⚠️ Warning: This is a draft ⚠️
This means it might contain formatting issues, incorrect code, conceptual problems, or other severe issues.
If you want to help to improve and eventually enable this page, please fork RosettaGit's repository and open a merge request on GitHub.
{{task|Programming environment operations}}
;Task:
Spawn a new [[process]] which can run simultaneously with, and independently of, the original parent process.
Ada
{{libheader|POSIX}}
with Ada.Text_IO,
POSIX.Process_Identification,
POSIX.Unsafe_Process_Primitives;
procedure Fork is
use Ada.Text_IO,
POSIX.Process_Identification,
POSIX.Unsafe_Process_Primitives;
begin
if Fork = Null_Process_ID then
Put_Line ("This is the new process.");
else
Put_Line ("This is the original process.");
end if;
exception
when others =>
Put_Line ("Something went wrong.");
end Fork;
Aikido
var pid = fork()
switch (pid) {
case <0:
println ("fork error")
break
case 0:
println ("child")
break
default:
println ("parent")
break
}
ALGOL 68
{{trans|C}}
{{works with|ALGOL 68G|Any - tested with release mk15-0.8b.fc9 - "fork" is not part of the standard's prelude.}}
main:
(
INT pid;
IF (pid:=fork)=0 THEN
print("This is new process")
ELIF pid>0 THEN
print("This is the original process")
ELSE
print("ERROR: Something went wrong")
FI
)
Output:
This is new process
This is the original process
AutoHotkey
MsgBox, 4, Fork, Start another process?
IfMsgBox, Yes
Run, %A_AhkPath% "%A_ScriptFullPath%"
MsgBox, 0, Fork, Stop this process.
BaCon
' Fork
pid = FORK
IF pid = 0 THEN
PRINT "I am the child, my PID is:", MYPID
ENDFORK
ELIF pid > 0 THEN
PRINT "I am the parent, pid of child:", pid
REPEAT
PRINT "Waiting for child to exit"
SLEEP 50
UNTIL REAP(pid)
ELSE
PRINT "Error in fork"
ENDIF
{{out}}
prompt$ bacon fork.bac
Converting 'fork.bac'... done, 14 lines were processed in 0.004 seconds.
Compiling 'fork.bac'... cc -c fork.bac.c
cc -o fork fork.bac.o -lbacon -lm
Done, program 'fork' ready.
prompt$ ./fork
I am the parent, pid of child:12733
Waiting for child to exit
I am the child, my PID is:12733
Batch File
While you cannot fork into asynchronous subroutines conventionally, there are workarounds involving the start command.
@echo off
if "%1" neq "" goto %1 || echo Not a valid subroutine
echo Starting mySubroutine1
start "" "%~n0" mySubroutine1
echo.
echo Starting mySubroutine2 6 3
start "" "%~n0" mySubroutine2 6 3
echo.
echo Starting mySubroutine3
start "" "%~n0" mySubroutine3
echo.
:: We wait here for the subroutines to run, but they are running asynchronously
timeout /t 1
for /l %%i in (1,1,3) do (
for /f "tokens=*" %%j in (output%%i.txt) do (
set output%%i=%%j
del output%%i.txt
)
)
echo.
echo.
echo Return values
echo ----------------------------
echo mySubroutine1: %output1%
echo mySubroutine2: %output2%
echo mySubroutine3: %output3%
pause>nul
exit
:mySubroutine1
echo This is the result of subroutine1 > output1.txt
exit
:mySubroutine2
set /a result=%2+%3
echo %result% > output2.txt
exit
:mySubroutine3
echo mySubroutine1 hasn't been run > output3.txt
if exist output1.txt echo mySubroutine1 has been run > output3.txt
exit
Output:
Starting mySubroutine1
Starting mySubroutine2 6 3
Starting mySubroutine3
Waiting for 0 seconds, press a key to continue ...
Return values
----------------------------
mySubroutine1: This is the result of subroutine1
mySubroutine2: 9
mySubroutine3: mySubroutine1 has been run
C
{{libheader|POSIX}}
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
#include <err.h>
int main()
{
pid_t pid;
if (!(pid = fork())) {
usleep(10000);
printf("\tchild process: done\n");
} else if (pid < 0) {
err(1, "fork error");
} else {
printf("waiting for child %d...\n", (int)pid);
printf("child %d finished\n", (int)wait(0));
}
return 0;
}
output
## C++
{{trans|C}}
{{libheader|POSIX}}
```cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <unistd.h>
int main()
{
pid_t pid = fork();
if (pid == 0)
{
std::cout << "This is the new process\n";
}
else if (pid > 0)
{
std::cout << "This is the original process\n";
}
else
{
std::cerr << "ERROR: Something went wrong\n";
}
return 0;
}
C#
using System;
using System.Threading;
namespace Fork {
class Program {
static void Fork() {
Console.WriteLine("Spawned Thread");
}
static void Main(string[] args) {
Thread t = new Thread(new ThreadStart(Fork));
t.Start();
Console.WriteLine("Main Thread");
t.Join();
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
}
Clojure
Through its Java interop capabilities, Clojure has full access to the JRE's process creation and control facilities. The ''clojure.java.shell'' API (in Clojure 1.2; there's an equivalent in 1.1 ''clojure.contrib.shell'') uses these facilities to provide a convenient way of running a shell command in a separate process, providing its arguments, input, environment, and working dir as necessary, and capturing the process's return code and its stdout and stderr output.
