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{{task|Basic Data Operations}} {{basic data operation}} [[Category:Simple]]
;Task: Write a function that takes two logical (boolean) values, and outputs the result of "and" and "or" on both arguments as well as "not" on the first arguments.
If the programming language doesn't provide a separate type for logical values, use the type most commonly used for that purpose.
If the language supports additional logical operations on booleans such as XOR, list them as well.
360 Assembly
Assembler 360 offers a full set of opcodes for logical operations: or, and, xor (exclusive or). The "not" can be done by inversing the branching: BNE (Branch Not Equal) instead of BE (Branch Equal). An othe way to perform a not is to use a xor with the true value (X'FF').
Op-codes
Or And Xor
--- --- ---
Memory to memory OC NC XC
Memory to register O N X
Immediate OI NI XI
An example:
* Logical operations 04/04/2017
LOGICAL CSECT
USING LOGICAL,R15
* -- C=A and B
MVC C,A C=A
NC C,B C=A and B
* -- C=A or B
MVC C,A C=A
OC C,B C=A or B
* -- C=not A
MVC C,A C=A
XI C,X'01' C=not A
* -- if C then goto e
CLI C,X'01' if C
BE E then goto e
XPRNT =C'FALSE',5
*
E BR R14
TRUE DC X'01'
FALSE DC X'00'
A DC X'01'
B DC X'00'
C DS X
PG DC CL80' '
YREGS
END LOGICAL
{{out}}
FALSE
ACL2
(defun logical-ops (a b) (progn$ (cw "(and a b) = ~x0~%" (and a b)) (cw "(or a b) = ~x0~%" (or a b)) (cw "(not a) = ~x0~%" (not a))))
Ada
I have also included logical xor because it is defined for Ada boolean types. All the operators below work equally well on arrays of boolean types. In fact, a packed array of boolean is an array of bits, providing a direct link between logical and bitwise operations.
procedure Print_Logic(A : Boolean; B : Boolean) is
begin
Put_Line("A and B is " & Boolean'Image(A and B));
Put_Line("A or B is " & Boolean'Image(A or B));
Put_Line("A xor B is " & Boolean'Image(A xor B));
Put_Line("not A is " & Boolean'Image(not A));
end Print_Logic;
Agda
module AndOrNot where
open import Data.Bool
open import Data.Product
test : Bool → Bool → Bool × Bool × Bool
test x y = x ∧ y , x ∨ y , not x
e.g.
test true false ⇒ false , true , false
Aikido
function logic(a,b) {
println("a AND b: " + (a && b))
println("a OR b: " + (a || b))
println("NOT a: " + (!a))
}
Aime
void
out(integer a, integer b)
{
o_integer(a && b);
o_byte('\n');
o_integer(a || b);
o_byte('\n');
o_integer(!a);
o_byte('\n');
}
ALGOL 68
PROC print_logic = (BOOL a, b)VOID:
(
# for a 6-7 bit/byte compiler #
printf(($"a and b is "gl$, a AND b);
printf(($"a or b is "gl$, a OR b);
printf(($"not a is "gl$, NOT a);
printf(($"a equivalent to b is "gl$, a EQ b);
printf(($"a not equivalent to b is "gl$, a NE b);
# Alternatively ASCII #
printf(($"a and b is "gl$, a & b);
printf(($"a and b is "gl$, a /\ b); <!-- http://web.archive.org/web/20021207211127/http://www.bobbemer.com/BRACES.HTM -->
printf(($"a or b is "gl$, a \/ b);
printf(($"a equivalent to b "gl$, a = b);
printf(($"a not equivalent to b "gl$, a /= b);
¢ for a European 8 bit/byte charcter set eg. ALCOR or GOST ¢
printf(($"a and b is "gl$, a ∧ b);
printf(($"a or b is "gl$, a ∨ b);
printf(($"not a is "gl$, ¬ a)
printf(($"a not equivalent to b is "gl$, a ≠ b)
)
ALGOL W
procedure booleanOperations( logical value a, b ) ;
begin
% algol W has the usual "and", "or" and "not" operators %
write( a, " and ", b, ": ", a and b );
write( a, " or ", b, ": ", a or b );
write( " not ", a, ": ", not a );
% logical values can be compared with the = and not = operators %
% a not = b can be used for a xor b %
write( a, " xor ", b, ": ", a not = b );
write( a, " equ ", b, ": ", a = b );
end booleanOperations ;
Apex
boolean a = true; boolean b = false; System.Debug('a AND b: ' + (a && b)); System.Debug('a OR b: ' + (a || b)); System.Debug('NOT a: ' + (!a)); System.Debug('a XOR b: ' + (a ^ b));
APL
APL represents Boolean values using 1 and 0. This function takes Boolean arguments before it and after it—which may be arrays of Booleans—and returns an array consisting of arg1 AND arg2, arg1 OR arg2, NOT arg1, arg1 NAND arg2, arg1 NOR arg2, and arg1 XOR arg2, in that order.
