 => write 1, move right, new state B
B1 -> 1B
# state C, symbol 0 => write 1, move left, new state B
0C0 -> B01
1C0 -> B11
# state C, symbol 1 => write 1, move left, halt
0C1 -> H01
1C1 -> H11
)
Return
;---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ButtonApplyRuleset: ; flow control for Algorithm
;---------------------------------------------------------------------------
; prepare
Gui, Submit, NoHide
GuiControl,, Output ; clear
Controls(False) ; disable
Count := 0
Subst := True
Stop := False
; keep substituting for as long as necessary
While, Subst {
Subst := False ; reset control variable
IfEqual, Stop, 1, Break
Gosub, Algorithm
}
; clean up
Output("Substitution count: " Count)
Controls(True) ; re-enable
Return
;---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ButtonStop: ; this button is initially hidden
;---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Stop := True
Return
;---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Algorithm: ; http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Execute_a_Markov_algorithm
;---------------------------------------------------------------------------
; Parse the ruleset and apply each rule to the string. Whenever a rule
; has changed the string goto first rule. Continue until a encountering
; a terminating rule, or until no further changes to the strings are
; made.
;-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Loop, Parse, Ruleset, `n, `r ; always start from the beginning
{
; check for comment
If SubStr(A_LoopField, 1, 1) = "#"
Continue ; get next line
; split a rule into $Search, $Terminator and $Replace
LookFor := "(?P<Search>.+) -> (?P<Terminator>\.?)(?P<Replace>.+)"
RegExMatch(A_LoopField, LookFor, $)
; single stepping through possible substitutions
If SingleStepping
MsgBox,, %AppName%, % ""
. "Rule = """ A_LoopField """`n`n"
. "Search`t= """ $Search """`n"
. "Replace`t= """ $Replace """`n"
. "Termintor`t= """ ($Terminator ? "True" : "False") """`n"
; try to substitute
StringReplace, String, String, %$Search%, %$Replace%, UseErrorLevel
; any success?
If ErrorLevel { ; yes, substitution done
Count++ ; keep count
Subst := True ; set control variable
Output(String) ; write new string to output
}
; terminate?
If $Terminator { ; yes, terminate
Stop := True ; set control variable
Break ; back to flow control
}
; we are not yet terminated ...
If Subst ; but we just did a substitution
Break ; back to flow control
}
Return
;---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Controls(Bool) { ; [en|dis]able controls
;---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Enable := Bool ? "+" : "-"
Disable := Bool ? "-" : "+"
Loop, 2
GuiControl, %Disable%ReadOnly, % "Edit" A_Index + 1
Loop, 7
GuiControl, %Disable%Disabled, % "Button" A_Index + 1
GuiControl, %Disable%Disabled, Edit4
GuiControl, %Disable%Hidden, Button10
GuiControl, %Enable%Hidden, Button11
GuiControl, %Disable%Disabled, Button12
}
;---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Output(Text) { ; append text to output
;---------------------------------------------------------------------------
static EM_REPLACESEL = 0xC2
global hOut
Sleep, 100
Text .= "`r`n"
SendMessage, EM_REPLACESEL,, &Text,, ahk_id %hOut%
}
;---------- end of file ----------------------------------------------------
BBC BASIC
PRINT FNmarkov("ruleset1.txt", "I bought a B of As from T S.")
PRINT FNmarkov("ruleset2.txt", "I bought a B of As from T S.")
PRINT FNmarkov("ruleset3.txt", "I bought a B of As W my Bgage from T S.")
PRINT FNmarkov("ruleset4.txt", "_1111*11111_")
PRINT FNmarkov("ruleset5.txt", "000000A000000")
END
DEF FNmarkov(rulefile$, text$)
LOCAL i%, done%, rules%, rule$, old$, new$
rules% = OPENIN(rulefile$)
IF rules%=0 ERROR 100, "Cannot open rules file"
REPEAT
rule$ = GET$#rules%
IF ASC(rule$)<>35 THEN
REPEAT
i% = INSTR(rule$, CHR$(9))
IF i% MID$(rule$,i%,1) = " "
UNTIL i%=0
i% = INSTR(rule$, " -> ")
IF i% THEN
old$ = LEFT$(rule$,i%-1)
WHILE RIGHT$(old$)=" " old$ = LEFT$(old$) : ENDWHILE
new$ = MID$(rule$,i%+4)
WHILE ASC(new$)=32 new$ = MID$(new$,2) : ENDWHILE
IF ASC(new$)=46 new$ = MID$(new$,2) : done% = TRUE
i% = INSTR(text$,old$)
IF i% THEN
text$ = LEFT$(text$,i%-1) + new$ + MID$(text$,i%+LEN(old$))
PTR#rules% = 0
ENDIF
ENDIF
ENDIF
UNTIL EOF#rules% OR done%
CLOSE #rules%
= text$
'''Output:'''
I bought a bag of apples from my brother.
I bought a bag of apples from T shop.
I bought a bag of apples with my money from T shop.
11111111111111111111
00011H1111000
Bracmat
Save the following text to a file "markov.bra":
markov=
{
First the patterns that describe the rules syntax.
This is a naive and not very efficient way to parse the rules, but it closely
matches the problem description, which is nice.
}
( ruleset
= >%@" " ? { Added: assume that a rule cannot start with whitespace.
The %@ say that the thing to match must be exactly one
byte. % means 'one or more'. @ means 'zero or one'.
}
: ((!comment|!rule) !newlines) !ruleset
| { Recursion terminates here: match empty string. }
)
& (comment="#" ?com)
& ( rule
= %?pattern
!whitespace
"->"
!whitespace
( "." %?replacement&stop:?stop
| %?replacement
)
)
& ( whitespace
= (\t|" ") (!whitespace|)
)
& ( newlines
= ( (\n|\r)
& ( :!pattern:!replacement {Do nothing. We matched an empty line.}
| (!pattern.!replacement.!stop) !rules:?rules
{
Add pattern, replacement and the stop (empty string or "stop")
to a list of triplets. This list will contain the rules in
reverse order.
Then, reset these variables, so they are not added once more
if an empty line follows.
}
& :?stop:?pattern:?replacement
)
)
(!newlines|)
)
{
Compile the textual rules to a single Bracmat pattern.
}
& ( compileRules
= stop pattern replacement rules,pat rep stp
. :?stop:?pattern:?replacement:?rules
{
Important! Initialise these variables.
}
& @(!arg:!ruleset)
{
That's all. The textual rules are parsed and converted to a
list of triplets. The rules in the list are in reversed order.
}
& !rules:(?pat.?rep.?stp) ?rules
{
The head of the list is the last rule. Use it to initialise
the pattern "ruleSetAsPattern".
The single quote introduces a macro substition. All symbols
preceded with a $ are substituted.
}
&
' ( ?A ()$pat ?Z
& $stp:?stop
& $rep:?replacement
)
: (=?ruleSetAsPattern)
{
Add all remaining rules as new subpatterns to
"ruleSetAsPattern". Separate with the OR symbol.
}
& whl
' ( !rules:(?pat.?rep.?stp) ?rules
&
' ( ?A ()$pat ?Z
& $stp:?stop
& $rep:?replacement
| $ruleSetAsPattern
)
: (=?ruleSetAsPattern)
)
& '$ruleSetAsPattern
)
{
Function that takes two arguments: a rule set (as text)
and a subject string.
The function returns the transformed string.
}
& ( applyRules
= rulesSetAsText subject ruleSetAsPattern
, A Z replacement stop
. !arg:(?rulesSetAsText.?subject)
& compileRules$!rulesSetAsText:(=?ruleSetAsPattern)
{
Apply rule until no match
or until variable "stop" has been set to the value "stop".
}
& whl
' ( @(!subject:!ruleSetAsPattern)
& str$(!A !replacement !Z):?subject
& !stop:~stop
)
& !subject
)
{
Tests:
}
& out
$ ( applyRules
$ ( "# This rules file is extracted from Wikipedia:
# http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov_Algorithm
A -> apple
B -> bag
S -> shop
T -> the
the shop -> my brother
a never used -> .terminating rule
"
. "I bought a B of As from T S."
)
)
& out
$ ( applyRules
$ ( "# Slightly modified from the rules on Wikipedia
A -> apple
B -> bag
S -> .shop
T -> the
the shop -> my brother
a never used -> .terminating rule
"
. "I bought a B of As from T S."
)
)
& out
$ ( applyRules
$ ( "# BNF Syntax testing rules
A -> apple
WWWW -> with
Bgage -> ->.*
B -> bag
->.* -> money
W -> WW
S -> .shop
T -> the
the shop -> my brother
a never used -> .terminating rule
"
. "I bought a B of As W my Bgage from T S."
)
)
& out
$ ( applyRules
$ ( "### Unary Multiplication Engine, for testing Markov Algorithm implementations
### By Donal Fellows.
# Unary addition engine
_+1 -> _1+
1+1 -> 11+
# Pass for converting from the splitting of multiplication into ordinary
# addition
1! -> !1
,! -> !+
_! -> _
# Unary multiplication by duplicating left side, right side times
1*1 -> x,@y
1x -> xX
X, -> 1,1
X1 -> 1X
_x -> _X
,x -> ,X
y1 -> 1y
y_ -> _
# Next phase of applying
1@1 -> x,@y
1@_ -> @_
,@_ -> !_
++ -> +
# Termination cleanup for addition
_1 -> 1
1+_ -> 1
_+_ ->
"
. "_1111*11111_"
)
)
& out
$ ( applyRules
$ ( "# Turing machine: three-state busy beaver
#
# state A, symbol 0 => write 1, move right, new state B
A0 -> 1B
# state A, symbol 1 => write 1, move left, new state C
0A1 -> C01
1A1 -> C11
# state B, symbol 0 => write 1, move left, new state A
0B0 -> A01
1B0 -> A11
# state B, symbol 1 => write 1, move right, new state B
B1 -> 1B
# state C, symbol 0 => write 1, move left, new state B
0C0 -> B01
1C0 -> B11
# state C, symbol 1 => write 1, move left, halt
0C1 -> H01
1C1 -> H11
"
. 000000A000000
)
)
& ok
| failure;
Test:
{?} get$"markov.bra"
{!} markov
S 0,01 sec
{?} !markov
I bought a bag of apples from my brother.
I bought a bag of apples from T shop.
I bought a bag of apples with my money from T shop.
11111111111111111111
00011H1111000
{!} ok
S 0,41 sec
C
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <ctype.h>
typedef struct { char * s; size_t alloc_len; } string;
typedef struct {
char *pat, *repl;
int terminate;
} rule_t;
typedef struct {
int n;
rule_t *rules;
char *buf;
} ruleset_t;
void ruleset_del(ruleset_t *r)
{
if (r->rules) free(r->rules);
if (r->buf) free(r->buf);
free(r);
}
string * str_new(const char *s)
{
int l = strlen(s);
string *str = malloc(sizeof(string));
str->s = malloc(l + 1);
strcpy(str->s, s);
str->alloc_len = l + 1;
return str;
}
void str_append(string *str, const char *s, int len)
{
int l = strlen(str->s);
if (len == -1) len = strlen(s);
if (str->alloc_len < l + len + 1) {
str->alloc_len = l + len + 1;
str->s = realloc(str->s, str->alloc_len);
}
memcpy(str->s + l, s, len);
str->s[l + len] = '\0';
}
/* swap content of dest and src, and truncate src string */
void str_transfer(string *dest, string *src)
{
size_t tlen = dest->alloc_len;
dest->alloc_len = src->alloc_len;
src->alloc_len = tlen;
char *ts = dest->s;
dest->s = src->s;
src->s = ts;
src->s[0] = '\0';
}
void str_del(string *s)
{
if (s->s) free(s->s);
free(s);
}
void str_markov(string *str, ruleset_t *r)
{
int i, j, sl, pl;
int changed = 0, done = 0;
string *tmp = str_new("");
while (!done) {
changed = 0;
for (i = 0; !done && !changed && i < r->n; i++) {
pl = strlen(r->rules[i].pat);
sl = strlen(str->s);
for (j = 0; j < sl; j++) {
if (strncmp(str->s + j, r->rules[i].pat, pl))
continue;
str_append(tmp, str->s, j);
str_append(tmp, r->rules[i].repl, -1);
str_append(tmp, str->s + j + pl, -1);
str_transfer(str, tmp);
changed = 1;
if (r->rules[i].terminate)
done = 1;
break;
}
}
if (!changed) break;
}
str_del(tmp);
return;
}
ruleset_t* read_rules(const char *name)
{
struct stat s;
char *buf;
size_t i, j, k, tmp;
rule_t *rules = 0;
int n = 0; /* number of rules */
int fd = open(name, O_RDONLY);
if (fd == -1) return 0;
fstat(fd, &s);
buf = malloc(s.st_size + 2);
read(fd, buf, s.st_size);
buf[s.st_size] = '\n';
buf[s.st_size + 1] = '\0';
close(fd);
for (i = j = 0; buf[i] != '\0'; i++) {
if (buf[i] != '\n') continue;
/* skip comments */
if (buf[j] == '#' || i == j) {
j = i + 1;
continue;
}
/* find the '->' */
for (k = j + 1; k < i - 3; k++)
if (isspace(buf[k]) && !strncmp(buf + k + 1, "->", 2))
break;
if (k >= i - 3) {
printf("parse error: no -> in %.*s\n", i - j, buf + j);
break;
}
/* left side: backtrack through whitespaces */
for (tmp = k; tmp > j && isspace(buf[--tmp]); );
if (tmp < j) {
printf("left side blank? %.*s\n", i - j, buf + j);
break;
}
buf[++tmp] = '\0';
/* right side */
for (k += 3; k < i && isspace(buf[++k]););
buf[i] = '\0';
rules = realloc(rules, sizeof(rule_t) * (1 + n));
rules[n].pat = buf + j;
if (buf[k] == '.') {
rules[n].terminate = 1;
rules[n].repl = buf + k + 1;
} else {
rules[n].terminate = 0;
rules[n].repl = buf + k;
}
n++;
j = i + 1;
}
ruleset_t *r = malloc(sizeof(ruleset_t));
r->buf = buf;
r->rules = rules;
r->n = n;
return r;
}
int test_rules(const char *s, const char *file)
{
ruleset_t * r = read_rules(file);
if (!r) return 0;
printf("Rules from '%s' ok\n", file);
string *ss = str_new(s);
printf("text: %s\n", ss->s);
str_markov(ss, r);
printf("markoved: %s\n", ss->s);
str_del(ss);
ruleset_del(r);
return printf("\n");
}
int main()
{
/* rule 1-5 are files containing rules from page top */
test_rules("I bought a B of As from T S.", "rule1");
test_rules("I bought a B of As from T S.", "rule2");
test_rules("I bought a B of As W my Bgage from T S.", "rule3");
test_rules("_1111*11111_", "rule4");
test_rules("000000A000000", "rule5");
return 0;
}
output
Rules from 'rule2' ok text: I bought a B of As from T S. markoved: I bought a bag of apples from T shop.