(require '[clojure.java.shell :as shell])
(shell/sh "echo" "foo") ; evaluates to {:exit 0, :out "foo\n", :err ""}
Though this starts a separate process, the code in ''shell/sh'' blocks until the process completes. We can get other stuff done in the meantime by running the function in a separate thread with the core function ''future''. Suppose we want to find files named "needle.*" in a large directory tree ''haystack'', and do other stuff while the search proceeds. Using the Unix-like command ''find'' the code would look something like
(let [search (future (shell/sh "find" "." "-name" "needle.*" :dir haystack))]
(while (and (other-stuff-to-do?) (not (future-done? search)))
(do-other-stuff))
(let [{:keys [exit out err]} @search]
(if (zero? exit)
(do-something-with out)
(report-errors-in err))))
COBOL
Using libc fork
{{works with|GnuCOBOL}}
identification division.
program-id. forking.
data division.
working-storage section.
01 pid usage binary-long.
procedure division.
display "attempting fork"
call "fork" returning pid
on exception
display "error: no fork linkage" upon syserr
end-call
evaluate pid
when = 0
display " child sleeps"
call "C$SLEEP" using 3
display " child task complete"
when < 0
display "error: fork result not ok" upon syserr
when > 0
display "parent waits for child..."
call "wait" using by value 0
display "parental responsibilities fulfilled"
end-evaluate
goback.
end program forking.
{{out}}
prompt$ cobc -xj forking.cob
attempting fork
parent waits for child...
child sleeps
child task complete
parental responsibilities fulfilled
Common Lisp
There's not a standard way to fork, but some implementations have built-in bindings for POSIX fork.
{{trans|C}}
{{works with|SBCL}}
(let ((pid (sb-posix:fork)))
(cond
((zerop pid) (write-line "This is the new process."))
((plusp pid) (write-line "This is the original process."))
(t (error "Something went wrong while forking."))))
D
import core.thread;
import std.stdio;
void main() {
new Thread({
writeln("Spawned thread.");
}).start;
writeln("Main thread.");
}
{{out}}
Main thread.
Spawned thread.
DCL
In OpenVMS DCL, spawning a subprocess creates a partially independent process. The parent and child processes share certain pooled quotas, certain shared resources, and if the parent process is deleted then the child process is too automatically.
$! looper.com procedure
$ i = 10
$ loop:
$ show time
$ wait 'p1
$ i = i - 1
$ if i .gt. 0 then $ goto loop
{{out}}
$ spawn /nowait /notify @looper 0::2 ! up to 8 parameters are allowed
%DCL-S-SPAWNED, process DAVID_51258 spawned ! random number suffix assigned
$
4-JUN-2015 13:13:50
show default5 13:13:52 ! display anomaly due to parent and child overwriting output
4-JUN-2015 13:13:54
USER_ROOT:[DAVID]
$
4-JUN-2015 13:13:57
4-JUN-2015 13:13:59
Interrupt ! ctrl-c is the interrupt character; all child processes are deleted immediately
$
Subprocess DAVID_51258 has completed
$
To create a more independent process requires a privilege, e.g. detach. There isn't a mechanism for passing parameters to the detached process, so we embed them in a jacket procedure (possibly created dynamically).
$! fork.com procedure
$ set noverify ! detached processes have verify on by default which clutters up the output log file
$ @looper 0::2
{{out}}
$ run /detach sys$system:loginout /input = fork /output = fork
%RUN-S-PROC_ID, identification of created process is 23A4195C
$ stop/id=23A4195C ! rather than just waiting the 10 loop iterations
$ type fork.log
$! fork.com procedure
$ set noverify
4-JUN-2015 13:35:47
4-JUN-2015 13:35:49
4-JUN-2015 13:35:51
4-JUN-2015 13:35:53
4-JUN-2015 13:35:55
4-JUN-2015 13:35:57
Elixir
defmodule Fork do
def start do
spawn(fn -> child end)
IO.puts "This is the original process"
end
def child, do: IO.puts "This is the new process"
end
Fork.start
{{out}}
This is the original process
This is the new process
Erlang
-module(fork).
-export([start/0]).
start() ->
erlang:spawn( fun() -> child() end ),
io:format("This is the original process~n").
child() ->
io:format("This is the new process~n").
Then you can compile your code and execute it:
c(fork).
fork:start().