LOGICALOPS←{(⍺∧⍵)(⍺∨⍵)(~⍺)(⍺⍲⍵)(⍺⍱⍵)(⍺≠⍵)}
ARM Assembly
{{works with|as|Raspberry Pi}}
/* ARM assembly Raspberry PI */
/* program logicoper.s */
/* Constantes */
.equ STDOUT, 1
.equ WRITE, 4
.equ EXIT, 1
/* Initialized data */
.data
szMessResultAnd: .asciz "Result of And : \n"
szMessResultOr: .asciz "Result of Or : \n"
szMessResultEor: .asciz "Result of Exclusive Or : \n"
szMessResultNot: .asciz "Result of Not : \n"
szMessResultClear: .asciz "Result of Bit Clear : \n"
sMessAffBin: .ascii "Register value : "
sZoneBin: .space 36,' '
.asciz "\n"
/* code section */
.text
.global main
main: /* entry of program */
push {fp,lr} /* save 2 registers */
mov r0,#0b1100 @ binary value 1
mov r1,#0b0110 @ binary value 2
bl logicfunc
100: @ standard end of the program
mov r0,#0 @ return code
pop {fp,lr} @ restore 2 registers
mov r7,#EXIT @ request to exit program
swi 0 @ perform the system call
/******************************************************************/
/* logics functions */
/******************************************************************/
/* r0 contains the first value */
/* r1 contains the second value */
logicfunc:
push {r2,lr} @ save registers
mov r2,r0 @ save value 1 in r2
ldr r0,iAdrszMessResultAnd @ and
bl affichageMess
mov r0,r2 @ load value 1 in r0
and r0,r1
bl affichage2
ldr r0,iAdrszMessResultOr @ or
bl affichageMess
mov r0,r2
orr r0,r1
bl affichage2
ldr r0,iAdrszMessResultEor @ exclusive or
bl affichageMess
mov r0,r2
eor r0,r1
bl affichage2
ldr r0,iAdrszMessResultNot @ not
bl affichageMess
mov r0,r2
mvn r0,r1
bl affichage2
ldr r0,iAdrszMessResultClear @ bit clear
bl affichageMess
mov r0,r2
bic r0,r1
bl affichage2
100:
pop {r2,lr} @ restore registers
bx lr
iAdrszMessResultAnd: .int szMessResultAnd
iAdrszMessResultOr: .int szMessResultOr
iAdrszMessResultEor: .int szMessResultEor
iAdrszMessResultNot: .int szMessResultNot
iAdrszMessResultClear: .int szMessResultClear
/******************************************************************/
/* register display in binary */
/******************************************************************/
/* r0 contains the register */
affichage2:
push {r0,lr} /* save registers */
push {r1-r5} /* save other registers */
mrs r5,cpsr /* saves state register in r5 */
ldr r1,iAdrsZoneBin
mov r2,#0 @ read bit position counter
mov r3,#0 @ position counter of the written character
1: @ loop
lsls r0,#1 @ left shift with flags
movcc r4,#48 @ flag carry off character '0'
movcs r4,#49 @ flag carry on character '1'
strb r4,[r1,r3] @ character -> display zone
add r2,r2,#1 @ + 1 read bit position counter
add r3,r3,#1 @ + 1 position counter of the written character
cmp r2,#8 @ 8 bits read
addeq r3,r3,#1 @ + 1 position counter of the written character
cmp r2,#16 @ etc
addeq r3,r3,#1
cmp r2,#24
addeq r3,r3,#1
cmp r2,#31 @ 32 bits shifted ?