Rules from 'rule3' ok text: I bought a B of As W my Bgage from T S. markoved: I bought a bag of apples with my money from T shop.
Rules from 'rule4' ok text: 1111*11111 markoved: 11111111111111111111
Rules from 'rule5' ok text: 000000A000000 markoved: 00011H1111000
## C++
Note: Non-use of <code>iswhite</code> is intentional, since depending on the locale, other chars besides space and tab might be detected by that function.
```cpp
#include <cstdlib>
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <vector>
#include <string>
struct rule
{
std::string pattern;
std::string replacement;
bool terminal;
rule(std::string pat, std::string rep, bool term):
pattern(pat),
replacement(rep),
terminal(term)
{
}
};
std::string const whitespace = " \t";
std::string::size_type const npos = std::string::npos;
bool is_whitespace(char c)
{
return whitespace.find(c) != npos;
}
std::vector<rule> read_rules(std::ifstream& rulefile)
{
std::vector<rule> rules;
std::string line;
while (std::getline(rulefile, line))
{
std::string::size_type pos;
// remove comments
pos = line.find('#');
if (pos != npos)
line.resize(pos);
// ignore lines consisting only of whitespace
if (line.find_first_not_of(whitespace) == npos)
continue;
// find "->" surrounded by whitespace
pos = line.find("->");
while (pos != npos && (pos == 0 || !is_whitespace(line[pos-1])))
pos = line.find("->", pos+1);
if (pos == npos || line.length() < pos+3 || !is_whitespace(line[pos+2]))
{
std::cerr << "invalid rule: " << line << "\n";
std::exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
std::string pattern = line.substr(0, pos-1);
std::string replacement = line.substr(pos+3);
// remove additional separating whitespace
pattern.erase(pattern.find_last_not_of(whitespace)+1);
replacement.erase(0, replacement.find_first_not_of(whitespace));
// test for terminal rule
bool terminal = !replacement.empty() && replacement[0] == '.';
if (terminal)
replacement.erase(0,1);
rules.push_back(rule(pattern, replacement, terminal));
}
return rules;
}
std::string markov(std::vector<rule> rules, std::string input)
{
std::string& output = input;
std::vector<rule>::iterator iter = rules.begin();
// Loop through each rule, transforming our current version
// with each rule.
while (iter != rules.end())
{
std::string::size_type pos = output.find(iter->pattern);
if (pos != npos)
{
output.replace(pos, iter->pattern.length(), iter->replacement);
if (iter->terminal)
break;
iter = rules.begin();
}
else
++iter;
}
return output;
}
int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
if (argc != 3)
{
std::cout << "usage:\n " << argv[0] << " rulefile text\n";
return EXIT_FAILURE;
}
std::ifstream rulefile(argv[1]);
std::vector<rule> rules = read_rules(rulefile);
std::string input(argv[2]);
std::string output = markov(rules, input);
std::cout << output << "\n";
}
Common Lisp
I should mention that this uses the regular expression machinery present in Allegro Lisp but not Common Lisp generally (though there are public domain Lisp libraries).
;;; Keeps track of all our rules
(defclass markov ()
((rules :initarg :rules :initform nil :accessor rules)))
;;; Definition of a rule
(defclass rule ()
((pattern :initarg :pattern :accessor pattern)
(replacement :initarg :replacement :accessor replacement)
(terminal :initform nil :initarg :terminal :accessor terminal)))
;;; Parse a rule with this regular expression
(defparameter *rex->* (compile-re "^(.+)(?: |\\t)->(?: |\\t)(\\.?)(.*)$"))
;;; Create a rule and add it to the markov object
(defmethod update-markov ((mkv markov) lhs terminating rhs)
(setf (rules mkv) (cons
(make-instance 'rule :pattern lhs :replacement rhs :terminal terminating)
(rules mkv))))
;;; Parse a line and add it to the markov object
(defmethod parse-line ((mkv markov) line)
(let ((trimmed (string-trim #(#\Space #\Tab) line)))
(if (not (or
(eql #\# (aref trimmed 0))
(equal "" trimmed)))
(let ((vals (multiple-value-list (match-re *rex->* line))))
(if (not (car vals))
(progn
(format t "syntax error in ~A" line)
(throw 'fail t)))
(update-markov mkv (nth 2 vals) (equal "." (nth 3 vals)) (nth 4 vals))))))
;;; Make a markov object from the string of rules
(defun make-markov (rules-text)
(catch 'fail
(let ((mkv (make-instance 'markov)))
(with-input-from-string (s rules-text)
(loop for line = (read-line s nil)
while line do
(parse-line mkv line)))
(setf (rules mkv) (reverse (rules mkv)))
mkv)))
;;; Given a rule and bounds where it applies, apply it to the input text
(defun adjust (rule-info text)
(let* ((rule (car rule-info))
(index-start (cadr rule-info))
(index-end (caddr rule-info))
(prefix (subseq text 0 index-start))
(suffix (subseq text index-end))
(replace (replacement rule)))
(concatenate 'string prefix replace suffix)))
;;; Get the next applicable rule or nil if none
(defmethod get-rule ((markov markov) text)
(dolist (rule (rules markov) nil)
(let ((index (search (pattern rule) text)))
(if index
(return (list rule index (+ index (length (pattern rule)))))))))
;;; Interpret text using a markov object
(defmethod interpret ((markov markov) text)
(let ((rule-info (get-rule markov text))
(ret text))
(loop (if (not rule-info) (return ret))
(setf ret (adjust rule-info ret))
(if (terminal (car rule-info)) (return ret))
(setf rule-info (get-rule markov ret)))))
Testing:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov_Algorithm
A -> apple B -> bag S -> shop T -> the the shop -> my brother a never used -> .terminating rule")
;;; Lots of other defparameters for rules omitted here...
(defun test ()
(format t "A%" (interpret (make-markov rules1) "I bought a B of As from T S."))
(format t "A%" (interpret (make-markov rules2) "I bought a B of As from T S."))
(format t "A%" (interpret (make-markov rules3) "I bought a B of As W my Bgage from T S."))
(format t "A%" (interpret (make-markov rules4) "1111*11111"))
(format t "A%" (interpret (make-markov rules5) "000000A000000"))
)
(test)
I bought a bag of apples from my brother.
I bought a bag of apples from T shop.
I bought a bag of apples with my money from T shop.
11111111111111111111
00011H1111000
NIL
## D
{{trans|Perl}}
```d
void main() {
import std.stdio, std.file, std.regex, std.string, std.range,
std.functional;
const rules = "markov_rules.txt".readText.splitLines.split("");
auto tests = "markov_tests.txt".readText.splitLines;
auto re = ctRegex!(r"^([^#]*?)\s+->\s+(\.?)(.*)"); // 160 MB RAM.
alias slZip = curry!(zip, StoppingPolicy.requireSameLength);
foreach (test, const rule; slZip(tests, rules)) {
const origTest = test.dup;
string[][] capt;
foreach (const line; rule) {
auto m = line.match(re);
if (!m.empty) {
//capt.put(m.captures.dropOne);
capt ~= m.captures.dropOne.array;
}
}
REDO:
const copy = test;
foreach (const c; capt) {
test = test.replace(c[0], c[2]);
if (c[1] == ".")
break;
if (test != copy)
goto REDO;
}
writefln("%s\n%s\n", origTest, test);
}
}
{{out}}
I bought a B of As from T S.
I bought a bag of apples from my brother.
I bought a B of As from T S.
I bought a bag of apples from T shop.
I bought a B of As W my Bgage from T S.
I bought a bag of apples with my money from T shop.
_1111*11111_
11111111111111111111
000000A000000
00011H1111000
=={{header|Déjà Vu}}== This implementation expect the initial text on the command line and the ruleset on STDIN.
(remove-comments) text:
]
for line in text:
if and line not starts-with line "#":
line
[
(markov-parse) text:
]
for line in text:
local :index find line " -> "
local :pat slice line 0 index
local :rep slice line + index 4 len line
local :term starts-with rep "."
if term:
set :rep slice rep 1 len rep
& pat & term rep
[
markov-parse:
(markov-parse) (remove-comments) split !decode!utf-8 !read!stdin "\n"
(markov-tick) rules start:
for rule in copy rules:
local :pat &< rule
local :rep &> dup &> rule
local :term &<
local :index find start pat
if < -1 index:
)
slice start + index len pat len start
rep
slice start 0 index
concat(
return term
true start
markov rules:
true
while:
not (markov-tick) rules
!. markov markov-parse get-from !args 1
EchoLisp
;; rule := (pattern replacement [#t terminal])
(define-syntax-rule (pattern rule) (first rule))
(define-syntax-rule (repl sule) (second rule))
(define-syntax-rule (term? rule) (!empty? (cddr rule)))
;; (alpha .beta )--> (alpha beta #t)
(define (term-rule rule)
(if (string=? (string-first (repl rule)) ".")
(list (pattern rule) (string-rest (repl rule)) #t)
rule ))
;; returns list of rules
(define (parse-rules lines)
(map term-rule
(for/list [(line (string-split lines "\n"))]
#:continue (string=? (string-first line) "#")
(map string-trim
(string-split (string-replace line "/\\t/g" " ") " -> ")))))
;; markov machine
(define (markov i-string rules)
(while
(for/fold (run #f) ((rule rules))
#:when (string-index (pattern rule) i-string)
(set! i-string (string-replace i-string (pattern rule) (repl rule)))
;;(writeln rule i-string) ;; uncomment for trace
#:break (term? rule) => #f
#:break #t => #t ))
i-string)
(define (task i-string RS)
(markov i-string (parse-rules RS)))
{{out}}
(define RS1 #<<
# This rules file is extracted from Wikipedia:
# http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov_Algorithm
A -> apple
B -> bag
C -> chinchard
S -> shop
T -> the
the shop -> my brother
a never used -> .terminating rule
>>#)
;; [ Other rules sets here ...]
(define i-string-1 "I bought a B of As and Cs from T S.")
(define i-string-2 "I bought a B of As from T S.")
(define i-string-3 "I bought a B of As W my Bgage from T S.")
(define i-string-4 "_1111*11111_")
(define i-string-5 "000000A000000")
(task i-string-1 RS1)
→ "I bought a bag of apples and chinchards from my brother."
(task i-string-2 RS2)
→ "I bought a bag of apples from T shop."
(task i-string-3 RS3)
→ "I bought a bag of apples with my money from T shop."
(task i-string-4 RS4)
→ "11111111111111111111"
(task i-string-5 RS5)
→ "00011H1111000"
=={{header|F_Sharp|F#}}==
Using Partial Active Pattern to simplify pattern matching.
open System
open System.IO
open System.Text.RegularExpressions
type Rule = {
matches : Regex
replacement : string
terminate : bool
}
let (|RegexMatch|_|) regexStr input =
let m = Regex.Match(input, regexStr, RegexOptions.ExplicitCapture)
if m.Success then Some (m) else None
let (|RuleReplace|_|) rule input =
let replaced = rule.matches.Replace(input, rule.replacement, 1, 0)
if input = replaced then None
else Some (replaced, rule.terminate)
let parseRules line =
match line with
| RegexMatch "^#" _ -> None
| RegexMatch "(?<pattern>.*?)\s+->\s+(?<replacement>.*)$" m ->
let replacement = (m.Groups.Item "replacement").Value
let terminate = replacement.Length > 0 && replacement.Substring(0,1) = "."
let pattern = (m.Groups.Item "pattern").Value
Some {
matches = pattern |> Regex.Escape |> Regex;
replacement = if terminate then replacement.Substring(1) else replacement;
terminate = terminate
}
| _ -> failwith "illegal rule definition"
let rec applyRules input = function
| [] -> (input, true)
| rule::rules ->
match input with
| RuleReplace rule (withReplacement, terminate) ->
(withReplacement, terminate)
| _ -> applyRules input rules
[<EntryPoint>]
let main argv =
let rules = File.ReadAllLines argv.[0] |> Array.toList |> List.choose parseRules
let rec run input =
let output, terminate = applyRules input rules
if terminate then output
else run output
Console.ReadLine()
|> run
|> printfn "%s"
0
{{out}}
H:\RosettaCode\ExecMarkovAlgo>echo I bought a B of As from T S. | Fsharp\RosettaCode\bin\Debug\RosettaCode.exe m1
I bought a bag of apples from my brother.
H:\RosettaCode\ExecMarkovAlgo>echo I bought a B of As from T S.| Fsharp\RosettaCode\bin\Debug\RosettaCode.exe m2
I bought a bag of apples from T shop.
H:\RosettaCode\ExecMarkovAlgo>echo I bought a B of As W my Bgage from T S.| Fsharp\RosettaCode\bin\Debug\RosettaCode.exe m3
I bought a bag of apples with my money from T shop.