Factor
This works only in the terminal, if used from the UI the child process won't print.
USING: unix unix.process ;
[ "Hello form child" print flush 0 _exit ] [ drop "Hi from parent" print flush ] with-fork
Fexl
There are many levels at which I can address this task. I'll start from the lowest possible level:
fork \pid
print "pid = ";print pid;nl;
{{out}}
pid = 10077
pid = 0
The child process prints the 0, and the parent process prints the pid of that child, which in this case happened to be 10077.
At the next level up, we can define a "spawn" function which makes it easy to fork a child process and interact with its stdin, stdout, and stderr:
# (spawn child_fn next)
# Fork the child function as a process and return its pid, stdin, stdout, and
# stderr.
\spawn =
(
### Use error-checking versions of system routines
\pipe =
(\next
pipe \status\read\write
long_lt status 0 (die "pipe failed");
next read write
)
\dup2 =
(\oldfd\newfd\next
dup2 oldfd newfd \status
long_lt status 0 (die "dup2 failed");
next
)
\fdopen =
(\fd\mode\next
fdopen fd mode next;
die "fdopen failed"
)
\fork =
(\next
fork \pid
long_lt pid 0 (die "fork failed");
next pid
)
# Now here's the spawn function itself.
\child_fn\next
# First flush the parent's stdout and stderr to avoid any pending output
# accidentally getting pushed into the child's input. I've noticed this
# can happen when your script output is sent to a file or pipe instead of
# a console.
get_stdout \fh fflush fh \_
get_stderr \fh fflush fh \_
# Now create a series of pipes, each with a read and write side.
pipe \r_in\w_in
pipe \r_out\w_out
pipe \r_err\w_err
fork \pid
long_eq pid 0
(
# Child process.
# Duplicate one side of each pipe into stdin, stdout, and stderr
# as appropriate.
dup2 r_in 0;
dup2 w_out 1;
dup2 w_err 2;
# Close unused file handles. They're all unused because we duped the
# ones we need. Also, we must close w_in or the child hangs waiting
# for stdin to close.
close r_in; close w_in;
close r_out; close w_out;
close r_err; close w_err;
# Now run the child function, which can use stdin, stdout, and stderr
# normally.
child_fn
)
(
# Parent process. Open the opposite side of each pipe into three new
# file handles.
fdopen w_in "w" \child_in
fdopen r_out "r" \child_out
fdopen r_err "r" \child_err
# Close unused file handles. We don't close the ones we fdopened
# because they are still in play (i.e. fdopen does not dup).
close r_in;
close w_out;
close w_err;
# Return the child's pid, stdin, stdout, and stderr.
next pid child_in child_out child_err
)
)
Next, we define a test_pipe function to test the whole apparatus:
\test_pipe =
(\next
print "== test_pipe";nl;
### Handy
# Echo entire contents of stream fh to stdout.
\file_print ==
(\fh\next
fgetc fh \ch
long_lt ch 0 next;
putchar ch;
file_print fh next
)
# Show a stream with a descriptive label.
\show_stream =
(\label\fh\next
print "[ ";print label;print ":";nl;
file_print fh;
print "]";nl;
next
)
### Here is a child function to try with spawn.
\child_fn =
(\next
print "Hello from child.";nl;
get_stdin \stdin
show_stream "input from parent" stdin;
print "Good bye from child.";nl;
die "Oops the child had an error!";
next
)
# Spawn the child.
spawn child_fn \pid\child_in\child_out\child_err
# Now we can communicate with the child through its three file handles.
print "Hello from parent, child pid = ";print pid;print ".";nl;
# Say something to the child.
(
# Override print routines for convenience.
\print = (fwrite child_in)
\nl = (print NL)
# Start talking.
print "Hello child, I am your parent!";nl;
print "OK, nice talking with you.";nl;
);
print "The parent is now done talking to the child.";nl;
# Now show the child's stdout and stderr streams.
show_stream "output from child" child_out;
show_stream "error from child" child_err;
# Wait for child to finish.
wait \pid\status
# LATER shift and logical bit operators
# LATER WEXITSTATUS and other wait macros
\status = (long_div status 256)
print "Child ";print pid;print " exited with status ";
print status;print ".";nl;
print "Good bye from parent.";nl;
print "test_pipe completed successfully.";nl;
next
)
Finally we call the test function:
test_pipe;
{{out}}
== test_pipe
Hello from parent, child pid = 10391.
The parent is now done talking to the child.
[ output from child:
Hello from child.
[ input from parent:
Hello child, I am your parent!
OK, nice talking with you.
]
Good bye from child.
]
[ error from child:
Oops the child had an error!
]
Child 10391 exited with status 1.
Good bye from parent.
test_pipe completed successfully.
Go
This program prints its own pid, then runs a copy of itself if given any argument on the command line. When it does so, it prints the pid of the child process it started. Output should show this pid matching the child's self reported pid.