ble 1b @ no -> loop
ldr r0,iAdrsZoneMessBin @ address of message result
bl affichageMess @ display result
100:
msr cpsr,r5 /* restore state register */
pop {r1-r5} /* restore other registers */
pop {r0,lr}
bx lr
iAdrsZoneBin: .int sZoneBin
iAdrsZoneMessBin: .int sMessAffBin
/******************************************************************/
/* display text with size calculation */
/******************************************************************/
/* r0 contains the address of the message */
affichageMess:
push {fp,lr} /* save registers */
push {r0,r1,r2,r7} /* save others registers */
mov r2,#0 /* counter length */
1: /* loop length calculation */
ldrb r1,[r0,r2] /* read byte start position + index */
cmp r1,#0 /* if 0 it's over */
addne r2,r2,#1 /* else add 1 to the length */
bne 1b /* and loop */
/* so here r2 contains the length of the message */
mov r1,r0 /* address message in r1 */
mov r0,#STDOUT /* code to write to the standard output */
mov r7,#WRITE /* "write" system call */
swi #0 /* system call */
pop {r0,r1,r2,r7} /* restore other registers */
pop {fp,lr} /* restore 2 registers */
bx lr /* return */
Arturo
logic [a,b]{
print "a AND b = " + $(and a b)
print "a OR b = " + $(or a b)
print "NOT a = " + $(not a)
}
logic true false
{{out}}
a AND b = false
a OR b = true
NOT a = false
AutoHotkey
a = 1
b = 0
msgbox % "a and b is " . (a && b)
msgbox % "a or b is " . (a || b)
msgbox % "not a is " . (!a)
AWK
$ awk '{print "and:"($1&&$2),"or:"($1||$2),"not:"!$1}'
0 0
and:0 or:0 not:1
0 1
and:0 or:1 not:1
1 0
and:0 or:1 not:0
1 1
and:1 or:1 not:0
Axe
Lbl LOGIC
r₁→A
r₂→B
Disp "AND:",(A?B)▶Dec,i
Disp "OR:",(A??B)▶Dec,i
Disp "NOT:",(A?0,1)▶Dec,i
Return
Note that unlike [[TI-83 BASIC]], the "and", "or", "xor", and "not(" tokens in Axe are bitwise operators, not logical operators.
BASIC
=
Commodore BASIC
= In Commodore BASIC 'True' is -1 and 'False' is 0. There is no operation for 'exclusive-or'.
10 A = -1
20 B = 0
30 PRINT A AND B
40 PRINT A OR B
50 PRINT (A AND (NOT B)) OR ((NOT A) AND B)
60 PRINT NOT A
{{out}}
0
-1
-1
0
=
BASIC256
=
a = true
b = false
print a and b
print a or b
print a xor b
print not a
=
BBC BASIC
=
PROClogic(FALSE, FALSE)
PROClogic(FALSE, TRUE)
PROClogic(TRUE, FALSE)
PROClogic(TRUE, TRUE)
END
DEF PROClogic(a%, b%)
LOCAL @% : @% = 2 : REM Column width
PRINT a% " AND " b% " = " a% AND b% TAB(20);
PRINT a% " OR " b% " = " a% OR b% TAB(40);
PRINT a% " EOR " b% " = " a% EOR b% TAB(60);
PRINT " NOT " a% " = " NOT a%
ENDPROC
{{out}}
0 AND 0 = 0 0 OR 0 = 0 0 EOR 0 = 0 NOT 0 = -1
0 AND -1 = 0 0 OR -1 = -1 0 EOR -1 = -1 NOT 0 = -1
-1 AND 0 = 0 -1 OR 0 = -1 -1 EOR 0 = -1 NOT -1 = 0
-1 AND -1 = -1 -1 OR -1 = -1 -1 EOR -1 = 0 NOT -1 = 0
=
QuickBASIC
= {{works with|QuickBasic|4.5}}
SUB logic (a%, b%) 'no booleans in BASIC...these are integers. 1 for true 0 for false.
PRINT a AND b
PRINT a OR b
PRINT NOT a
END SUB
=
FreeBASIC
= In addition to And, Or and Not FreeBASIC supports several other logical operators:
- XOr - Exclusive Or : true if both operands are different, false if they're the same
- Eqv - Equivalence : true if both operands are the same, false if they're different
- Imp - Implication : true unless the first operand is true and the second operand is false when it is false
There are also 'short-circuiting' operators:
- AndAlso - Same as AND but the second operand is only evaluated if the first is true
- OrElse - Same as OR but the second operand is only evaluated if the first is false
The following program illustrates the use of these operators:
' FB 1.05.0 Win64
Sub logicalDemo(b1 As Boolean, b2 As Boolean)
Print "b1 = "; b1
Print "b2 = "; b2
Print "b1 And b2 = "; b1 And b2
Print "b1 Or b2 = "; b1 Or b2
Print "b1 XOr b2 = "; b1 Xor b2
Print "b1 Eqv b2 = "; b1 Eqv b2
Print "b1 Imp b2 = "; b1 Imp b2
Print "Not b1 = "; Not b1
Print "b1 AndAlso b2 = "; b1 AndAlso b2
Print "b1 OrElse b2 = "; b1 OrElse b2
Print
End Sub
Dim b1 As Boolean = True