H:\RosettaCode\ExecMarkovAlgo>echo _1111*11111_ | Fsharp\RosettaCode\bin\Debug\RosettaCode.exe m4
11111111111111111111
H:\RosettaCode\ExecMarkovAlgo>echo 000000A000000 | Fsharp\RosettaCode\bin\Debug\RosettaCode.exe m5
00011H1111000
Go
package main
import (
"fmt"
"regexp"
"strings"
)
type testCase struct {
ruleSet, sample, output string
}
func main() {
fmt.Println("validating", len(testSet), "test cases")
var failures bool
for i, tc := range testSet {
if r, ok := interpret(tc.ruleSet, tc.sample); !ok {
fmt.Println("test", i+1, "invalid ruleset")
failures = true
} else if r != tc.output {
fmt.Printf("test %d: got %q, want %q\n", i+1, r, tc.output)
failures = true
}
}
if !failures {
fmt.Println("no failures")
}
}
func interpret(ruleset, input string) (string, bool) {
if rules, ok := parse(ruleset); ok {
return run(rules, input), true
}
return "", false
}
type rule struct {
pat string
rep string
term bool
}
var (
rxSet = regexp.MustCompile(ruleSet)
rxEle = regexp.MustCompile(ruleEle)
ruleSet = `(?m:^(?:` + ruleEle + `)*$)`
ruleEle = `(?:` + comment + `|` + ruleRe + `)\n+`
comment = `#.*`
ruleRe = `(.*)` + ws + `->` + ws + `([.])?(.*)`
ws = `[\t ]+`
)
func parse(rs string) ([]rule, bool) {
if !rxSet.MatchString(rs) {
return nil, false
}
x := rxEle.FindAllStringSubmatchIndex(rs, -1)
var rules []rule
for _, x := range x {
if x[2] > 0 {
rules = append(rules,
rule{pat: rs[x[2]:x[3]], term: x[4] > 0, rep: rs[x[6]:x[7]]})
}
}
return rules, true
}
func run(rules []rule, s string) string {
step1:
for _, r := range rules {
if f := strings.Index(s, r.pat); f >= 0 {
s = s[:f] + r.rep + s[f+len(r.pat):]
if r.term {
return s
}
goto step1
}
}
return s
}
// text all cut and paste from RC task page
var testSet = []testCase{
{`# This rules file is extracted from Wikipedia:
# http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov_Algorithm
A -> apple
B -> bag
S -> shop
T -> the
the shop -> my brother
a never used -> .terminating rule
`,
`I bought a B of As from T S.`,
`I bought a bag of apples from my brother.`,
},
{`# Slightly modified from the rules on Wikipedia
A -> apple
B -> bag
S -> .shop
T -> the
the shop -> my brother
a never used -> .terminating rule
`,
`I bought a B of As from T S.`,
`I bought a bag of apples from T shop.`,
},
{`# BNF Syntax testing rules
A -> apple
WWWW -> with
Bgage -> ->.*
B -> bag
->.* -> money
W -> WW
S -> .shop
T -> the
the shop -> my brother
a never used -> .terminating rule
`,
`I bought a B of As W my Bgage from T S.`,
`I bought a bag of apples with my money from T shop.`,
},
{`### Unary Multiplication Engine, for testing Markov Algorithm implementations
### By Donal Fellows.
# Unary addition engine
_+1 -> _1+
1+1 -> 11+
# Pass for converting from the splitting of multiplication into ordinary
# addition
1! -> !1
,! -> !+
_! -> _
# Unary multiplication by duplicating left side, right side times
1*1 -> x,@y
1x -> xX
X, -> 1,1
X1 -> 1X
_x -> _X
,x -> ,X
y1 -> 1y
y_ -> _
# Next phase of applying
1@1 -> x,@y
1@_ -> @_
,@_ -> !_
++ -> +
# Termination cleanup for addition
_1 -> 1
1+_ -> 1
_+_ ->
`,
`_1111*11111_`,
`11111111111111111111`,
},
{`# Turing machine: three-state busy beaver
#
# state A, symbol 0 => write 1, move right, new state B
A0 -> 1B
# state A, symbol 1 => write 1, move left, new state C
0A1 -> C01
1A1 -> C11
# state B, symbol 0 => write 1, move left, new state A
0B0 -> A01
1B0 -> A11
# state B, symbol 1 => write 1, move right, new state B
B1 -> 1B
# state C, symbol 0 => write 1, move left, new state B
0C0 -> B01
1C0 -> B11
# state C, symbol 1 => write 1, move left, halt
0C1 -> H01
1C1 -> H11
`,
`000000A000000`,
`00011H1111000`,
},
}
{{out}}
validating 5 test cases
no failures
Groovy
def markovInterpreterFor = { rules ->
def ruleMap = [:]
rules.eachLine { line ->
(line =~ /\s*(.+)\s->\s([.]?)(.+)\s*/).each { text, key, terminating, value ->
if (key.startsWith('#')) { return }
ruleMap[key] = [text: value, terminating: terminating]
}
}
[interpret: { text ->
def originalText = ''
while (originalText != text) {
originalText = text
for (Map.Entry e : ruleMap.entrySet()) {
if (text.indexOf(e.key) >= 0) {
text = text.replace(e.key, e.value.text)
if (e.value.terminating) {
return text
}
break
}
}
}
text
}]
}
The test code is below (with the markov rulesets 2..5 elided):
def verify = { ruleset ->
[withInput: { text ->
[hasOutput: { expected ->
def result = ruleset.interpret(text)
println "Input: '$text' has output: '$result'"
assert expected == result
}]
}]
}
def ruleset1 = markovInterpreterFor("""
# This rules file is extracted from Wikipedia:
# http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov_Algorithm
A -> apple
B -> bag
S -> shop
T -> the
the shop -> my brother
a never used -> .terminating rule""")
println ruleset1.interpret('I bought a B of As from T S.')
verify ruleset1 withInput 'I bought a bag of apples from T shop.' hasOutput 'I bought a bag of apples from my brother.'
def ruleset2 = markovInterpreterFor("""...""")
verify ruleset2 withInput 'I bought a B of As from T S.' hasOutput 'I bought a bag of apples from T shop.'
def ruleset3 = markovInterpreterFor("""...""")
verify ruleset3 withInput 'I bought a B of As W my Bgage from T S.' hasOutput 'I bought a bag of apples with my money from T shop.'
def ruleset4 = markovInterpreterFor("""...""")
verify ruleset4 withInput '_1111*11111_' hasOutput '11111111111111111111'
def ruleset5 = markovInterpreterFor("""...""")
verify ruleset5 withInput '000000A000000' hasOutput '00011H1111000'
{{out}}
I bought a bag of apples from my brother.
Input: 'I bought a bag of apples from T shop.' has output: 'I bought a bag of apples from my brother.'
Input: 'I bought a B of As from T S.' has output: 'I bought a bag of apples from T shop.'
Input: 'I bought a B of As W my Bgage from T S.' has output: 'I bought a bag of apples with my money from T shop.'
Input: '_1111*11111_' has output: '11111111111111111111'
Input: '000000A000000' has output: '00011H1111000'
Haskell
This program expects a source file as an argument and uses the standard input and output devices for the algorithm's I/O.
import Data.List (isPrefixOf)
import Data.Maybe (catMaybes)
import Control.Monad
import Text.ParserCombinators.Parsec
import System.IO
import System.Environment (getArgs)
main = do
args <- getArgs
unless (length args == 1) $
fail "Please provide exactly one source file as an argument."
let sourcePath = head args
source <- readFile sourcePath
input <- getContents
case parse markovParser sourcePath source of
Right rules -> putStr $ runMarkov rules input
Left err -> hPutStrLn stderr $ "Parse error at " ++ show err
data Rule = Rule
{from :: String, terminating :: Bool, to :: String}
markovParser :: Parser [Rule]
markovParser = liftM catMaybes $
(comment <|> rule) `sepEndBy` many1 newline
where comment = char '#' >> skipMany nonnl >> return Nothing
rule = liftM Just $ liftM3 Rule
(manyTill (nonnl <?> "pattern character") $ try arrow)
(succeeds $ char '.')
(many nonnl)
arrow = ws >> string "->" >> ws <?> "whitespace-delimited arrow"
nonnl = noneOf "\n"
ws = many1 $ oneOf " \t"
succeeds p = option False $ p >> return True
runMarkov :: [Rule] -> String -> String
runMarkov rules s = f rules s
where f [] s = s
f (Rule from terminating to : rs) s = g "" s
where g _ "" = f rs s
g before ahead@(a : as) = if from `isPrefixOf` ahead
then let new = reverse before ++ to ++ drop (length from) ahead
in if terminating then new else f rules new
else g (a : before) as
=={{header|Icon}} and {{header|Unicon}}==
procedure main(A)
rules := loadRules(open(A[1],"r"))
every write(line := !&input, " -> ",apply(rules, line))
end
record rule(pat, term, rep)
procedure loadRules(f)
rules := []
every !f ? if not ="#" then put(rules,
rule(1(trim(tab(find("->"))),move(2),tab(many(' \t'))),
(="."|&null), trim(tab(0))))
return rules
end
procedure apply(rules, line)
s := line
repeat {
s ?:= tab(find((r := !rules).pat)) || r.rep || (move(*r.pat),tab(0))
if (s == line) | \r.term then return s else line := s
}
end
Sample runs using above rule sets and test strings:
->ma mars.1
I bought a B of As from T S.
I bought a B of As from T S. -> I bought a bag of apples from my brother.
->ma mars.2
I bought a B of As from T S.
I bought a B of As from T S. -> I bought a bag of apples from T shop.
->ma mars.3
I bought a B of As W my Bgage from T S.
I bought a B of As W my Bgage from T S. -> I bought a bag of apples with my money from T shop.
->ma mars.4
_1111*11111_
_1111*11111_ -> 11111111111111111111
->ma mars.5
000000A000000
000000A000000 -> 00011H1111000
J
'''Solution''':
require'strings regex'
markovLexer =: verb define
rules =. LF cut TAB&=`(,:&' ')}y
rules =. a: -.~ (dltb@:{.~ i:&'#')&.> rules
rules =. 0 _1 {"1 '\s+->\s+' (rxmatch rxcut ])S:0 rules
(,. ] (}.&.>~ ,. ]) ('.'={.)&.>)/ |: rules
)
replace =: dyad define
'index patternLength replacement'=. x
'head tail' =. index split y
head, replacement, patternLength }. tail
)
matches =: E. i. 1:
markov =: dyad define
ruleIdx =. 0 [ rules =. markovLexer x
while. ruleIdx < #rules do.
'pattern replacement terminating' =. ruleIdx { rules
ruleIdx =. 1 + ruleIdx
if. (#y) > index =. pattern matches y do.
y =. (index ; (#pattern) ; replacement) replace y
ruleIdx =. _ * terminating
end.
end.
y
)
'''Example''':
m1 =. noun define
# This rules file is extracted from Wikipedia:
# http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov_Algorithm
A -> apple
B -> bag
S -> shop
T -> the
the shop -> my brother
a never used -> .terminating rule
)
m1 markov 'I bought a B of As from T S.'
I bought a bag of apples from my brother.
'''Discussion''': The J implementation correctly processes all the rulesets. More details are available on the [[Talk:Markov Algorithm#explicit_vs_tacit|the talk page]].
Java
{{trans|D}} {{works with|Java|7}}
import java.io.IOException;
import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
import java.nio.file.Files;
import java.nio.file.Paths;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.regex.Matcher;
import java.util.regex.Pattern;
public class Markov {
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
List<String[]> rules = readRules("markov_rules.txt");
List<String> tests = readTests("markov_tests.txt");
Pattern pattern = Pattern.compile("^([^#]*?)\\s+->\\s+(\\.?)(.*)");
for (int i = 0; i < tests.size(); i++) {
String origTest = tests.get(i);
List<String[]> captures = new ArrayList<>();
for (String rule : rules.get(i)) {
Matcher m = pattern.matcher(rule);
if (m.find()) {
String[] groups = new String[m.groupCount()];
for (int j = 0; j < groups.length; j++)
groups[j] = m.group(j + 1);
captures.add(groups);
}
}
String test = origTest;
String copy = test;
for (int j = 0; j < captures.size(); j++) {
String[] c = captures.get(j);
test = test.replace(c[0], c[2]);
if (c[1].equals("."))
break;
if (!test.equals(copy)) {
j = -1; // redo loop
copy = test;
}
}
System.out.printf("%s\n%s\n\n", origTest, test);
}
}
private static List<String> readTests(String path)
throws IOException {
return Files.readAllLines(Paths.get(path), StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
}
private static List<String[]> readRules(String path)
throws IOException {
String ls = System.lineSeparator();
String lines = new String(Files.readAllBytes(Paths.get(path)), "UTF-8");
List<String[]> rules = new ArrayList<>();
for (String line : lines.split(ls + ls))
rules.add(line.split(ls));
return rules;
}
}
Output:
I bought a B of As from T S.
I bought a bag of apples from my brother.
I bought a B of As from T S.
I bought a bag of apples from T shop.
I bought a B of As W my Bgage from T S.
I bought a bag of apples with my money from T shop.
_1111*11111_
11111111111111111111
000000A000000
00011H1111000
JavaScript
/**
* Take a ruleset and return a function which takes a string to which the rules
* should be applied.
* @param {string} ruleSet
* @returns {function(string): string}
*/
const markov = ruleSet => {
/**
* Split a string at an index
* @param {string} s The string to split
* @param {number} i The index number where to split.
* @returns {Array<string>}
*/
const splitAt = (s, i) => [s.slice(0, i), s.slice(i)];
/**
* Strip a leading number of chars from a string.
* @param {string} s The string to strip the chars from
* @param {string} strip A string who's length will determine the number of
* chars to strip.
* @returns {string}
*/
const stripLeading = (s, strip) => s.split('')
.filter((e, i) => i >= strip.length).join('');
/**
* Replace the substring in the string.
* @param {string} s The string to replace the substring in
* @param {string} find The sub-string to find
* @param {string} rep The replacement string
* @returns {string}
*/
const replace = (s, find, rep) => {
let result = s;
if (s.indexOf(find) >= 0) {
const a = splitAt(s, s.indexOf(find));
result = [a[0], rep, stripLeading(a[1], find)].join('');
}
return result;
};
/**
* Convert a ruleset string into a map
* @param {string} ruleset
* @returns {Map}
*/
const makeRuleMap = ruleset => ruleset.split('\n')
.filter(e => !e.startsWith('#'))
.map(e => e.split(' -> '))
.reduce((p,c) => p.set(c[0], c[1]), new Map());
/**
* Recursively apply the ruleset to the string.