Note that on Unix like systems os.StartProcess is a wrapper around syscal.ForkExec (which as the name implies, safely calls fork and exec system calls).
The [https://golang.org/pkg/os/exec os/exec] package offers a higher level interface and may be simpler in some situations.
For the purpose of this task though, there is little difference.
package main
import (
"fmt"
"os"
)
func main() {
fmt.Printf("PID: %v\n", os.Getpid())
if len(os.Args) < 2 {
fmt.Println("Done.")
return
}
cp, err := os.StartProcess(os.Args[0], nil,
&os.ProcAttr{Files: []*os.File{nil, os.Stdout}},
)
if err != nil {
fmt.Println(err)
}
// Child process running independently at this point.
// We have its PID and can print it.
fmt.Printf("Child's PID: %v\n", cp.Pid)
if _, err = cp.Wait(); err != nil {
fmt.Println(err)
}
}
{{out}}
PID: 28044
Child's PID: 28045
PID: 28045
Done.
Groovy
Like Java, Groovy controls the standard I/O streams of its child processes. Unlike Java, Groovy provides convenience methods on the Process class to make this burden somewhat easier to manage. This sample code launches the child process and then ties that process's regular and error output streams into the Groovy program's own such streams. This allows us to verify simply that the parent and child processes are running independently.
For the subprocess this example uses Cygwin's bash shell and commands running under MS Windows.
println "BEFORE PROCESS"
Process p = Runtime.runtime.exec('''
C:/cygwin/bin/sh -c "
/usr/bin/date +'BEFORE LOOP: %T';
for i in 1 2 3 4 ; do
/usr/bin/sleep 1;
/usr/bin/echo \$i;
done;
/usr/bin/date +'AFTER LOOP: %T'"
''')
p.consumeProcessOutput(System.out, System.err)
(0..<8).each {
Thread.sleep(500)
print '.'
}
p.waitFor()
println "AFTER PROCESS"
Output:
BEFORE PROCESS
BEFORE LOOP: 12:36:07
..1
..2
..3
..4
AFTER LOOP: 12:36:11
AFTER PROCESS
Haskell
import System.Posix.Process
main = do
forkProcess (putStrLn "This is the new process")
putStrLn "This is the original process"
HicEst
SYSTEM( RUN )
WRITE(Messagebox='?Y', IOStat=ios) "Another Fork?"
IF(ios == 2) ALARM(999) ! quit immediately
! assume this script is stored as 'Fork.hic'
SYSTEM(SHell='Fork.hic')
BEEP("c e g 'c")
WRITE(Messagebox="!") "Waiting ..."
ALARM(999) ! quit immediately
=={{header|Icon}} and {{header|Unicon}}==
procedure main()
if (fork()|runerr(500)) = 0 then
write("child")
else {
delay(1000)
write("parent")
}
end
Notes:
- Fork should not fail. If an error 500 is generated there is a problem.
- Fork is not supported under windows. Multitasking should be used instead.
J
This example works by calling fork in a shared object library of Ubuntu 14.04.1 LTS . The verb given to adverb Fork evaluates in the child process.
load'dll'
Fork =: (('Error'"_)`('Parent'"_)`)(@.([: >: [: * '/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc-2.19.so __fork > x' cd [: i. 0&[))
The child process explicitly exits remaining as a zombie until the parent terminates.
NB. interactive session demonstrating Fork
Time =: 6!:
SLEEP =: 3
sleep =: SLEEP Time
([:exit 0:[:smoutput'child'[sleep)Fork 50 NB. start the child
parent
i._2 3 4 NB. interactive computations continue in the parent process
12 13 14 15
16 17 18 19
20 21 22 23
0 1 2 3
4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11
NB. zzzzz 50 seconds elapse, the child finishes.
child
Java
{{trans|NetRexx}}
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
public class RFork {
public static void main(String[] args) {
ProcessBuilder pb;
Process pp;
List<String> command;
Map<String, String> env;
BufferedReader ir;
String currentuser;
String line;
try {
command = Arrays.asList("");
pb = new ProcessBuilder(command);
env = pb.environment();
currentuser = env.get("USER");
command = Arrays.asList("ps", "-f", "-U", currentuser);
pb.command(command);
pp = pb.start();
ir = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(pp.getInputStream()));
line = "Output of running " + command.toString() + " is:";
do {
System.out.println(line);
} while ((line = ir.readLine()) != null);
}
catch (IOException iox) {
iox.printStackTrace();
}
return;
}
}
{{out}}
Output of running [ps, -f, -U, developer] is:
UID PID PPID C STIME TTY TIME CMD
502 74079 1 0 8:13PM ?? 0:00.02 /sbin/launchd
...