Dim b2 As Boolean = True
logicalDemo b1, b2
b2 = False
logicalDemo b1, b2
b1 = False
logicalDemo b1, b2
b2 = True
logicalDemo b1, b2
Print "Press any key to quit"
Sleep
{{out}}
b1 = true
b2 = true
b1 And b2 = true
b1 Or b2 = true
b1 XOr b2 = false
b1 Eqv b2 = true
b1 Imp b2 = true
Not b1 = false
b1 AndAlso b2 = true
b1 OrElse b2 = true
b1 = true
b2 = false
b1 And b2 = false
b1 Or b2 = true
b1 XOr b2 = true
b1 Eqv b2 = false
b1 Imp b2 = false
Not b1 = false
b1 AndAlso b2 = false
b1 OrElse b2 = true
b1 = false
b2 = false
b1 And b2 = false
b1 Or b2 = false
b1 XOr b2 = false
b1 Eqv b2 = true
b1 Imp b2 = true
Not b1 = true
b1 AndAlso b2 = false
b1 OrElse b2 = false
b1 = false
b2 = true
b1 And b2 = false
b1 Or b2 = true
b1 XOr b2 = true
b1 Eqv b2 = false
b1 Imp b2 = true
Not b1 = true
b1 AndAlso b2 = false
b1 OrElse b2 = true
bc
POSIX bc has neither Boolean values nor built-in logical operations. Thus one has to write them oneself:
/* The following three functions assume 0 is false and 1 is true */
/* And */
define a(x, y) {
return(x * y)
}
/* Or */
define o(x, y) {
return(x + y - x * y)
}
/* Not */
define n(x) {
return(1 - x)
}
define f(a, b) {
"a and b: "
a(a, b)
"a or b: "
o(a, b)
"not a: "
n(a)
}
{{Works with|GNU bc}} GNU bc's extensions make this task much easier:
define logic_test(a, b) {
print "a and b: ", a && b, "\n"
print "a or b: ", a || b, "\n"
print "not a: ", !a, "\n"
}
Bracmat
Bracmat has no boolean values. Instead, each expression has, apart from its value, also a S/F/I (SUCCEEDED/FAILED/IGNORE) feature, where the latter is used in the exceptional case that the success or failure of an expression should not influence the program flow.
The expression ~ is special in that it always fails. Most expressions only fail in exceptional cases, such as when a file cannot be opened. Match expressions stand apart from the rest and can be compared to expressions with comparison operations in other languages.
In the example below, the empty string represents 'true' and ~ represents 'false'. The binary operators & and |, which normally are used as the glue between expressions such as match operations, function definitions and function calls, are used as the logical operators 'and' and 'or', respectively.
( ( Logic
= x y
. '$arg:(=?x,?y)
& str
$ ( "\n(x,y)="
!arg
( ":\n"
"x and y -> "
( (!x&!y)&true
| false
)
)
( \n
"x or y -> "
( (!x|!y)&true
| false
)
)
"\nnot x -> "
(~!x&true|false)
)
)
& out$(Logic$(,))
& out$(Logic$(~,))
& out$(Logic$(,~))
& out$(Logic$(~,~))
);
{{out}}
(x,y)=(,):
x and y -> true
x or y -> true
not x -> false
(x,y)=(~,):
x and y -> false
x or y -> true
not x -> true
(x,y)=(,~):
x and y -> false
x or y -> true
not x -> false
(x,y)=(~,~):
x and y -> false
x or y -> false
not x -> true
Brat
logic = { a, b |
p "a and b: #{ a && b }"
p "a or b: #{ a || b }"
p "not a: #{ not a }"
}
C
void print_logic(int a, int b) { printf("a and b is %d\n", a && b); printf("a or b is %d\n", a || b); printf("not a is %d\n", !a); }
C++
void print_logic(bool a, bool b) { std::cout << std::boolalpha; // so that bools are written as "true" and "false" std::cout << "a and b is " << (a && b) << "\n"; std::cout << "a or b is " << (a || b) << "\n"; std::cout << "not a is " << (!a) << "\n"; }
C#
using System; namespace LogicalOperations { class Program { static void Main(string[] args) { bool a = true, b = false; Console.WriteLine("a and b is {0}", a && b); Console.WriteLine("a or b is {0}", a || b); Console.WriteLine("Not a is {0}", !a); Console.WriteLine("a exclusive-or b is {0}", a ^ b); } } }
Clipper
Function Foo( a, b )
// a and b was defined as .F. (false) or .T. (true)
? a .AND. b
? a .OR. b
? .NOT. a, .NOT. b
Return Nil
Clojure
(defn logical [a b] (prn (str "a and b is " (and a b))) (prn (str "a or b is " (or a b))) (prn (str "not a is " (not a)))) (logical true false)
COBOL
Logical operations in COBOL are exactly the same as [[Bitwise operations#COBOL|bitwise operations]].
IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID. print-logic.
DATA DIVISION.
LOCAL-STORAGE SECTION.
01 result PIC 1 USAGE BIT.
LINKAGE SECTION.
01 a PIC 1 USAGE BIT.
01 b PIC 1 USAGE BIT.
PROCEDURE DIVISION USING a, b.
COMPUTE result = a B-AND b
DISPLAY "a and b is " result
COMPUTE result = a B-OR b
DISPLAY "a or b is " result
COMPUTE result = B-NOT a
DISPLAY "Not a is " result
COMPUTE result = a B-XOR b
DISPLAY "a exclusive-or b is " result
GOBACK
.
ColdFusion
<cffunction name = "logic" hint = "Performs basic logical operations">
<cfargument name = "a" required = "yes" type = "boolean" />
<cfargument name = "a" required = "yes" type = "boolean" />
<cfoutput>
'A' AND 'B' is #a AND b#< br />
'A' OR 'B' is #a OR b#< br />
NOT 'A' is #!a#
</cfoutput>
</cffunction>
Common Lisp
(defun logic (a b) (print "a and b is") (write (and a b)) (print "a or b is" ) (write (or a b)) (print "not a is" ) (write (not a)))
D
import std.stdio; void logic(T, U)(T lhs, U rhs) { writefln("'%s' is of type '%s', '%s' is of type '%s';", lhs, typeid(typeof(lhs)), rhs,typeid(typeof(rhs))); writefln("\t'%s' AND '%s' is %s, ", lhs, rhs, lhs && rhs); writefln("\t'%s' OR '%s' is %s, ", lhs, rhs, lhs || rhs); writefln("\tNOT '%s' is %s.\n", lhs, !lhs); } class C { int value; } void main() { bool theTruth = true; bool theLie = false; real zeroReal = 0.0L; real NaN; // D initializes floating point values to NaN int zeroInt = 0; real[] nullArr = null; string emptyStr = ""; string nullStr = null; C someC = new C; C nullC = null; // Note: Struct is value type in D, but composite // so no default bool equivalent. logic(theTruth, theLie); logic(zeroReal, NaN); logic(zeroInt, nullArr); logic(nullStr, emptyStr); logic(someC, nullC); }
{{out}}
'true' is of type 'bool', 'false' is of type 'bool';
'true' AND 'false' is false,
'true' OR 'false' is true,
NOT 'true' is false.
'0' is of type 'real', 'nan' is of type 'real';
'0' AND 'nan' is false,
'0' OR 'nan' is true,
NOT '0' is true.
'0' is of type 'int', '[]' is of type 'real[]';
'0' AND '[]' is false,
'0' OR '[]' is false,
NOT '0' is true.
'' is of type 'immutable(char)[]', '' is of type 'immutable(char)[]';
'' AND '' is false,
'' OR '' is true,
NOT '' is true.
'logical_operations.C' is of type 'logical_operations.C', 'null' is of type 'logical_operations.C';
'logical_operations.C' AND 'null' is false,
'logical_operations.C' OR 'null' is true,
NOT 'logical_operations.C' is false.
Dc
[ 1 q ] sT
[ 0=T 0 ] s!
[ l! x S@ l! x L@ + l! x ] s&
[ l! x S@ l! x L@ * l! x ] s|
[ 48 + P ] s.
[ Sb Sa
la l. x [ ] P lb l. x [ ] P
la lb l& x l. x [ ] P
la Lb l| x l. x [ ] P
La l! x l. x
A P
] sF
[a b a&b a|b !a] P A P
0 0 lF x
0 1 lF x
1 0 lF x
1 1 lF x
{{out}}
a b a&b a|b !a
0 0 0 0 1
0 1 0 1 1
1 0 0 1 0
1 1 1 1 0
Delphi
program LogicalOperations;
{$APPTYPE CONSOLE}
const
a = True;
b = False;
begin
Write('a = ');
Writeln(a);
Write('b = ');
Writeln(b);
Writeln;
Write('a AND b: ');
Writeln(a AND b);
Write('a OR b: ');
Writeln(a OR b);
Write('NOT a: ');
Writeln(NOT a);
Write('a XOR b: ');
Writeln(a XOR b);
end.