* @param {Map} rules The rules to apply
* @param {string} s The string to apply the rules to
* @returns {string}
*/
const parse = (rules, s) => {
const o = s;
for (const [k, v] of rules.entries()) {
if (v.startsWith('.')) {
s = replace(s, k, stripLeading(v, '.'));
break;
} else {
s = replace(s, k, v);
if (s !== o) { break; }
}
}
return o === s ? s : parse(rules, s);
};
const ruleMap = makeRuleMap(ruleSet);
return str => parse(ruleMap, str)
};
const ruleset1 = `# This rules file is extracted from Wikipedia:
# http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov_Algorithm
A -> apple
B -> bag
S -> shop
T -> the
the shop -> my brother
a never used -> .terminating rule`;
const ruleset2 = `# Slightly modified from the rules on Wikipedia
A -> apple
B -> bag
S -> .shop
T -> the
the shop -> my brother
a never used -> .terminating rule`;
const ruleset3 = `# BNF Syntax testing rules
A -> apple
WWWW -> with
Bgage -> ->.*
B -> bag
->.* -> money
W -> WW
S -> .shop
T -> the
the shop -> my brother
a never used -> .terminating rule`;
const ruleset4 = `### Unary Multiplication Engine, for testing Markov Algorithm implementations
### By Donal Fellows.
# Unary addition engine
_+1 -> _1+
1+1 -> 11+
# Pass for converting from the splitting of multiplication into ordinary
# addition
1! -> !1
,! -> !+
_! -> _
# Unary multiplication by duplicating left side, right side times
1*1 -> x,@y
1x -> xX
X, -> 1,1
X1 -> 1X
_x -> _X
,x -> ,X
y1 -> 1y
y_ -> _
# Next phase of applying
1@1 -> x,@y
1@_ -> @_
,@_ -> !_
++ -> +
# Termination cleanup for addition
_1 -> 1
1+_ -> 1
_+_ -> `;
const ruleset5 = `# Turing machine: three-state busy beaver
#
# state A, symbol 0 => write 1, move right, new state B
A0 -> 1B
# state A, symbol 1 => write 1, move left, new state C
0A1 -> C01
1A1 -> C11
# state B, symbol 0 => write 1, move left, new state A
0B0 -> A01
1B0 -> A11
# state B, symbol 1 => write 1, move right, new state B
B1 -> 1B
# state C, symbol 0 => write 1, move left, new state B
0C0 -> B01
1C0 -> B11
# state C, symbol 1 => write 1, move left, halt
0C1 -> H01
1C1 -> H11`;
console.log(markov(ruleset1)('I bought a B of As from T S.'));
console.log(markov(ruleset2)('I bought a B of As from T S.'));
console.log(markov(ruleset3)('I bought a B of As W my Bgage from T S.'));
console.log(markov(ruleset4)('_1111*11111_'));
console.log(markov(ruleset5)('000000A000000'));
Output:
I bought a bag of apples from my brother.
I bought a bag of apples from T shop.
I bought a bag of apples with my money from T shop.
11111111111111111111
00011H1111000
Julia
{{works with|Julia|0.6}}
'''Module''':
module MarkovAlgos
struct MarkovRule{F,T}
patt::F
repl::T
term::Bool
end
isterminating(r::MarkovRule) = r.term
Base.show(io::IO, rule::MarkovRule) =
print(io, rule.patt, " → ", isterminating(rule) ? "." : "", rule.repl)
function Base.convert(::Type{MarkovRule}, s::AbstractString)
rmatch = match(r"^(.+)\s+->\s*(\.)?(.*)?$", s)
if rmatch ≡ nothing || isempty(rmatch.captures)
throw(ParseError("not valid rule: " * s))
end
patt, term, repl = rmatch.captures
return MarkovRule(patt, repl ≢ nothing ? repl : "", term ≢ nothing)
end
function ruleset(file::Union{AbstractString,IO})
ruleset = Vector{MarkovRule}(0)
for line in eachline(file)
ismatch(r"(^#|^\s*$)", line) || push!(ruleset, MarkovRule(line))
end
return ruleset
end
apply(text::AbstractString, rule::MarkovRule) = replace(text, rule.patt, rule.repl)
function apply(file::Union{AbstractString,IO}, ruleset::AbstractVector{<:MarkovRule})
text = readstring(file)
redo = !isempty(text)
while redo
matchrule = false
for rule in ruleset
if contains(text, rule.patt)
matchrule = true
text = apply(text, rule)
redo = !isterminating(rule)
break
end
end
redo = redo && matchrule
end
return text
end
end # module MarkovAlgos
'''Main''':
include("module.jl")
let rulesets = @.("data/markovrules0" * string(1:5) * ".txt"),
ruletest = @.("data/markovtest0" * string(1:5) * ".txt")
for i in eachindex(rulesets, ruletest)
rules = MarkovAlgos.ruleset(rulesets[i])
println("# Example n.$i")
println("Original:\n", readstring(ruletest[i]))
println("Transformed:\n", MarkovAlgos.apply(ruletest[i], rules))
end
end
{{out}}
# Example n.1
Original:
I bought a B of As from T S.
Transformed:
I bought a bag of apples from my brother.
# Example n.2
Original:
I bought a B of As from T S.
Transformed:
I bought a bag of apples from T shop.
# Example n.3
Original:
I bought a B of As W my Bgage from T S.
Transformed:
I bought a bag of apples with my baggage from T shop.
# Example n.4
Original:
_1111*11111_
Transformed:
11111111111111111111
# Example n.5
Original:
000000A000000
Transformed:
00011H1111000
Kotlin
{{trans|Java}}
// version 1.1.51
import java.io.File
import java.util.regex.Pattern
/* rulesets assumed to be separated by a blank line in file */
fun readRules(path: String): List<List<String>> {
val ls = System.lineSeparator()
return File(path).readText().split("$ls$ls").map { it.split(ls) }
}
/* tests assumed to be on consecutive lines */
fun readTests(path: String) = File(path).readLines()
fun main(args: Array<String>) {
val rules = readRules("markov_rules.txt")
val tests = readTests("markov_tests.txt")
val pattern = Pattern.compile("^([^#]*?)\\s+->\\s+(\\.?)(.*)")
for ((i, origTest) in tests.withIndex()) {
val captures = mutableListOf<List<String>>()
for (rule in rules[i]) {
val m = pattern.matcher(rule)
if (m.find()) {
val groups = List<String>(m.groupCount()) { m.group(it + 1) }
captures.add(groups)
}
}
var test = origTest
do {
val copy = test
var redo = false
for (c in captures) {
test = test.replace(c[0], c[2])
if (c[1] == ".") break
if (test != copy) { redo = true; break }
}
}
while (redo)
println("$origTest\n$test\n")
}
}
{{out}}
I bought a B of As from T S.
I bought a bag of apples from my brother.
I bought a B of As from T S.
I bought a bag of apples from T shop.
I bought a B of As W my Bgage from T S.
I bought a bag of apples with my money from T shop.
_1111*11111_
11111111111111111111
000000A000000
00011H1111000
Lua
-- utility method to escape punctuation
function normalize(str)
local result = str:gsub("(%p)", "%%%1")
-- print(result)
return result
end
-- utility method to split string into lines
function get_lines(str)
local t = {}
for line in str:gmatch("([^\n\r]*)[\n\r]*") do
table.insert(t, line)
end
return t
end
local markov = {}
local MARKOV_RULE_PATTERN = "(.+)%s%-%>%s(%.?)(.*)"
function markov.rule(pattern,replacement,terminating)
return {
pattern = pattern,
replacement = replacement,
terminating = (terminating == ".")
}, normalize(pattern)
end
function markov.make_rules(sample)
local lines = get_lines(sample)
local rules = {}
local finders = {}
for i,line in ipairs(lines) do
if not line:find("^#") then
s,e,pat,term,rep = line:find(MARKOV_RULE_PATTERN)
if s then
r, p = markov.rule(pat,rep,term)
rules[p] = r
table.insert(finders, p)
end
end
end
return {
rules = rules,
finders = finders
}
end
function markov.execute(state, sample_input)
local rules, finders = state.rules, state.finders
local found = false -- did we find any rule?
local terminate = false
repeat
found = false
for i,v in ipairs(finders) do
local found_now = false -- did we find this rule?
if sample_input:find(v) then
found = true
found_now = true
end
sample_input = sample_input:gsub(v, rules[v].replacement, 1)
-- handle terminating rules
if found_now then
if rules[v].terminating then terminate = true end
break
end
end
until not found or terminate
return sample_input
end
------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------
local grammar1 = [[
# This rules file is extracted from Wikipedia:
# http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov_Algorithm
A -> apple
B -> bag
S -> shop
T -> the
the shop -> my brother
a never used -> .terminating rule
]]
local grammar2 = [[
# Slightly modified from the rules on Wikipedia
A -> apple
B -> bag
S -> .shop
T -> the
the shop -> my brother
a never used -> .terminating rule
]]
local grammar3 = [[
# BNF Syntax testing rules
A -> apple
WWWW -> with
Bgage -> ->.*
B -> bag
->.* -> money
W -> WW
S -> .shop
T -> the
the shop -> my brother
a never used -> .terminating rule
]]
local grammar4 = [[
### Unary Multiplication Engine, for testing Markov Algorithm implementations
### By Donal Fellows.
# Unary addition engine
_+1 -> _1+
1+1 -> 11+
# Pass for converting from the splitting of multiplication into ordinary
# addition
1! -> !1
,! -> !+
_! -> _
# Unary multiplication by duplicating left side, right side times
1*1 -> x,@y
1x -> xX
X, -> 1,1
X1 -> 1X
_x -> _X
,x -> ,X
y1 -> 1y
y_ -> _
# Next phase of applying
1@1 -> x,@y
1@_ -> @_
,@_ -> !_
++ -> +
# Termination cleanup for addition
_1 -> 1
1+_ -> 1
_+_ ->
]]
local grammar5 = [[
# Turing machine: three-state busy beaver
#
# state A, symbol 0 => write 1, move right, new state B
A0 -> 1B
# state A, symbol 1 => write 1, move left, new state C
0A1 -> C01
1A1 -> C11
# state B, symbol 0 => write 1, move left, new state A
0B0 -> A01
1B0 -> A11
# state B, symbol 1 => write 1, move right, new state B
B1 -> 1B
# state C, symbol 0 => write 1, move left, new state B
0C0 -> B01
1C0 -> B11
# state C, symbol 1 => write 1, move left, halt
0C1 -> H01
1C1 -> H11
]]
local text1 = "I bought a B of As from T S."
local text2 = "I bought a B of As W my Bgage from T S."
local text3 = '_1111*11111_'
local text4 = '000000A000000'
------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------
function do_markov(rules, input, output)
local m = markov.make_rules(rules)
input = markov.execute(m, input)
assert(input == output)
print(input)
end
do_markov(grammar1, text1, 'I bought a bag of apples from my brother.')
do_markov(grammar2, text1, 'I bought a bag of apples from T shop.')
-- stretch goals
do_markov(grammar3, text2, 'I bought a bag of apples with my money from T shop.')
do_markov(grammar4, text3, '11111111111111111111')
do_markov(grammar5, text4, '00011H1111000')
=={{header|Mathematica}} / {{header|Wolfram Language}}==
markov[ruleset_, text_] :=
Module[{terminating = False, output = text,
rules = StringCases[
ruleset, {StartOfLine ~~ pattern : Except["\n"] .. ~~
" " | "\t" .. ~~ "->" ~~ " " | "\t" .. ~~ dot : "" | "." ~~
replacement : Except["\n"] .. ~~ EndOfLine :> {pattern,
replacement, dot == "."}}]},
While[! terminating, terminating = True;
Do[If[! StringFreeQ[output, rule[[1]]],
output = StringReplace[output, rule[[1]] -> rule[[2]]];
If[! rule[[3]], terminating = False]; Break[]], {rule, rules}]];
output];
Example:
markov["# Turing machine: three-state busy beaver
#
# state A, symbol 0 => write 1, move right, new state B
A0 -> 1B
# state A, symbol 1 => write 1, move left, new state C
0A1 -> C01
1A1 -> C11
# state B, symbol 0 => write 1, move left, new state A
0B0 -> A01
1B0 -> A11
# state B, symbol 1 => write 1, move right, new state B
B1 -> 1B
# state C, symbol 0 => write 1, move left, new state B
0C0 -> B01
1C0 -> B11
# state C, symbol 1 => write 1, move left, halt
0C1 -> H01
1C1 -> H11", "000000A000000"]
Output:
"00011H1111000"
=={{header|MK-61/52}}==
Under the rules of left 4 registers, under the word has 8 character cells, the alphabet of the digits from 1 to 8. Rules are placed in "123,456", where "123" is a fragment, and "456" is to be replaced, in the registers of the РA to РD. The number of rules is stored in Р0, the initial word is in Р9. Number triggered rule is the last digit registration Р4 (0 to 3), if no rule did not work, the indicator 0, otherwise the current word to be processed. In РE is stored 10.
## OCaml
I'm not familiar with string processing, or parsing, so there are probably better ways to express this in OCaml. One might be with the mikmatch library which allows pattern-matching with regexps. Here I've only used the OCaml stdlib...
```OCaml
(* Useful for resource cleanup (such as filehandles) *)
let try_finally x f g =
try let res = f x in g x; res
with e -> g x; raise e
(* Substitute string 'b' for first occurance of regexp 'a' in 's';
* Raise Not_found if there was no occurance of 'a'. *)
let subst a b s =
ignore (Str.search_forward a s 0); (* to generate Not_found *)
Str.replace_first a b s
let parse_rules cin =
let open Str in
let rule = regexp "\\(.+\\)[ \t]+->[ \t]+\\(.*\\)" in
let leader s c = String.length s > 0 && s.[0] = c in
let parse_b s = if leader s '.' then (string_after s 1,true) else (s,false) in
let rec parse_line rules =
try
let s = input_line cin in
if leader s '#' then parse_line rules
else if string_match rule s 0 then
let a = regexp_string (matched_group 1 s) in
let b,terminate = parse_b (matched_group 2 s) in
parse_line ((a,b,terminate)::rules)
else failwith ("parse error: "^s)
with End_of_file -> rules
in List.rev (parse_line [])
let rec run rules text =
let rec apply s = function
| [] -> s
| (a,b,term)::next ->
try
let s' = subst a b s in
if term then s' else run rules s'
with Not_found -> apply s next
in apply text rules
let _ =
if Array.length Sys.argv <> 2 then
print_endline "Expecting one argument: a filename where rules can be found."
else
let rules = try_finally (open_in Sys.argv.(1)) parse_rules close_in in
(* Translate lines read from stdin, until EOF *)
let rec translate () =
print_endline (run rules (input_line stdin));
translate ()
in try translate () with End_of_file -> ()
With the above compiled to an executable 'markov', and the five rule-sets in files, strings are accepted on stdin for translation:
<~/rosetta$> markov rules1
I bought a B of As from T S.