502 74047 74045 0 8:13PM ttys000 0:00.05 bash
502 74198 74047 0 8:18PM ttys000 0:00.21 /usr/bin/java -cp .:.. RFork
502 74199 74047 0 8:18PM ttys000 0:00.00 tee data/RForkJ.log
0 74200 74198 0 8:18PM ttys000 0:00.00 ps -f -U developer
...
Julia
println("Parent running.")
@async(begin sleep(1); println("This is the child process."); sleep(2); println("Child again.") end)
sleep(2)
println("This is the parent process again.")
sleep(2)
println("Parent again.")
{{output}}
Parent running.
This is the child process.
This is the parent process again.
Child again.
Parent again.
Kotlin
{{trans|NetRexx}}
// version 1.1.51
import java.io.InputStreamReader
import java.io.BufferedReader
import java.io.IOException
fun main(args: Array<String>) {
try {
val pb = ProcessBuilder()
val currentUser = pb.environment().get("USER")
val command = listOf("ps", "-f", "U", currentUser)
pb.command(command)
val proc = pb.start()
val isr = InputStreamReader(proc.inputStream)
val br = BufferedReader(isr)
var line: String? = "Output of running $command is:"
while(true) {
println(line)
line = br.readLine()
if (line == null) break
}
}
catch (iox: IOException) {
iox.printStackTrace()
}
}
Sample output (Ubuntu 14.04):
Output of running [ps, -f, U, user1] is:
UID PID PPID C STIME TTY STAT TIME CMD
user1 1401 1387 0 00:13 ? Ss 0:00 init --user
.....
user1 2687 2425 0 00:21 pts/8 Sl+ 0:00 java -jar fork.jar
user1 2699 2687 0 00:21 pts/8 R+ 0:00 ps -f U user1
Lasso
Lasso is multithreaded by design. You can fork of an independent thread at anytime using split_thread. The second thread will inherit all local variables declared before it is split.
local(mydata = 'I am data one')
split_thread => {
loop(2) => {
sleep(2000)
stdoutnl(#mydata)
#mydata = 'Oh, looks like I am in a new thread'
}
}
loop(2) => {
sleep(3000)
stdoutnl(#mydata)
#mydata = 'Aha, I am still in the original thread'
}
Output:
I am data one
I am data one
Oh, looks like I am in a new thread
Aha, I am still in the original thread
LFE
{{trans|Erlang}}
You can run this in the REPL as-is:
(defun start ()
(spawn (lambda () (child))))
(defun child ()
(lfe_io:format "This is the new process~n" '()))
Lua
{{libheader|POSIX}}
local posix = require 'posix'
local pid = posix.fork()
if pid == 0 then
print("child process")
elseif pid > 0 then
print("parent process")
else
error("unable to fork")
end
Mathematica
This code will run a standalone Mathematica kernel, putting the result of a command in a temporary file:
commandstring = First[$CommandLine] <> " -noprompt -run \"Put[Factorial[20],ToFileName[$TemporaryDirectory,ToString[temp1]]];Quit[]\""
->"MathKernel -noprompt -run \"Put[Factorial[20],ToFileName[$TemporaryDirectory,ToString[temp1]]];Quit[]\""
Run[commandstring]
->0
NetRexx
/* NetRexx */
options replace format comments java crossref symbols binary
runSample(arg)
return
-- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
method runSample(arg) private static
do
pb = ProcessBuilder([String ''])
env = pb.environment()
currentuser = String env.get('USER')
command = Arrays.asList([String 'ps', '-f', '-U', currentuser])
pb.command(command)
pp = pb.start()
ir = BufferedReader(InputStreamReader(pp.getInputStream()))
line = String 'Output of running' command.toString() 'is:'
loop label w_ until line = null
say line
line = ir.readLine()
end w_
catch iox = IOException
iox.printStackTrace()
end
return
{{out}}
Output of running [ps, -f, -U, nrxuser] is:
UID PID PPID C STIME TTY TIME CMD
501 277 1 0 21Aug13 ?? 0:32.05 /sbin/launchd
...
0 366 291 0 21Aug13 ttys001 0:00.02 login -pfl nrxuser /bin/bash -c exec -la bash /bin/bash
501 368 366 0 21Aug13 ttys001 0:00.16 -bash
501 72276 368 0 6:28PM ttys001 0:00.23 /usr/bin/java -cp .:.. RFork
501 72277 368 0 6:28PM ttys001 0:00.00 tee data/RFork.log
0 72278 72276 0 6:28PM ttys001 0:00.00 ps -f -U nrxuser
0 380 291 0 21Aug13 ttys002 0:00.02 login -pfl nrxuser /bin/bash -c exec -la bash /bin/bash
...