{{out}}
a = TRUE
b = FALSE
a AND b: FALSE
a OR b: TRUE
NOT a: FALSE
a XOR b: TRUE
=={{header|Déjà Vu}}==
showbool a b:
!.( a b or a b and a b xor a b not a )
for a in [ false true ]:
for b in [ false true ]:
showbool a b
{{out}}
true true true true false false
true false true false true false
false true true false true true
false false false false false true
DWScript
var a := True;
var b := False;
Print('a = ');
PrintLn(a);
Print('b = ');
PrintLn(b);
Print('a AND b: ');
PrintLn(a AND b);
Print('a OR b: ');
PrintLn(a OR b);
Print('NOT a: ');
PrintLn(NOT a);
Print('a XOR b: ');
PrintLn(a XOR b);
{{out}}
a = True
b = False
a AND b: False
a OR b: True
NOT a: False
a XOR b: True
Dyalect
var a = true
var b = false
print("a and b is \(a && b)")
print("a or b is \(a || b)")
print("Not a is \(!a)")
print("a exclusive-or b is \(a ^ b)")
E
def logicalOperations(a :boolean, b :boolean) {
return ["and" => a & b,
"or" => a | b,
"not" => !a,
"xor" => a ^ b]
}
Each of these is a method on [http://wiki.erights.org/wiki/Boolean boolean objects]; the above is precisely equivalent to:
def logicalOperations(a :boolean, b :boolean) {
return ["and" => a.and(b),
"or" => a.or(b),
"not" => a.not(),
"xor" => a.xor(b)]
}
If the :boolean guards were removed, these operations would also work on other types, such as sets (& is union and | is intersection; not is not supported).
ECL
LogicalOperations(BOOLEAN A,BOOLEAN B) := FUNCTION
ANDit := A AND B;
ORit := A OR B;
NOTA := NOT A;
XORit := (A OR B) AND NOT (A AND B);
DS := DATASET([{A,B,'A AND B is:',ANDit},
{A,B,'A OR B is:',ORit},
{A,B,'NOT A is:',NOTA},
{A,B,'A XOR B is:',XORit}],
{BOOLEAN AVal,BOOLEAN BVal,STRING11 valuetype,BOOLEAN val});
RETURN DS;
END;
LogicalOperations(FALSE,FALSE);
LogicalOperations(FALSE,TRUE);
LogicalOperations(TRUE,FALSE);
LogicalOperations(TRUE,TRUE);
LogicalOperations(1>2,1=1); //Boolean expressions are also valid here
Efene
compare_bool = fn (A, B) {
io.format("~p and ~p = ~p~n", [A, B, A and B])
io.format("~p or ~p = ~p~n", [A, B, A or B])
io.format("not ~p = ~p~n", [A, not A])
io.format("~p xor ~p = ~p~n", [A, B, A xor B])
io.format("~n")
}
@public
run = fn () {
compare_bool(true, true)
compare_bool(true, false)
compare_bool(false, true)
compare_bool(false, false)
}
Elena
ELENA 4.x:
import extensions;
public program()
{
bool a := true;
bool b := false;
console.printLine("a and b is ", a && b);
console.printLine("a or b is ", a || b);
console.printLine("Not a is ", a.Inverted);
console.printLine("a xor b is ", a ^^ b)
}
{{out}}
a and b is false
a or b is true
Not a is false
a xor b is true
Elixir
Elixir also provides three boolean operators: or, and and not. These operators are strict in the sense that they expect a boolean (true or false) as their first argument:
iex(1)> true and false false iex(2)> false or true true iex(3)> not false true
or and and are short-circuit operators. They only execute the right side if the left side is not enough to determine the result:
Besides these boolean operators, Elixir also provides ||, && and ! which accept arguments of any type. For these operators, all values except false and nil will evaluate to true:
(28)> nil || 23 23 iex(29)> [] || false [] iex(30)> nil && true nil iex(31)> 0 && 15 15 iex(32)> ! true false iex(33)> ! nil true iex(34)> ! 3.14 false
As a rule of thumb, use and, or and not when you are expecting booleans. If any of the arguments are non-boolean, use &&, || and !.
Elm
--Open cmd and elm-repl and directly functions can be created --Creating Functions t=True f=False opand a b= a && b opor a b= a || b opnot a= not a --Using the created Functions opand t f opor t f opnot f --Output will be False, True and True of type Boolean! --end
Erlang
true and false.
false
2> false or true.
true
3> true xor false.
true
4> not false.
true
5> not (true and true).
false
Euphoria
procedure print_logic(integer a, integer b)
printf(1,"a and b is %d\n", a and b)
printf(1,"a or b is %d\n", a or b)
printf(1,"a xor b is %d\n", a xor b)
printf(1,"not a is %d\n", not a)
end procedure
Excel
If the values are typed in cells A1 and B1, type in the following in cell C1
=CONCATENATE($A1, " AND ", $B1, " is ", AND($A1,$B1))
In D1
=CONCATENATE($A1, " OR ", $B1, " is ", OR($A1,$B1))
In E1
=CONCATENATE(" NOT ", $A1, " is ", NOT($A1))
=={{header|F Sharp|F#}}==
let printLogic a b = printfn "a and b is %b" (a && b) printfn "a or b is %b" (a || b) printfn "Not a is %b" (not a) // The not-equals operator has the same effect as XOR on booleans. printfn "a exclusive-or b is %b" (a <> b)
Factor
: logical-operators ( a b -- )
{
[ "xor is: " write xor . ]
[ "and is: " write and . ]
[ "or is: " write or . ]
[ "not is: " write drop not . ]
} 2cleave ;
FALSE
FALSE uses zero/non-zero for testing False and True. Comparison operators return -1 for True and 0 for False, which work with bitwise operators for logical operations.