I bought a bag of apples from my brother.
<~/rosetta$> markov rules2
I bought a B of As from T S.
I bought a bag of apples from T shop.
<~/rosetta$> markov rules3
I bought a B of As W my Bgage from T S.
I bought a bag of apples with my money from T shop.
<~/rosetta$> markov rules4
_1111*11111_
11111111111111111111
<~/rosetta$> markov rules5
000000A000000
00011H1111000
Perl
This program expects a source file as an argument and uses the standard input and output devices for the algorithm's I/O.
@ARGV == 1 or die "Please provide exactly one source file as an argument.\n";
open my $source, '<', $ARGV[0] or die "I couldn't open \"$ARGV[0]\" for reading. ($!.)\n";
my @rules;
while (<$source>)
{/\A#/ and next;
my @a = /(.*?)\s+->\s+(\.?)(.*)/ or die "Syntax error: $_";
push @rules, \@a;}
close $source;
my $input = do {local $/; <STDIN>;};
OUTER:
{foreach (@rules)
{my ($from, $terminating, $to) = @$_;
$input =~ s/\Q$from\E/$to/
and ($terminating ? last OUTER : redo OUTER);}}
print $input;
Perl 6
Run this without arguments and it will scan the cwd for rules.* files and their corresponding test.*.
Run it with two filenames or one filename and some text to run a rulefile on the file contents or the given text.
Add --verbose to see the replacements step-by-step.
grammar Markov {
token TOP {
^ [^^ [<rule> | <comment>] $$ [\n|$]]* $
{ make $<rule>>>.ast }
}
token comment {
<before ^^> '#' \N*
{ make Nil }
}
token ws {
[' '|\t]*
}
rule rule {
<before ^^>$<pattern>=[\N+?] '->'
$<terminal>=[\.]?$<replacement>=[\N*]
{ make {:pattern($<pattern>.Str),
:replacement($<replacement>.Str),
:terminal($<terminal>.Str eq ".")} }
}
}
sub run(:$ruleset, :$start_value, :$verbose?) {
my $value = $start_value;
my @rules = Markov.parse($ruleset).ast.list;
loop {
my $beginning = $value;
for @rules {
my $prev = $value;
$value = $value.subst(.<pattern>, .<replacement>);
say $value if $verbose && $value ne $prev;
return $value if .<terminal>;
last if $value ne $prev;
}
last if $value eq $beginning;
}
return $value;
}
multi sub MAIN(Bool :$verbose?) {
my @rulefiles = dir.grep(/rules.+/).sort;
for @rulefiles -> $rulefile {
my $testfile = $rulefile.subst("rules", "test");
my $start_value = (try slurp($testfile).trim-trailing)
// prompt("please give a start value: ");
my $ruleset = slurp($rulefile);
say $start_value.perl();
say run(:$ruleset, :$start_value, :$verbose).perl;
say '';
}
}
multi sub MAIN(Str $rulefile where *.IO.f, Str $input where *.IO.f, Bool :$verbose?) {
my $ruleset = slurp($rulefile);
my $start_value = slurp($input).trim-trailing;
say "starting with $start_value.perl()";
say run(:$ruleset, :$start_value, :$verbose).perl;
}
multi sub MAIN(Str $rulefile where *.IO.f, *@pieces, Bool :$verbose?) {
my $ruleset = slurp($rulefile);
my $start_value = @pieces.join(" ");
say "starting with $start_value.perl()";
say run(:$ruleset, :$start_value, :$verbose).perl;
}
Phix
procedure markov(string rules, input, expected)
sequence subs = {}, reps = {}
sequence lines = split(substitute(rules,"\t"," "),'\n')
for i=1 to length(lines) do
string li = lines[i]
if length(li) and li[1]!='#' then
integer k = match(" -> ",li)
if k then
subs = append(subs,trim(li[1..k-1]))
reps = append(reps,trim(li[k+4..$]))
end if
end if
end for
string res = input
bool term = false
while 1 do
bool found = false
for i=1 to length(subs) do
string sub = subs[i]
integer k = match(sub,res)
if k then
found = true
string rep = reps[i]
if length(rep) and rep[1]='.' then
rep = rep[2..$]
term = true
end if
res[k..k+length(sub)-1] = rep
exit
end if
if term then exit end if
end for
if term or not found then exit end if
end while
?{input,res,iff(res=expected?"ok":"**ERROR**")}
end procedure
constant ruleset1 = """
# This rules file is extracted from Wikipedia:
# http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov_Algorithm
A -> apple
B -> bag
S -> shop
T -> the
the shop -> my brother
a never used -> .terminating rule"""
markov(ruleset1,"I bought a B of As from T S.","I bought a bag of apples from my brother.")
constant ruleset2 = """
# Slightly modified from the rules on Wikipedia
A -> apple
B -> bag
S -> .shop
T -> the
the shop -> my brother
a never used -> .terminating rule"""
markov(ruleset2,"I bought a B of As from T S.","I bought a bag of apples from T shop.")
constant ruleset3 = """
# BNF Syntax testing rules
A -> apple
WWWW -> with
Bgage -> ->.*
B -> bag
->.* -> money
W -> WW
S -> .shop
T -> the
the shop -> my brother
a never used -> .terminating rule"""
markov(ruleset3,"I bought a B of As W my Bgage from T S.","I bought a bag of apples with my money from T shop.")
constant ruleset4 = """
### Unary Multiplication Engine, for testing Markov Algorithm implementations
### By Donal Fellows.
# Unary addition engine
_+1 -> _1+
1+1 -> 11+
# Pass for converting from the splitting of multiplication into ordinary
# addition
1! -> !1
,! -> !+
_! -> _
# Unary multiplication by duplicating left side, right side times
1*1 -> x,@y
1x -> xX
X, -> 1,1
X1 -> 1X
_x -> _X
,x -> ,X
y1 -> 1y
y_ -> _
# Next phase of applying
1@1 -> x,@y
1@_ -> @_
,@_ -> !_
++ -> +
# Termination cleanup for addition
_1 -> 1
1+_ -> 1
_+_ ->
"""
markov(ruleset4,"_1111*11111_","11111111111111111111")
constant ruleset5 = """
# Turing machine: three-state busy beaver
#
# state A, symbol 0 => write 1, move right, new state B
A0 -> 1B
# state A, symbol 1 => write 1, move left, new state C
0A1 -> C01
1A1 -> C11
# state B, symbol 0 => write 1, move left, new state A
0B0 -> A01
1B0 -> A11
# state B, symbol 1 => write 1, move right, new state B
B1 -> 1B
# state C, symbol 0 => write 1, move left, new state B
0C0 -> B01
1C0 -> B11
# state C, symbol 1 => write 1, move left, halt
0C1 -> H01
1C1 -> H11
"""
markov(ruleset5,"000000A000000","00011H1111000")
{{out}}
{"I bought a B of As from T S.","I bought a bag of apples from my brother.","ok"}
{"I bought a B of As from T S.","I bought a bag of apples from T shop.","ok"}
{"I bought a B of As W my Bgage from T S.","I bought a bag of apples with my money from T shop.","ok"}
{"_1111*11111_","11111111111111111111","ok"}
{"000000A000000","00011H1111000","ok"}
PicoLisp
(de markov (File Text)
(use (@A @Z R)
(let Rules
(make
(in File
(while (skip "#")
(when (match '(@A " " "-" ">" " " @Z) (replace (line) "@" "#"))
(link (cons (clip @A) (clip @Z))) ) ) ) )
(setq Text (chop Text))
(pack
(loop
(NIL
(find
'((R) (match (append '(@A) (car R) '(@Z)) Text))
Rules )
Text )
(T (= "." (cadr (setq R @)))
(append @A (cddr R) @Z) )
(setq Text (append @A (cdr R) @Z)) ) ) ) ) )
Output:
: (markov "r1" "I bought a B of As from T S.")
-> "I bought a bag of apples from my brother."
: (markov "r2" "I bought a B of As from T S.")
-> "I bought a bag of apples from T shop."
: (markov "r3" "I bought a B of As W my Bgage from T S.")
-> "I bought a bag of apples with my money from T shop."
: (markov "r4" "_1111*11111_")
-> "11111111111111111111"
: (markov "r5" "000000A000000")
-> "00011H1111000"
Prolog
Works with SWI-Prolog and module(library(lambda)).
Module lambda can be found there : http://www.complang.tuwien.ac.at/ulrich/Prolog-inedit/lambda.pl
:- module('markov.pl', [markov/3, apply_markov/3]).
:- use_module(library(lambda)).
apply_markov(Rules, Sentence, Replacement) :-
maplist(\X^Y^(atom_chars(X, Ch), phrase(markov(Y), Ch, [])), Rules, TmpRules),
% comments produce empty rules
exclude(=([]), TmpRules, LstRules),
atom_chars(Sentence, L),
apply_rules(L, LstRules, R),
atom_chars(Replacement, R).
apply_rules(In, Rules, Out ) :-
apply_one_rule(In, Rules, Out1, Keep_On),
( Keep_On = false
-> Out = Out1
; apply_rules(Out1, Rules, Out)).
apply_one_rule(In, [Rule | Rules], Out, Keep_On) :-
extract(Rule, In, Out1, KeepOn),
( KeepOn = false
-> Out = Out1, Keep_On = KeepOn
; (KeepOn = stop
-> Out = Out1,
Keep_On = true
; apply_one_rule(Out1, Rules, Out, Keep_On))).
apply_one_rule(In, [], In, false) .
extract([Pattern, Replace], In, Out, Keep_On) :-
( Replace = [.|Rest]
-> R = Rest
; R = Replace),
( (append(Pattern, End, T), append(Deb, T, In))
-> extract([Pattern, Replace], End, NewEnd, _Keep_On),
append_3(Deb, R, NewEnd, Out),
Keep_On = stop
; Out = In,
( R = Replace
-> Keep_On = true
; Keep_On = false)).
append_3(A, B, C, D) :-
append(A, B, T),
append(T, C, D).
% creation of the rules
markov(A) --> line(A).
line(A) --> text(A), newline.
newline --> ['\n'], newline.
newline --> [].
text([]) --> comment([]).
text(A) --> rule(A).
comment([]) --> ['#'], anything.
anything --> [X], {X \= '\n'}, anything.
anything --> ['\n'].
anything --> [].
rule([A,B]) -->
pattern(A), whitespaces, ['-', '>'], whitespaces, end_rule(B).
pattern([X | R]) --> [X], {X \= '\n'}, pattern(R).
pattern([]) --> [].
whitespaces --> ['\t'], whitespace.
whitespaces --> [' '], whitespace.
whitespace --> whitespaces.
whitespace --> [].
end_rule([.| A]) --> [.], rest_of_rule(A).
end_rule(A) --> rest_of_rule(A).
end_rule([]) --> [].
rest_of_rule(A) --> replacement(A).
replacement([X | R]) --> [X], {X \= '\n'}, replacement(R).
replacement([]) --> [].
Code to test :
:- use_module('markov.pl').
:- use_module(library(lambda)).
markov :-
maplist(\X^(call(X), nl,nl), [markov_1, markov_2, markov_3, markov_4, markov_5]).
markov_1 :-
A = ['# This rules file is extracted from Wikipedia:',
'# http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov_Algorithm',
'A -> apple',
'B -> bag',
'S -> shop',
'T -> the',
'the shop -> my brother',
'a never used -> .terminating rule'],
B = 'I bought a B of As from T S.',
apply_markov(A, B, R),
writeln(B),
writeln(R).
markov_2 :-
A = ['# Slightly modified from the rules on Wikipedia',
'A -> apple',
'B -> bag',
'S -> .shop',
'T -> the',
'the shop -> my brother',
'a never used -> .terminating rule'],
B = 'I bought a B of As from T S.',
apply_markov(A, B, R),
writeln(B),
writeln(R).
markov_3 :-
A = ['# BNF Syntax testing rules',
'A -> apple',
'WWWW -> with',
'Bgage -> ->.*',
'B -> bag',
'->.* -> money',
'W -> WW',
'S -> .shop',
'T -> the',
'the shop -> my brother',
'a never used -> .terminating rule'],
B = 'I bought a B of As W my Bgage from T S.',
apply_markov(A, B, R),
writeln(B),
writeln(R).
markov_4 :-
A = ['### Unary Multiplication Engine, for testing Markov Algorithm implementations',
'### By Donal Fellows.',
'# Unary addition engine',
'_+1 -> _1+',
'1+1 -> 11+',
'# Pass for converting from the splitting of multiplication into ordinary',
'# addition',
'1! -> !1',
',! -> !+',
'_! -> _',
'# Unary multiplication by duplicating left side, right side times',
'1*1 -> x,@y',
'1x -> xX',
'X, -> 1,1',
'X1 -> 1X',
'_x -> _X',
',x -> ,X',
'y1 -> 1y',
'y_ -> _',
'# Next phase of applying',
'1@1 -> x,@y',
'1@_ -> @_',
',@_ -> !_',
'++ -> +',
'# Termination cleanup for addition',
'_1 -> 1',
'1+_ -> 1',
'_+_ -> '],
B = '_1111*11111_',
apply_markov(A, B, R),
writeln(B),
writeln(R).
markov_5 :-
A = ['# Turing machine: three-state busy beaver',
'#',
'# state A, symbol 0 => write 1, move right, new state B',
'A0 -> 1B',
'# state A, symbol 1 => write 1, move left, new state C',
'0A1 -> C01',
'1A1 -> C11',
'# state B, symbol 0 => write 1, move left, new state A',
'0B0 -> A01',
'1B0 -> A11',
'# state B, symbol 1 => write 1, move right, new state B',
'B1 -> 1B',
'# state C, symbol 0 => write 1, move left, new state B',
'0C0 -> B01',
'1C0 -> B11',
'# state C, symbol 1 => write 1, move left, halt',
'0C1 -> H01',
'1C1 -> H11'],
B = '000000A000000',
apply_markov(A, B, R),
writeln(B),
writeln(R).