NewLISP
(let (pid (fork (println "Hello from child")))
(cond
((nil? pid) (throw-error "Unable to fork"))
('t (wait-pid pid))))
Nim
import posix
var pid = fork()
if pid < 0:
# error forking a child
elif pid > 0:
# parent, and pid is process id of child
else:
# child
quit()
# further Parent stuff here
OCaml
#load "unix.cma";;
let pid = Unix.fork ();;
if pid > 0 then
print_endline "This is the original process"
else
print_endline "This is the new process";;
ooRexx
version 1 using REPLY
sub=.fork~new
sub~sub
Call syssleep 1
Do 3
Say 'program ' time()
Call syssleep 1
End
::class fork
:: method sub
Reply
Do 6
Say 'subroutine' time()
Call syssleep 1
End
{{out}}
subroutine 10:53:27
program 10:53:28
subroutine 10:53:29
program 10:53:35
subroutine 10:53:38
program 10:53:40
subroutine 10:53:40
subroutine 10:53:41
subroutine 10:53:42
version 2 using START
sub=.fork~new
sub~start('start_working')
Call syssleep 1
Do 3
Say 'program ' time()
Call syssleep 1
End
::class fork
:: method start_working
Do 6
Say 'subroutine' time()
Call syssleep 1
End
{{out}}
subroutine 14:55:10
program 14:55:11
subroutine 14:55:11
subroutine 14:55:12
program 14:55:12
program 14:55:13
subroutine 14:55:13
subroutine 14:55:14
subroutine 14:55:15
Oz
Mozart's support for distributed programming is quite unique. We can send code accross the network and share data by lexical scoping. It doesn't matter whether we create the process on the local machine (as in this example) or on some remote computer as long as we have ssh access (or some similar method) and Mozart is installed.
declare
ParentVar1 = "parent data"
ParentVar2
functor RemoteCode
export
result:Result
import QTk at 'x-oz://system/wp/QTk.ozf'
define
Result
%% Show a simple window. When it is closed by the user, set Result.
Window =
{QTk.build
td(action:proc {$} Result = 42 end %% on close
label(text:"In child process: "#ParentVar1))} %% read parent process variable
{Window show}
!ParentVar2 = childData %% write to parent process variable
{Wait Result}
end
%% create a new process on the same machine
RM = {New Remote.manager init(host:localhost)}
%% execute the code encapsulated in the given functor
RemoteModule = {RM apply(RemoteCode $)}
in
%% retrieve data from child process
{Show RemoteModule.result} %% prints 42
%% exit child process
{RM close}
{Show ParentVar2} %% print "childData"
PARI/GP
This is a PARI implementation which uses fork() via PARI's pari_daemon. Of course fork() could be used directly.
void
foo()
{
if (pari_daemon())
pari_printf("Original\n");
else
pari_printf("Fork\n");
}
Perl
{{works with|Perl|5.x}} In the child code, you may have to re-open database handles and such.
FORK:
if ($pid = fork()) {
# parent code
} elsif (defined($pid)) {
setsid; # tells apache to let go of this process and let it run solo
# disconnect ourselves from input, output, and errors
close(STDOUT);
close(STDIN);
close(STDERR);
# re-open to /dev/null to prevent irrelevant warn messages.
open(STDOUT, '>/dev/null');
open(STDIN, '>/dev/null');
open(STDERR, '>>/home/virtual/logs/err.log');
# child code
exit; # important to exit
} elsif($! =~ /emporar/){
warn '[' . localtime() . "] Failed to Fork - Will try again in 10 seconds.\n";
sleep(10);
goto FORK;
} else {
warn '[' . localtime() . "] Unable to fork - $!";
exit(0);
}
Obviously you could do a Fork in a lot less lines, but this code covers all the bases.
Another example using [http://search.cpan.org/perldoc?Proc::Fork Proc::Fork] module:
use Proc::Fork;
run_fork {
child {
# child code ...
}
parent {
# parent code ...
}
};
Or:
use Proc::Fork;
# parent code ...
run_fork {
child {
# child code ...
}
};
# parent code continues ...
More complex example with retries and error handling:
use Proc::Fork;
run_fork {
child {
# child code ...
}
parent {
# parent code ...
}
retry {
# retry code ...
}
error {
# error handling ...
}
};
Perl 6
{{Works with|rakudo|2016.06}}
use NativeCall;
sub fork() returns int32 is native { ... }
if fork() -> $pid {
print "I am the proud parent of $pid.\n";
}
else {
print "I am a child. Have you seen my mommy?\n";
}
{{out}}
I am the proud parent of 17691.
I am a child. Have you seen my mommy?
Phix
Phix has create_thread which creates a separate thread, with its own call stack, but sharing common data (like most fork examples here).