1 3=~["unequal, "]?
1 1= 1_=["true is -1, "]?
0~["false is 0, "]?
'm$'a>'z@>&["a < m < z"]?
Fantom
class Main
{
static Void doOps (Bool arg1, Bool arg2)
{
echo ("$arg1 and $arg2 = ${arg1.and(arg2)}")
echo ("$arg1 or $arg2 = ${arg1.or(arg2)}")
echo ("not $arg1 = ${arg1.not}")
echo ("$arg1 xor $arg2 = ${arg1.xor(arg2)}")
}
public static Void main ()
{
[true,false].each |Bool arg1|
{
[true,false].each |Bool arg2|
{
doOps (arg1, arg2)
}
}
}
}
Forth
Forth can use bitwise operators if the boolean values are well formed: TRUE (-1) and FALSE (0). '''0<>''' converts an ill-formed flag (zero/non-zero) to a well-formed flag (false/true).
: .bool ( ? -- ) if ." true" else ." false" then ;
: logic ( a b -- ) 0<> swap 0<> swap
cr ." a = " over .bool ." b = " dup .bool
cr ." a and b = " 2dup and .bool
cr ." a or b = " over or .bool
cr ." not a = " 0= .bool ;
Fortran
In ANSI FORTRAN 66 or later, use LOGICAL data type:
SUBROUTINE PRNLOG(A, B)
LOGICAL A, B
PRINT *, 'a and b is ', A .AND. B
PRINT *, 'a or b is ', A .OR. B
PRINT *, 'not a is ', .NOT. A
C You did not ask, but the following logical operators are also standard
C since ANSI FORTRAN 66
C
### =================================================================
C This yields the same results as .EQ., but has lower operator precedence
C and only works with LOGICAL operands:
PRINT *, 'a equivalent to b is ', A .EQV. B
C This yields the same results as .NE., but has lower operator precedence
C and only works with LOGICAL operands (this operation is also commonly
C called "exclusive or"):
PRINT *, 'a not equivalent to b is ', A .NEQV. B
END
FunL
def logical( a, b ) = println( """
a and b = ${a and b}
a or b = ${a or b}
not a = ${not a}
a xor b = ${a xor b}
""" )
for i <- [false, true], j <- [false, true] do logical( i, j )
{{out}}
a and b = false
a or b = false
not a = true
a xor b = false
a and b = false
a or b = true
not a = true
a xor b = true
a and b = false
a or b = true
not a = false
a xor b = true
a and b = true
a or b = true
not a = false
a xor b = false
FutureBasic
include "ConsoleWindow"
def tab 6
dim as long a, b
print "In FB the Boolean constants _true = 1, _false = 0"
print string$( 39, "-" )
print " a", " b", "and", "or", "xor", "nand", "nor"
print string$( 39, "-" )
a = _false: b = _false: print a, b, a and b, a or b, a xor b, a nand b, a nor b
a = _false: b = _true: print a, b, a and b, a or b, a xor b, a nand b, a nor b
a = _true: b = _false: print a, b, a and b, a or b, a xor b, a nand b, a nor b
a = _true: b = _true: print a, b, a and b, a or b, a xor b, a nand b, a nor b
print
print "FB also has shorthand operator expressions:
print string$( 39, "-" )
print " a", " b", "&&", "||", "^^", "^&", "^|"
print string$( 39, "-" )
a = _false: b = _false: print a, b, a && b, a || b, a ^^ b, a ^& b, a ^| b
a = _false: b = _true: print a, b, a && b, a || b, a ^^ b, a ^& b, a ^| b
a = _true: b = _false: print a, b, a && b, a || b, a ^^ b, a ^& b, a ^| b
a = _true: b = _true: print a, b, a && b, a || b, a ^^ b, a ^& b, a ^| b
In FB the Boolean constants _true = 1, _false = 0
---------------------------------------
a b and or xor nand nor
---------------------------------------
0 0 0 0 0 0 -1
0 1 0 1 1 0 -2
1 0 0 1 1 1 -1
1 1 1 1 0 0 -1
FB also has shorthand operator expressions:
---------------------------------------
a b && || ^^ ^& ^|
---------------------------------------
0 0 0 0 0 0 -1
0 1 0 1 1 0 -2
1 0 0 1 1 1 -1
1 1 1 1 0 0 -1
GAP
Logical := function(a, b)
return [ a or b, a and b, not a ];
end;
Logical(true, true);
# [ true, true, false ]
Logical(true, false);
# [ true, false, false ]
Logical(false, true);
# [ true, false, true ]
Logical(false, false);