Output :
?- markov.
I bought a B of As from T S.
I bought a bag of apples from my brother.
I bought a B of As from T S.
I bought a bag of apples from T shop.
I bought a B of As W my Bgage from T S.
I bought a bag of apples with my money from T shop.
_1111*11111_
11111111111111111111
000000A000000
00011H1111000
true .
PureBasic
The GUI used here allows a ruleset to be loaded from a text file or manually added one rule at a time. Symbol input can be tested anytime by selecting 'Interpret'.
Structure mRule
pattern.s
replacement.s
isTerminal.i
EndStructure
Procedure parseRule(text.s, List rules.mRule())
#tab = 9: #space = 32: #whiteSpace$ = Chr(#space) + Chr(#tab)
Protected tLen, cPtr, nChar.c, pEnd, pLast, pattern.s
cPtr = 1
If FindString(#whiteSpace$, Left(text, cPtr), 1): ProcedureReturn 0: EndIf ;parse error
If Left(text, cPtr) = "#": ProcedureReturn 2: EndIf ;comment skipped
tLen = Len(text)
Repeat
cPtr + 1
If cPtr > tLen: ProcedureReturn 0: EndIf ;parse error
nChar = Asc(Mid(text, cPtr, 1))
Select nChar
Case #space, #tab
Select pEnd
Case 0 To 2
pEnd = 1
pLast = cPtr - 1
Case 3
pattern = Left(text, pLast)
EndSelect
Case '-'
If pEnd = 1: pEnd = 2: EndIf
Case '>'
If pEnd = 2: pEnd = 3: EndIf
EndSelect
Until pattern <> ""
Repeat
cPtr + 1
Until Not FindString(#whiteSpace$, Mid(text, cPtr, 1), 1)
Protected isTerminal
If Mid(text, cPtr, 1) = "."
isTerminal = #True: cPtr + 1
EndIf
LastElement(rules()): AddElement(rules())
rules()\pattern = pattern
rules()\replacement = Right(text, tLen - cPtr + 1)
rules()\isTerminal = isTerminal
ProcedureReturn 1 ;processed rule
EndProcedure
Procedure.s interpretMarkov(text.s, List rules.mRule())
Repeat
madeReplacement = #False
ForEach rules()
If FindString(text, rules()\pattern, 1)
text = ReplaceString(text, rules()\pattern, rules()\replacement)
madeReplacement = #True: isFinished = rules()\isTerminal
Break
EndIf
Next
Until Not madeReplacement Or isFinished
ProcedureReturn text
EndProcedure
Procedure addRule(text.s, List rules.mRule())
Protected result = parseRule(text, rules())
Select result
Case 0: AddGadgetItem(7, -1, "Invalid rule: " + #DQUOTE$ + text + #DQUOTE$)
Case 1: AddGadgetItem(7, -1, "Added: " + #DQUOTE$ + text + #DQUOTE$)
Case 2: AddGadgetItem(7, -1, "Comment: " + #DQUOTE$ + text + #DQUOTE$)
EndSelect
EndProcedure
OpenWindow(0, 0, 0, 350, 300, "Markov Algorithm Interpreter", #PB_Window_SystemMenu)
ButtonGadget(0, 45, 10, 75, 20, "Load Ruleset")
ButtonGadget(1, 163, 10, 65, 20, "Add Rule")
ButtonGadget(2, 280, 10, 65, 20, "Interpret")
TextGadget(3, 5, 40, 30, 20, "Input:")
StringGadget(4, 45, 40, 300, 20,"")
TextGadget(5, 5, 100, 35, 20, "Output:")
ButtonGadget(6, 160, 70, 70, 20, "Clear Output")
EditorGadget(7, 45, 100, 300, 195, #PB_Editor_ReadOnly)
NewList rules.mRule()
Define event, isDone, text.s, result, file.s
Repeat
event = WaitWindowEvent()
Select event
Case #PB_Event_Gadget
Select EventGadget()
Case 0
Define file.s, rule.s
file = OpenFileRequester("Select rule set", "*.txt", "Text (*.txt)|*.txt", 0)
If file
ClearList(rules())
ReadFile(0, file)
While Not(Eof(0))
addRule(ReadString(0), rules())
Wend
AddGadgetItem(7, -1, "Loaded " + Str(ListSize(rules())) + " rules."): AddGadgetItem(7, -1, "")
EndIf
Case 1
addRule(GetGadgetText(4), rules())
Case 2
text = GetGadgetText(4): AddGadgetItem(7, -1, "Interpret: " + #DQUOTE$ + text + #DQUOTE$)
AddGadgetItem(7, -1, "Result: " + #DQUOTE$ + interpretMarkov(text, rules()) + #DQUOTE$): AddGadgetItem(7, -1, "")
Case 6
ClearGadgetItems(7)
EndSelect
Case #PB_Event_CloseWindow
isDone = #True
EndSelect
Until isDone
Sample output from loading Ruleset 1 and interpreting a symbol:
Comment: "# This rules file is extracted from Wikipedia:"
Comment: "# http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov_Algorithm"
Added: "A -> apple"
Added: "B -> bag"
Added: "S -> shop"
Added: "T -> the"
Added: "the shop -> my brother"
Added: "a never used -> .terminating rule"
Loaded 6 rules.
Interpret: "I bought a B of As from T S."
Result: "I bought a bag of apples from my brother."
Python
The example uses a regexp to parse the syntax of the grammar. This regexp is multi-line and verbose, and uses named groups to aid in understanding the regexp and to allow more meaningful group names to be used when extracting the replacement data from the grammars in function extractreplacements.
The example gains flexibility by not being tied to specific files. The functions may be imported into other programs which then can provide textual input from their sources without the need to pass 'file handles' around.
import re
def extractreplacements(grammar):
return [ (matchobj.group('pat'), matchobj.group('repl'), bool(matchobj.group('term')))
for matchobj in re.finditer(syntaxre, grammar)
if matchobj.group('rule')]
def replace(text, replacements):
while True:
for pat, repl, term in replacements:
if pat in text:
text = text.replace(pat, repl, 1)
if term:
return text
break
else:
return text
syntaxre = r"""(?mx)
^(?:
(?: (?P<comment> \# .* ) ) |
(?: (?P<blank> \s* ) (?: \n | $ ) ) |
(?: (?P<rule> (?P<pat> .+? ) \s+ -> \s+ (?P<term> \.)? (?P<repl> .+) ) )
)$
"""
grammar1 = """\
# This rules file is extracted from Wikipedia:
# http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov_Algorithm
A -> apple
B -> bag
S -> shop
T -> the
the shop -> my brother
a never used -> .terminating rule
"""
grammar2 = '''\
# Slightly modified from the rules on Wikipedia
A -> apple
B -> bag
S -> .shop
T -> the
the shop -> my brother
a never used -> .terminating rule
'''
grammar3 = '''\
# BNF Syntax testing rules
A -> apple
WWWW -> with
Bgage -> ->.*
B -> bag
->.* -> money
W -> WW
S -> .shop
T -> the
the shop -> my brother
a never used -> .terminating rule
'''
grammar4 = '''\
### Unary Multiplication Engine, for testing Markov Algorithm implementations
### By Donal Fellows.
# Unary addition engine
_+1 -> _1+
1+1 -> 11+
# Pass for converting from the splitting of multiplication into ordinary
# addition
1! -> !1
,! -> !+
_! -> _
# Unary multiplication by duplicating left side, right side times
1*1 -> x,@y
1x -> xX
X, -> 1,1
X1 -> 1X
_x -> _X
,x -> ,X
y1 -> 1y
y_ -> _
# Next phase of applying
1@1 -> x,@y
1@_ -> @_
,@_ -> !_
++ -> +
# Termination cleanup for addition
_1 -> 1
1+_ -> 1
_+_ ->
'''
grammar5 = '''\
# Turing machine: three-state busy beaver
#
# state A, symbol 0 => write 1, move right, new state B
A0 -> 1B
# state A, symbol 1 => write 1, move left, new state C
0A1 -> C01
1A1 -> C11
# state B, symbol 0 => write 1, move left, new state A
0B0 -> A01
1B0 -> A11
# state B, symbol 1 => write 1, move right, new state B
B1 -> 1B
# state C, symbol 0 => write 1, move left, new state B
0C0 -> B01
1C0 -> B11
# state C, symbol 1 => write 1, move left, halt
0C1 -> H01
1C1 -> H11
'''
text1 = "I bought a B of As from T S."
text2 = "I bought a B of As W my Bgage from T S."
text3 = '_1111*11111_'
text4 = '000000A000000'
if __name__ == '__main__':
assert replace(text1, extractreplacements(grammar1)) \
== 'I bought a bag of apples from my brother.'
assert replace(text1, extractreplacements(grammar2)) \
== 'I bought a bag of apples from T shop.'
# Stretch goals
assert replace(text2, extractreplacements(grammar3)) \
== 'I bought a bag of apples with my money from T shop.'
assert replace(text3, extractreplacements(grammar4)) \
== '11111111111111111111'
assert replace(text4, extractreplacements(grammar5)) \
== '00011H1111000'
Racket
The Markov algorithm interpreter
The Markov-algorithm for a set of rules returns a function which maps from a string to string and can be used as a first-class object. Rules are represented by abstract data structures.
#lang racket
(struct -> (A B))
(struct ->. (A B))
(define ((Markov-algorithm . rules) initial-string)
(let/cc stop
; rewriting rules
(define (rewrite rule str)
(match rule
[(-> a b) (cond [(replace a str b) => apply-rules]
[else str])]
[(->. a b) (cond [(replace a str b) => stop]
[else str])]))
; the cycle through rewriting rules
(define (apply-rules s) (foldl rewrite s rules))
; the result is a fixed point of rewriting procedure
(fixed-point apply-rules initial-string)))
;; replaces the first substring A to B in a string s
(define (replace A s B)
(and (regexp-match? (regexp-quote A) s)
(regexp-replace (regexp-quote A) s B)))
;; Finds the least fixed-point of a function
(define (fixed-point f x0)
(let loop ([x x0] [fx (f x0)])
(if (equal? x fx) fx (loop fx (f fx)))))
Example of use:
> (define MA
(Markov-algorithm
(-> "A" "apple")
(-> "B" "bag")
(->. "S" "shop")
(-> "T" "the")
(-> "the shop" "my brother")
(->. "a never used" "terminating rule")))
> (MA "I bought a B of As from T S.")
"I bought a bag of apples from T shop."
The source reader
To read from a file just replace with-input-from-string ==> with-input-from-file.
;; the reader
(define (read-rules source)
(with-input-from-string source
(λ () (for*/list ([line (in-lines)]
#:unless (should-be-skipped? line))
(match line
[(rx-split A "[[:blank:]]->[[:blank:]][.]" B) (->. A B)]
[(rx-split A "[[:blank:]]->[[:blank:]]" B) (-> A B)])))))
;; the new pattern for the match form
(define-match-expander rx-split
(syntax-rules ()
[(rx-split A rx B)
(app (λ (s) (regexp-split (pregexp rx) s)) (list A B))]))
;; skip empty lines and comments
(define (should-be-skipped? line)
(or (regexp-match? #rx"^#.*" line)
(regexp-match? #px"^[[:blank:]]*$" line)))
(define (read-Markov-algorithm source)
(apply Markov-algorithm (read-rules source)))
Examples:
(define R3 (read-Markov-algorithm "
# BNF Syntax testing rules
A -> apple
WWWW -> with
Bgage -> ->.*
B -> bag
->.* -> money
W -> WW
S -> .shop
T -> the
the shop -> my brother
a never used -> .terminating rule"))
(define R4
(read-Markov-algorithm "
### Unary Multiplication Engine, for testing Markov Algorithm implementations
### By Donal Fellows.
# Unary addition engine
_+1 -> _1+
1+1 -> 11+
# Pass for converting from the splitting of multiplication into ordinary
# addition
1! -> !1
,! -> !+
_! -> _
# Unary multiplication by duplicating left side, right side times
1*1 -> x,@y
1x -> xX
X, -> 1,1
X1 -> 1X
_x -> _X
,x -> ,X
y1 -> 1y
y_ -> _
# Next phase of applying
1@1 -> x,@y
1@_ -> @_
,@_ -> !_
++ -> +
# Termination cleanup for addition
_1 -> 1
1+_ -> 1
_+_ -> "))
(define R5
(read-Markov-algorithm "
# Turing machine: three-state busy beaver
#
# state A, symbol 0 => write 1, move right, new state B
A0 -> 1B
# state A, symbol 1 => write 1, move left, new state C
0A1 -> C01
1A1 -> C11
# state B, symbol 0 => write 1, move left, new state A
0B0 -> A01
1B0 -> A11
# state B, symbol 1 => write 1, move right, new state B
B1 -> 1B
# state C, symbol 0 => write 1, move left, new state B
0C0 -> B01
1C0 -> B11
# state C, symbol 1 => write 1, move left, halt
0C1 -> H01
1C1 -> H11"))
> (R3 "I bought a B of As W my Bgage from T S.")
"I bought a bag of apples with my money from T shop."
> (R4 "_1111*11111_")
"11111111111111111111"
> (R5 "000000A000000")
"00011H1111000"
REXX
Code was added to the REXX example to optionally list the contents of the ruleset and/or the Markov entries.
Also, blank lines in the ruleset were treated as comments.