To run something completely independently, use system() or system_exec(), depending on whether you want a shell and/or to wait for a result.
procedure mythread()
?"mythread"
exit_thread(0)
end procedure
atom hThread = create_thread(routine_id("mythread"),{})
?"main carries on"
wait_thread(hThread)
or
system("calc")
PHP
{{trans|C}}
<?php
$pid = pcntl_fork();
if ($pid == 0)
echo "This is the new process\n";
else if ($pid > 0)
echo "This is the original process\n";
else
echo "ERROR: Something went wrong\n";
?>
PicoLisp
(unless (fork) # In child process
(println *Pid) # Print the child's PID
(bye) ) # and terminate
PL/I
ATTACH SOLVE (X) THREAD (T5);
Pop11
lvars ress;
if sys_fork(false) ->> ress then
;;; parent
printf(ress, 'Child pid = %p\n');
else
printf('In child\n');
endif;
{{omit from|PureBasic}}
Python
{{works with|Python|2.5}}
import os
pid = os.fork()
if pid > 0:
# parent code
else:
# child code
Racket
Looks like there are two popular things that people do for this task, so here are both. First, run some subprocess independently of Racket:
#lang racket
(define-values [P _out _in _err]
(subprocess (current-output-port) (current-input-port) (current-error-port)
(find-executable-path "du") "-hs" "/usr/share"))
;; wait for process to end, print messages as long as it runs
(let loop () (unless (sync/timeout 10 P) (printf "Still running...\n") (loop)))
Output:
Still running...
Still running...
Still running...
...snip...
15G /usr/share
Second, using fork() in its raw form, which is doable in racket, but as unsafe as you'd expect it to be:
#lang racket
(require ffi/unsafe)
(define fork (get-ffi-obj 'fork #f (_fun -> _int)))
(printf ">>> fork() => ~s\n" (fork))
Output:
>>> fork() => 23834
>>> fork() => 0
REXX
This function '''only''' works with Regina REXX.
child = fork()
Ruby
pid = fork
if pid
# parent code
else
# child code
end
or
fork do
# child code
end
# parent code
Run BASIC
You can run a program until that program executes a wait statement. Once the program waits,you can use it's functions.
run "someProgram.bas",#handle
render #handle ' this runs the program until it waits
' both the parent and child are running
' --------------------------------------------------------
' You can also call a function in the someProgram.bas program.
' For example if it had a DisplayBanner Funciton.
#handle DisplayBanner("Welcome!")
Rust
This uses the nix(0.15) crate. The code has been tested on Linux, OS X.
use nix::unistd::{fork, ForkResult};
use std::process::id;
fn main() {
match fork() {
Ok(ForkResult::Parent { child, .. }) => {
println!(
"This is the original process(pid: {}). New child has pid: {}",
id(),
child
);
}
Ok(ForkResult::Child) => println!("This is the new process(pid: {}).", id()),
Err(_) => println!("Something went wrong."),
}
}
output
## Scala
{{libheader|Scala}}
### A Linux version
```scala
import java.io.IOException
object Fork extends App {
val builder: ProcessBuilder = new ProcessBuilder()
val currentUser: String = builder.environment.get("USER")
val command: java.util.List[String] = java.util.Arrays.asList("ps", "-f", "-U", currentUser)
builder.command(command)
try {
val lines = scala.io.Source.fromInputStream(builder.start.getInputStream).getLines()
println(s"Output of running $command is:")
while (lines.hasNext) println(lines.next())
}
catch {
case iox: IOException => iox.printStackTrace()
}
}
A Windows version
import java.io.IOException
object Fork extends App {
val command: java.util.List[String] = java.util.Arrays.asList("cmd.exe", "/C", "ECHO.| TIME")
val builder: ProcessBuilder = new ProcessBuilder(command)
try {
val lines = scala.io.Source.fromInputStream(builder.start.getInputStream).getLines()
println(s"Output of running $command is:")
while (lines.hasNext) println(lines.next())
}
catch {
case iox: IOException => iox.printStackTrace()
}
}
Sidef
var x = 42;
{ x += 1; say x }.fork.wait; # x is 43 here
say x; # but here is still 42
Slate
The following built-in method uses the cloneSystem primitive (which calls fork()) to fork code. The parent and the child both get a socket from a socketpair which they can use to communicate. The cloneSystem is currently unimplemented on windows (since there isn't a fork() system call).
p@(Process traits) forkAndDo: b
[| ret |
(ret := lobby cloneSystem)
first ifTrue: [p pipes addLast: ret second. ret second]
ifFalse: [[p pipes clear. p pipes addLast: ret second. b applyWith: ret second] ensure: [lobby quit]]
].
Smalltalk
'Here I am' displayNl.
|a|
a := [
(Delay forSeconds: 2) wait .
1 to: 100 do: [ :i | i displayNl ]
] fork.
'Child will start after 2 seconds' displayNl.
"wait to avoid terminating first the parent;
a better way should use semaphores"
(Delay forSeconds: 10) wait.
Standard ML
case Posix.Process.fork () of
SOME pid => print "This is the original process\n"
| NONE => print "This is the new process\n";
Tcl
(from the [http://wiki.tcl.tk/1967 Tcl Wiki])
Fork is one of the primitives used for process creation in Unixy systems. It creates a copy of the process that calls it, and the only difference in internal state between the original and the copy is in the return value from the fork call (0 in the copy, but the pid of the copy in the parent).