/*REXX program executes a Markov algorithm(s) against specified entries. */
parse arg low high . /*allows which ruleset to process. */
if low=='' | low=="," then low=1 /*Not specified? Then use the default.*/
if high=='' | high=="," then high=6 /* " " " " " " */
tellE= low<0; tellR= high<0 /*flags: used to display file contents.*/
call readEntry
do j=abs(low) to abs(high) /*process each of these rulesets. */
call readRules j /*read a particular ruleset. */
call execRules j /*execute " " " */
say 'result for ruleset' j "───►" !.j
end /*j*/
exit /*stick a fork in it, we're all done. */
/*──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
execRules: parse arg q .; if tellE | tellR then say /*show a blank line?*/
do f=1
do k=1 while @.k\==''; if left(@.k, 1)=='#' | @.k='' then iterate
parse var @.k a ' ->' b /*obtain the A & B parts from rule.*/
a=strip(a); b=strip(b) /*strip leading and/or trailing blanks.*/
fullstop= left(b, 1)==. /*is this a "fullstop" rule? 1≡yes */
if fullstop then b=substr(b, 2) /*purify the B part of the rule. */
old=!.q /*remember the value before the change.*/
!.q=changestr(a, !.q, b) /*implement the ruleset change. */
if fullstop then if old\==!.q then return /*should we stop? */
if old\==!.q then iterate f /*Has Entry changed? Then start over.*/
end /*k*/
return
end /*f*/
return
/*──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
readEntry: eFID= 'MARKOV.ENT'; if tellE then say /*show a blank line?*/
!.= /*placeholder for all the test entries.*/
do e=1 while lines(eFID)\==0 /*read the input file until End-Of-File*/
!.e=linein(eFID); if tellE then say 'test entry' e "───►" !.e
end /*e*/ /* [↑] read and maybe echo the entry. */
return
/*──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
readRules: parse arg ? .; rFID= 'MARKOV_R.'?; if tellR then say /*show a blank line?*/
@.= /*placeholder for all the Markov rules.*/
do r=1 while lines(rFID)\==0 /*read the input file until End-Of-File*/
@.r=linein(rFID); if tellR then say 'ruleSet' ?"."left(r,4) '───►' @.r
end /*r*/ /* [↑] read and maybe echo the rule. */
return
Some older REXXes don't have a '''changestr''' BIF, so one is included here ──► [[CHANGESTR.REX]].
{{out|output|text= when using the default input and files:}}
result for ruleset 1 ───► I bought a B of As from T S.
result for ruleset 2 ───► I bought a bag of apples from T shop.
result for ruleset 3 ───► I bought a bag of apples with my money from T shop.
result for ruleset 4 ───► 11111111111111111111
result for ruleset 5 ───► 00011H1111000
result for ruleset 6 ───► |||||
{{out|Ruleset 6|text= is:}}
# Rewrite binary numbers to their unary value (| bars).
# I.E.: 101 [base 2] will be converted to 5 bars.
#──────────────────────────────────────────────────────
|0 -> 0||
1 -> 0|
0 ->
Ruby
{{works with|Ruby|1.8.7}}
def setup(ruleset)
ruleset.each_line.inject([]) do |rules, line|
if line =~ /^\s*#/
rules
elsif line =~ /^(.+)\s+->\s+(\.?)(.*)$/
rules << [$1, $3, $2 != ""]
else
raise "Syntax error: #{line}"
end
end
end
def morcov(ruleset, input_data)
rules = setup(ruleset)
while (matched = rules.find { |match, replace, term|
input_data[match] and input_data.sub!(match, replace)
}) and !matched[2]
end
input_data
end
'''Test:'''
ruleset1 = <<EOS
# This rules file is extracted from Wikipedia:
# http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov_Algorithm
A -> apple
B -> bag
S -> shop
T -> the
the shop -> my brother
a never used -> .terminating rule
EOS
puts morcov(ruleset1, "I bought a B of As from T S.")
ruleset2 = <<EOS
# Slightly modified from the rules on Wikipedia
A -> apple
B -> bag
S -> .shop
T -> the
the shop -> my brother
a never used -> .terminating rule
EOS
puts morcov(ruleset2, "I bought a B of As from T S.")
ruleset3 = <<EOS
# BNF Syntax testing rules
A -> apple
WWWW -> with
Bgage -> ->.*
B -> bag
->.* -> money
W -> WW
S -> .shop
T -> the
the shop -> my brother
a never used -> .terminating rule
EOS
puts morcov(ruleset3, "I bought a B of As W my Bgage from T S.")
ruleset4 = <<EOS
### Unary Multiplication Engine, for testing Markov Algorithm implementations
### By Donal Fellows.
# Unary addition engine
_+1 -> _1+
1+1 -> 11+
# Pass for converting from the splitting of multiplication into ordinary
# addition
1! -> !1
,! -> !+
_! -> _
# Unary multiplication by duplicating left side, right side times
1*1 -> x,@y
1x -> xX
X, -> 1,1
X1 -> 1X
_x -> _X
,x -> ,X
y1 -> 1y
y_ -> _
# Next phase of applying
1@1 -> x,@y
1@_ -> @_
,@_ -> !_
++ -> +
# Termination cleanup for addition
_1 -> 1
1+_ -> 1
_+_ ->
EOS
puts morcov(ruleset4, "_1111*11111_")
ruleset5 = <<EOS
# Turing machine: three-state busy beaver
#
# state A, symbol 0 => write 1, move right, new state B
A0 -> 1B
# state A, symbol 1 => write 1, move left, new state C
0A1 -> C01
1A1 -> C11
# state B, symbol 0 => write 1, move left, new state A
0B0 -> A01
1B0 -> A11
# state B, symbol 1 => write 1, move right, new state B
B1 -> 1B
# state C, symbol 0 => write 1, move left, new state B
0C0 -> B01
1C0 -> B11
# state C, symbol 1 => write 1, move left, halt
0C1 -> H01
1C1 -> H11
EOS
puts morcov(ruleset5, "000000A000000")
{{out}}
I bought a bag of apples from my brother.
I bought a bag of apples from T shop.
I bought a bag of apples with my money from T shop.
11111111111111111111
00011H1111000
Scala
{{works with|Scala|2.8}}
import scala.io.Source
object MarkovAlgorithm {
val RulePattern = """(.*?)\s+->\s+(\.?)(.*)""".r
val CommentPattern = """#.*|\s*""".r
def rule(line: String) = line match {
case CommentPattern() => None
case RulePattern(pattern, terminal, replacement) => Some(pattern, replacement, terminal == ".")
case _ => error("Syntax error on line "+line)
}
def main(args: Array[String]) {
if (args.size != 2 ) {
println("Syntax: MarkovAlgorithm inputFile inputPattern")
exit(1)
}
val rules = (Source fromPath args(0) getLines () map rule).toList.flatten
def algorithm(input: String): String = rules find (input contains _._1) match {
case Some((pattern, replacement, true)) => input replaceFirst ("\\Q"+pattern+"\\E", replacement)
case Some((pattern, replacement, false)) => algorithm(input replaceFirst ("\\Q"+pattern+"\\E", replacement))
case None => input
}
println(args(1))
println(algorithm(args(1)))
}
}
Script-style, and more concise:
import scala.io.Source
if (argv.size != 2 ) error("Syntax: MarkovAlgorithm inputFile inputPattern")
val rulePattern = """(.*?)\s+->\s+(\.?)(.*)""".r
val isComment = (_: String) matches "#.*|\\s*"
val rules = Source fromPath args(0) getLines () filterNot isComment map (rulePattern unapplySeq _ get) toList;
def algorithm(input: String): String = rules find (input contains _.head) match {
case Some(Seq(pattern, ".", replacement)) => input replaceFirst ("\\Q"+pattern+"\\E", replacement)
case Some(Seq(pattern, "", replacement)) => algorithm(input replaceFirst ("\\Q"+pattern+"\\E", replacement))
case None => input
}
println(argv(1))
println(algorithm(argv(1)))
Sample outputs:
C:\>scala MarkovAlgorithm ruleset1.txt "I bought a B of As from T S."
I bought a B of As from T S.
I bought a bag of apples from my brother.
C:\>scala MarkovAlgorithm ruleset2.txt "I bought a B of As from T S."
I bought a B of As from T S.
I bought a bag of apples from T shop.
C:\>scala MarkovAlgorithm ruleset3.txt "I bought a B of As W my Bgage from T S."
I bought a B of As W my Bgage from T S.
I bought a bag of apples with my money from T shop.
C:\>scala MarkovAlgorithm ruleset4.txt "_1111*11111_"
_1111*11111_
11111111111111111111
The script is called much in the same way, but with the ".scala" extension added.
Scheme
The following implementation uses several string-related procedures provided by SRFI-13 [http://srfi.schemers.org/srfi-13/srfi-13.html].
(define split-into-lines
(lambda (str)
(let loop ((index 0)
(result '()))
(let ((next-index (string-index str #\newline index)))
(if next-index
(loop (+ next-index 1)
(cons (substring str index next-index) result))
(reverse (cons (substring str index) result)))))))
(define parse-rules
(lambda (str)
(let loop ((rules (split-into-lines str))
(result '()))
(if (null? rules)
(reverse result)
(let ((rule (car rules)))
(loop (cdr rules)
(if (or (string=? rule "")
(eq? (string-ref rule 0) #\#))
result
(cons
(let ((index (string-contains rule "->" 1)))
(list (string-trim-right (substring rule 0 index))
(string-trim (substring rule (+ index 2)))))
result))))))))
(define apply-rules
(lambda (str rules)
(let loop ((remaining rules)
(result str))
(if (null? remaining)
result
(let* ((rule (car remaining))
(pattern (car rule))
(replacement (cadr rule))
(start (string-contains result pattern)))
(if start
(if (eq? #\. (string-ref replacement 0))
(string-replace result replacement start
(+ start (string-length pattern)) 1)
(apply-rules
(string-replace result replacement start
(+ start (string-length pattern)))
rules))
(loop (cdr remaining) result)))))))
SequenceL
import <Utilities/Sequence.sl>;
Rule ::= ( pattern : char(1),
replacement : char(1),
terminal : bool);
ReplaceResult ::= (newString : char(1), wasReplaced : bool);
main(args(2)) := markov(createRule(split(args[1], '\n')), 1, args[2]);
createRule(line(1)) :=
let
containsComments := firstIndexOf(line, '#');
removedComments := line when containsComments = 0 else
line[1 ... containsComments - 1];
arrowLocation := startOfArrow(removedComments, 1);
lhs := removedComments[1 ... arrowLocation-1];
rhs := removedComments[arrowLocation + 4 ... size(removedComments)];
isTerminal := size(rhs) > 0 and rhs[1] = '.';
in
(pattern : lhs,
replacement : rhs[2 ... size(rhs)] when isTerminal else rhs,
terminal : isTerminal) when size(removedComments) > 0 and arrowLocation /= -1;
startOfArrow(line(1), n) :=
-1 when n > size(line) - 3 else
n when (line[n]=' ' or line[n]='\t') and
line[n+1] = '-' and line[n+2] = '>' and
(line[n+3]=' ' or line[n+3]='\t') else
startOfArrow(line, n+1);
markov(rules(1), n, input(1)) :=
let
replaced := replaceSubString(input, rules[n].pattern, rules[n].replacement, 1);
in
input when n > size(rules) else
replaced.newString when replaced.wasReplaced and rules[n].terminal else
markov(rules, 1, replaced.newString) when replaced.wasReplaced else
markov(rules, n+1, input);
replaceSubString(str(1), original(1), new(1), n) :=
(newString : str, wasReplaced : false)
when n > size(str) - size(original) + 1 else
(newString : str[1 ... n - 1] ++ new ++ str[n + size(original) ... size(str)], wasReplaced : true)
when equalList(str[n ... n + size(original) - 1], original) else
replaceSubString(str, original, new, n + 1);
SNOBOL4
Note that the run-time data is immediately after the "end" label. This works with CSNOBOL4, on a Unix (or Unix-like) platform. The Markov rules are actually compiled into the program after parsing, and are then directly executed (self-modifying code).
#!/bin/sh
exec "snobol4" "-r" "$0" "$@"
*
* http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Execute_a_Markov_algorithm
*
define('repl(s1,s2,s3)c,t,findc') :(repl_end)
repl s2 len(1) . c = :f(freturn)
findc = break(c) . t len(1)
s2 = pos(0) s2
repl_1 s1 findc = :f(repl_2)
s1 s2 = :f(repl_3)
repl = repl t s3 :(repl_1)
repl_3 repl = repl t c :(repl_1)
repl_2 repl = repl s1 :(return)
repl_end
*
define('quote(s)q,qq') :(quote_end)
quote q = "'"; qq = '"'
quote = q repl(s, q, q ' ' qq q qq ' ' q) q :(return)
quote_end
*
whitespace = span(' ' char(9))
top r = 0
read s = input :f(end)
s pos(0) 'ENDRULE' rpos(0) :s(interp)
s pos(0) '#' :s(read)
pattern =; replacement =; term =
s arb . pattern whitespace '->' whitespace
+ ('.' | '') . term arb . replacement rpos(0) :f(syntax)
r = r + 1
f = ident(term, '.') ' :(done)'
f = ident(term) ' :f(rule' r + 1 ')s(rule1)'
c = 'rule' r ' s ' quote(pattern) ' = ' quote(replacement) f
code(c) :s(read)
output = 'rule: ' s ' generates code ' c ' in error' :(end)
syntax output = 'rule: ' s ' in error' :(read)
interp code('rule' r + 1 ' :(done)')
go s = input :f(end)
s pos(0) 'END' rpos(0) :s(top)f(rule1)
done output = s :(go)
end
# This rules file is extracted from Wikipedia:
# http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov_Algorithm
A -> apple
B -> bag
S -> shop
T -> the
the shop -> my brother
a never used -> .terminating rule
ENDRULE
I bought a B of As from T S.
END
# Slightly modified from the rules on Wikipedia
A -> apple
B -> bag
S -> .shop
T -> the
the shop -> my brother
a never used -> .terminating rule
ENDRULE
I bought a B of As from T S.
END
# BNF Syntax testing rules
A -> apple
WWWW -> with
Bgage -> ->.*
B -> bag
->.* -> money
W -> WW
S -> .shop
T -> the
the shop -> my brother
a never used -> .terminating rule
ENDRULE
I bought a B of As W my Bgage from T S.