The [[SMW::off]][[:Category:Expect|Expect]][[Category:Expect]][[SMW::on]]{{#set:Uses library=Expect}} package includes a fork. So does the [[SMW::off]][[:Category:TclX|TclX]][[Category:TclX]][[SMW::on]]{{#set:Uses library=TclX}} package.
Example:
package require Expect
# or
package require Tclx
for {set i 0} {$i < 100} {incr i} {
set pid [fork]
switch $pid {
-1 {
puts "Fork attempt #$i failed."
}
0 {
puts "I am child process #$i."
exit
}
default {
puts "The parent just spawned child process #$i."
}
}
}
In most cases though, one is not interested in spawning a copy of the process one already has, but rather wants a different process. When using POSIX APIs, this has to be done by first forking and then having the child use the exec system call to replace itself with a different program. The Tcl [http://www.tcl.tk/man/tcl8.5/TclCmd/exec.htm exec] command does this fork&exec combination — in part because non-Unix OSs typicallly don't have "make a copy of parent process" as an intermediate step when spawning new processes.
Note that fork is only supported at all on unthreaded builds of Tcl. This is because the POSIX threads library does not sit well with the fork() system call.
Toka
needs shell
getpid is-data PID
[ fork getpid PID = [ ." Child PID: " . cr ] [ ." In child\n" ] ifTrueFalse ] invoke
UNIX Shell
{{works with|Bourne Shell}}
i=0
(while test $i -lt 10; do
sleep 1
echo "Child process"
i=`expr $i + 1`
done) &
while test $i -lt 5; do
sleep 2
echo "Parent process"
i=`expr $i + 1`
done
This uses the operator & to run the child process and the parent process at the same time. The output for the next 10 seconds is "Child process" every 1 second, and "Parent process" every 2 seconds. Both processes inherit i=0, but each process has its own i variable because processes are independent.
The original version of this code used a bash for-loop.
{{works with|bash}}
(for ((i=0;i<10;i++)); do sleep 1; echo "Child process"; done) &
for ((i=0;i<5;i++)); do
sleep 2
echo "Parent process"
done
UnixPipes
Demonstrating a subshell getting forked, and running concurrently with the original process
(echo "Process 1" >&2 ;sleep 5; echo "1 done" ) | (echo "Process 2";cat;echo "2 done")
Wart
do (fork sleep.1
prn.1)
prn.2
X86 Assembly
I've written a subroutine that prints out any positive value. It lives on my desktop and you can't find it on rosetta code. I've also written a sleep subroutine and you can find that in the Sleep task on this site.
; x86_64 linux nasm
%include "/home/james/Desktop/ASM_LIB/Print.asm"
%include "/home/james/Desktop/ASM_LIB/Sleep.asm"
section .data
parent: db "Parent: "
child: db "Child: "
newLine: db 10
section .text
global _start
_start:
mov rax, 57 ; fork syscall
syscall
cmp rax, 0 ; if the return value is 0, we're in the child process
je printChild
printParent: ; else it's the child's PID, we're in the parent
mov rax, 1
mov rdi, 1
mov rsi, parent
mov rdx, 8
syscall
mov rax, 39 ; sys_getpid
syscall
mov rdi, rax
call Print_Unsigned
mov rax, 1
mov rdi, 1
mov rsi, newLine
mov rdx, 1
syscall
mov rdi, 1 ; sleep so the child process can print befor the parent exits
call Sleep ; you might not see the child output if you don't do this
jmp exit
printChild:
mov rdi, 1
call Sleep ; sleep and wait for parent to print to screen first
mov rax, 1
mov rdi, 1
mov rsi, child
mov rdx, 7
syscall
mov rax, 39 ; sys_getpid
syscall
mov rdi, rax
call Print_Unsigned
mov rax, 1
mov rdi, 1
mov rsi, newLine
mov rdx, 1
syscall
exit:
mov rax, 60
mov rdi, 0
syscall
zkl
{{works with|Unix}} This just tells the Unix shell to run the process in the background
zkl: System.cmd("ls &")
{{out}}
0 // return code from the shell, ls has been forked
zkl: 1_2_all_freq.txt ff.zkl lua.zkl rot13.b
2hkprimes.txt fg.zkl lucas-lehmer.zkl rot13.zkl
...
{{omit from|JavaScript}} {{omit from|Maxima}} {{omit from|TI-83 BASIC|Does not have concurrency or background processes.}} {{omit from|TI-89 BASIC|Does not have concurrency or background processes.}} {{omit from|Unlambda|Does not have concurrency or background processes.}} {{omit from|Retro|No concurrency in the standard VM}} {{omit from|SAS}} {{omit from|Stata}} {{omit from|VBA}} {{omit from|ZX Spectrum Basic|Does not support multiple processes.}}