END
### Unary Multiplication Engine, for testing Markov Algorithm implementations
### By Donal Fellows.
# Unary addition engine
_+1 -> _1+
1+1 -> 11+
# Pass for converting from the splitting of multiplication into ordinary
# addition
1! -> !1
,! -> !+
_! -> _
# Unary multiplication by duplicating left side, right side times
1*1 -> x,@y
1x -> xX
X, -> 1,1
X1 -> 1X
_x -> _X
,x -> ,X
y1 -> 1y
y_ -> _
# Next phase of applying
1@1 -> x,@y
1@_ -> @_
,@_ -> !_
++ -> +
# Termination cleanup for addition
_1 -> 1
1+_ -> 1
_+_ ->
ENDRULE
_1111*11111_
END
# Turing machine: three-state busy beaver
#
# state A, symbol 0 => write 1, move right, new state B
A0 -> 1B
# state A, symbol 1 => write 1, move left, new state C
0A1 -> C01
1A1 -> C11
# state B, symbol 0 => write 1, move left, new state A
0B0 -> A01
1B0 -> A11
# state B, symbol 1 => write 1, move right, new state B
B1 -> 1B
# state C, symbol 0 => write 1, move left, new state B
0C0 -> B01
1C0 -> B11
# state C, symbol 1 => write 1, move left, halt
0C1 -> H01
1C1 -> H11
ENDRULE
000000A000000
END
Swift
{{trans|Ruby}}
import Foundation
func setup(ruleset: String) -> [(String, String, Bool)] {
return ruleset.componentsSeparatedByCharactersInSet(NSCharacterSet.newlineCharacterSet())
.filter { $0.rangeOfString("^s*#", options: .RegularExpressionSearch) == nil }
.reduce([(String, String, Bool)]()) { rules, line in
let regex = try! NSRegularExpression(pattern: "^(.+)\\s+->\\s+(\\.?)(.*)$", options: .CaseInsensitive)
guard let match = regex.firstMatchInString(line, options: .Anchored, range: NSMakeRange(0, line.characters.count)) else { return rules }
return rules + [(
(line as NSString).substringWithRange(match.rangeAtIndex(1)),
(line as NSString).substringWithRange(match.rangeAtIndex(3)),
(line as NSString).substringWithRange(match.rangeAtIndex(2)) != ""
)]
}
}
func markov(ruleset: String, var input: String) -> String {
let rules = setup(ruleset)
var terminate = false
while !terminate {
guard let i = rules.indexOf ({
if let range = input.rangeOfString($0.0) {
input.replaceRange(range, with: $0.1)
return true
}
return false
}) else { break }
terminate = rules[i].2
}
return input
}
let tests: [(ruleset: String, input: String)] = [
("# This rules file is extracted from Wikipedia:\n# http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov_Algorithm\nA -> apple\nB -> bag\nS -> shop\nT -> the\nthe shop -> my brother\na never used -> .terminating rule", "I bought a B of As from T S."),
("# Slightly modified from the rules on Wikipedia\nA -> apple\nB -> bag\nS -> .shop\nT -> the\nthe shop -> my brother\na never used -> .terminating rule", "I bought a B of As from T S."),
("# BNF Syntax testing rules\nA -> apple\nWWWW -> with\nBgage -> ->.*\nB -> bag\n->.* -> money\nW -> WW\nS -> .shop\nT -> the\nthe shop -> my brother\na never used -> .terminating rule", "I bought a B of As W my Bgage from T S."),
("### Unary Multiplication Engine, for testing Markov Algorithm implementations\n### By Donal Fellows.\n# Unary addition engine\n_+1 -> _1+\n1+1 -> 11+\n# Pass for converting from the splitting of multiplication into ordinary\n# addition\n1! -> !1\n,! -> !+\n_! -> _\n# Unary multiplication by duplicating left side, right side times\n1*1 -> x,@y\n1x -> xX\nX, -> 1,1\nX1 -> 1X\n_x -> _X\n,x -> ,X\ny1 -> 1y\ny_ -> _\n# Next phase of applying\n1@1 -> x,@y\n1@_ -> @_\n,@_ -> !_\n++ -> +\n# Termination cleanup for addition\n_1 -> 1\n1+_ -> 1\n_+_ ->", "_1111*11111_"),
("# Turing machine: three-state busy beaver\n#\n# state A, symbol 0 => write 1, move right, new state B\nA0 -> 1B\n# state A, symbol 1 => write 1, move left, new state C\n0A1 -> C01\n1A1 -> C11\n# state B, symbol 0 => write 1, move left, new state A\n0B0 -> A01\n1B0 -> A11\n# state B, symbol 1 => write 1, move right, new state B\nB1 -> 1B\n# state C, symbol 0 => write 1, move left, new state B\n0C0 -> B01\n1C0 -> B11\n# state C, symbol 1 => write 1, move left, halt\n0C1 -> H01\n1C1 -> H11", "000000A000000")
]
for (index, test) in tests.enumerate() {
print("\(index + 1):", markov(test.ruleset, input: test.input))
}
{{out}}
1: I bought a bag of apples from my brother.
2: I bought a bag of apples from T shop.
3: I bought a bag of apples with my money from T shop.
4: 11111111111111111111
5: 00011H1111000
Tcl
{{works with|Tcl|8.5}}
package require Tcl 8.5
if {$argc < 3} {error "usage: $argv0 ruleFile inputFile outputFile"}
lassign $argv ruleFile inputFile outputFile
# Read the file of rules
set rules {}
set f [open $ruleFile]
foreach line [split [read $f] \n[close $f]] {
if {[string match "#*" $line] || $line eq ""} continue
if {[regexp {^(.+)\s+->\s+(\.?)(.*)$} $line -> from final to]} {
lappend rules $from $to [string compare "." $final] [string length $from]
} else {
error "Syntax error: \"$line\""
}
}
# Apply the rules
set f [open $inputFile]
set out [open $outputFile w]
foreach line [split [read $f] \n[close $f]] {
set any 1
while {$any} {
set any 0
foreach {from to more fl} $rules {
# If we match the 'from' pattern...
if {[set idx [string first $from $line]] >= 0} {
# Change for the 'to' replacement
set line [string replace $line $idx [expr {$idx+$fl-1}] $to]
# Stop if we terminate, otherwise note that we've more work to do
set any $more
break; # Restart search for rules to apply
}
}
#DEBUG# puts $line
}
# Output the processed line
puts $out $line
}
close $out
In the case where there are no terminating rules and no overlapping issues, the following is an alternative:
package require Tcl 8.5
if {$argc < 3} {error "usage: $argv0 ruleFile inputFile outputFile"}
lassign $argv ruleFile inputFile outputFile
# Read the file of rules
set rules {}
set f [open $ruleFile]
foreach line [split [read $f] \n[close $f]] {
if {[string match "#*" $line] || $line eq ""} continue
if {[regexp {^(.+)\s+->\s+(.*)$} $line -> from to]} {
dict set rules $from $to
} else {
error "Syntax error: \"$line\""
}
}
# Apply the rules in a simplistic manner
set in [open $inputFile]
set out [open $outputFile w]
set data [read $in]
close $in
while 1 {
set newData [string map $rules $data]
if {$newData eq $data} break
set data $newData
}
puts $out $data
close $out
VBScript
=Implementation=
class markovparser
dim aRules
public property let ruleset( sBlock )
dim i
aRules = split( sBlock, vbNewLine )
'~ remove blank lines from end of array
do while aRules( ubound( aRules ) ) = vbnullstring
redim preserve aRules( ubound( aRules ) - 1 )
loop
'~ parse array
for i = lbound( aRules ) to ubound( aRules )
if left( aRules( i ), 1 ) = "#" then
aRules( i ) = Array( vbnullstring, aRules(i))
else
aRules( i ) = Split( aRules( i ), " -> ", 2 )
end if
next
end property
public function apply( sArg )
dim ruleapplied
dim terminator
dim was
dim i
dim repl
dim changes
ruleapplied = true
terminator = false
do while ruleapplied and (not terminator)
changes = 0
was = sArg
for i = lbound( aRules ) to ubound( aRules )
repl = aRules(i)(1)
if left( repl, 1 ) = "." then
terminator = true
repl = mid( repl, 2 )
end if
sArg = replace( sArg, aRules(i)(0), repl)
if was <> sArg then
changes = changes + 1
if changes = 1 then
exit for
end if
end if
if terminator then
exit for
end if
next
if changes = 0 then
ruleapplied = false
end if
loop
apply = sArg
end function
sub dump
dim i
for i = lbound( aRules ) to ubound( aRules )
wscript.echo eef(aRules(i)(0)=vbnullstring,aRules(i)(1),aRules(i)(0)& " -> " & aRules(i)(1)) & eef( left( aRules(i)(1), 1 ) = ".", " #terminator", "" )
next
end sub
private function eef( bCond, sExp1, sExp2 )
if bCond then
eef = sExp1
else
eef = sExp2
end if
end function
end class
==Invocation==
dim m1
set m1 = new markovparser
m1.ruleset = "# This rules file is extracted from Wikipedia:" & vbNewLine & _
"# http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov_Algorithm" & vbNewLine & _
"A -> apple" & vbNewLine & _
"B -> bag" & vbNewLine & _
"S -> shop" & vbNewLine & _
"T -> the" & vbNewLine & _
"the shop -> my brother" & vbNewLine & _
"a never used -> .terminating rule"
wscript.echo m1.apply( "I bought a B of As from T S.")
dim m2
set m2 = new markovparser
m2.ruleset = replace( "# Slightly modified from the rules on Wikipedia\nA -> apple\nB -> bag\nS -> .shop\nT -> the\nthe shop -> my brother\na never used -> .terminating rule", "\n", vbNewLine )
'~ m1.dump
wscript.echo m2.apply( "I bought a B of As from T S.")
dim m3
set m3 = new markovparser
m3.ruleset = replace("# BNF Syntax testing rules\nA -> apple\nWWWW -> with\nBgage -> ->.*\nB -> bag" & vbNewLine & _
"->.* -> money\nW -> WW\nS -> .shop\nT -> the\nthe shop -> my brother\na never used -> .terminating rule", "\n", vbNewLine )
wscript.echo m3.apply("I bought a B of As W my Bgage from T S.")
set m4 = new markovparser
m4.ruleset = "### Unary Multiplication Engine, for testing Markov Algorithm implementations" & vbNewLine & _
"### By Donal Fellows." & vbNewLine & _
"# Unary addition engine" & vbNewLine & _
"_+1 -> _1+" & vbNewLine & _
"1+1 -> 11+" & vbNewLine & _
"# Pass for converting from the splitting of multiplication into ordinary" & vbNewLine & _
"# addition" & vbNewLine & _
"1! -> !1" & vbNewLine & _
",! -> !+" & vbNewLine & _
"_! -> _" & vbNewLine & _
"# Unary multiplication by duplicating left side, right side times" & vbNewLine & _
"1*1 -> x,@y" & vbNewLine & _
"1x -> xX" & vbNewLine & _
"X, -> 1,1" & vbNewLine & _
"X1 -> 1X" & vbNewLine & _
"_x -> _X" & vbNewLine & _
",x -> ,X" & vbNewLine & _
"y1 -> 1y" & vbNewLine & _
"y_ -> _" & vbNewLine & _
"# Next phase of applying" & vbNewLine & _
"1@1 -> x,@y" & vbNewLine & _
"1@_ -> @_" & vbNewLine & _
",@_ -> !_" & vbNewLine & _
"++ -> +" & vbNewLine & _
"# Termination cleanup for addition" & vbNewLine & _
"_1 -> 1" & vbNewLine & _
"1+_ -> 1" & vbNewLine & _
"_+_ -> "
'~ m4.dump
wscript.echo m4.apply( "_1111*11111_")
set fso = createobject("scripting.filesystemobject")
set m5 = new markovparser
m5.ruleset = fso.opentextfile("busybeaver.tur").readall
wscript.echo m5.apply("000000A000000")
==Output==
I bought a bag of apples from my brother.
I bought a bag of apples from T shop.
I bought a bag of apples with my money from T shop.
11111111111111111111
00011H1111000
zkl
fcn parseRuleSet(lines){
if(vm.numArgs>1) lines=vm.arglist; // lines or object
ks:=L(); vs:=L();
foreach line in (lines){
if(line[0]=="#") continue; // nuke <comment>
pattern,replacement:=line.replace("\t"," ")
.split(" -> ",1).apply("strip");
ks.append(pattern); vs.append(replacement);
}
return(ks,vs);
}
fcn markov(text,rules){
ks,vs:=rules; eks:=ks.enumerate();
do{ go:=False;
foreach n,k in (eks){
if (Void!=text.find(k)){
if (Void==(v:=vs[n])) return(text);
if (v[0,1]==".") v=v[1,*] else go=True;
text=text.replace(k,v,1);
break; // restart after every rule application, unless terminating
}
}
}while(go);
text
}
ruleSet:=parseRuleSet("# This rules file is extracted from Wikipedia:",
"# http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov_Algorithm",
"A\t->\tapple", "B -> bag", "S -> shop", "T -> the",
"the shop -> my brother", "a never used -> .terminating rule");
ruleSet.println();
markov("I bought a B of As from T S.",ruleSet).println();
{{out}}
L(L("A","B","S","T","the shop","a never used"),L("apple","bag","shop","the","my brother",".terminating rule"))
I bought a bag of apples from my brother.
parseRuleSet( // rule set in a list
T("# Slightly modified from the rules on Wikipedia",
"A -> apple", "B -> bag", "S -> .shop", "T -> the",
"the shop -> my brother", "a never used -> .terminating rule")) :
markov("I bought a B of As from T S.",_).println();
parseRuleSet("# BNF Syntax testing rules", "A -> apple",
"WWWW -> with", "Bgage -> ->.*", "B -> bag", "->.* -> money",
"W -> WW", "S -> .shop", "T -> the",
"the shop -> my brother", "a never used -> .terminating rule") :
markov("I bought a B of As W my Bgage from T S.",_).println();
{{out}}
I bought a bag of apples from T shop.
I bought a bag of apples with my money from T shop.
For the next two tasks, read the rule set from a file.
parseRuleSet(File("ruleSet4")) : markov("_1111*11111_",_).println();
parseRuleSet(File("ruleSet5")) : markov("000000A000000",_).println();
{{out}}
11111111111111111111
00011H1111000
{{omit from|GUISS}} {{omit from|Openscad}}