# [ false, false, true ]
gecho
3&&4
```gecho>1 2 or</lang
1||2
## Genie
```genie
[indent=4]
/*
Logical operations in Genie
valac logicals.gs
./logicals true false
*/
def logicals(a:bool, b:bool)
print @"$a and $b is $(a and b)"
print @"$a or $b is $(a or b)"
print @"not $a is $(not a)"
init
a:bool = bool.parse(args[1])
b:bool = bool.parse(args[2])
logicals(a, b)
{{out}}
prompt$ valac logicals.gs
prompt$ ./logicals true false
true and false is false
true or false is true
not true is false
Go
func printLogic(a, b bool) { fmt.Println("a and b is", a && b) fmt.Println("a or b is", a || b) fmt.Println("not a is", !a) }
Other operators that work on type bool are == and !=. == corresponds to the logical operation of equivalence. != corresponds to exclusive or.
Groovy
def logical = { a, b -> println """ a AND b = ${a} && ${b} = ${a & b} a OR b = ${a} || ${b} = ${a | b} NOT a = ! ${a} = ${! a} a XOR b = ${a} != ${b} = ${a != b} a EQV b = ${a} == ${b} = ${a == b} """ }
Program:
[true, false].each { a -> [true, false].each { b-> logical(a, b) } }
{{out}}
a AND b = true && true = true
a OR b = true || true = true
NOT a = ! true = false
a XOR b = true != true = false
a EQV b = true == true = true
a AND b = true && false = false
a OR b = true || false = true
NOT a = ! true = false
a XOR b = true != false = true
a EQV b = true == false = false
a AND b = false && true = false
a OR b = false || true = true
NOT a = ! false = true
a XOR b = false != true = true
a EQV b = false == true = false
a AND b = false && false = false
a OR b = false || false = false
NOT a = ! false = true
a XOR b = false != false = false
a EQV b = false == false = true
Harbour
PROCEDURE Foo( a, b )
// a and b was defined as .F. (false) or .T. (true)
? a .AND. b
? a .OR. b
? ! a, ! b
RETURN
Haskell
Instead of a function and printing, which is unidiomatic for Haskell, here are the operations in the same style as in [[Bitwise operations]]:
a = False b = True a_and_b = a && b a_or_b = a || b not_a = not a a_xor_b = a /= b a_nxor_b = a == b a_implies_b = a <= b -- sic!
(&&) and (||) are lazy on the second argument and therefore this operations are not symmetric:
*Main > False && undefined False Prelude> undefined && False *** Exception: Prelude.undefined Prelude> True || undefined True Prelude> undefined || True *** Exception: Prelude.undefined
(<=), (<), (>=) and (>) on the other hand are strict:
False <= undefined
*** Exception: Prelude.undefined
Prelude> undefined <= True
*** Exception: Prelude.undefined
Prelude> True < undefined
*** Exception: Prelude.undefined
Prelude> undefined < False
*** Exception: Prelude.undefined
hexiscript
fun logic a b
println "a and b = " + (a && b)
println "a or b = " + (a || b)
println " not a = " + (!a)
endfun
HicEst
No logical variables. Nonzero is true, zero is false in logical expressions:
x = value1 /= 0
y = value2 /= 0
NOTx = x == 0
xANDy = x * y
xORy = x + y /= 0
EOR = x /= y
HolyC
U0 PrintLogic(Bool a, Bool b) {
Print("a and b is %d\n", a && b);
Print("a or b is %d\n", a || b);
Print("not a is %d\n", !a);
}
PrintLogic(TRUE, FALSE);
Hy
(defn logic [a b] (print "a and b:" (and a b)) (print "a or b:" (or a b)) (print "not a:" (not a)))
Io
printLogic := method(a,b,
writeln("a and b is ", a and b)
writeln("a or b is ", a or b)
writeln("not a is ", a not)
)
=={{header|Icon}} and {{header|Unicon}}== Icon/Unicon do not have a native logical or Boolean type; nor do they use Boolean values for flow control. Instead for flow control they use the concept of success (a result is returned) or failure (a signal). For more on this see see [[Short-circuit_evaluation#Icon_and_Unicon|Short Circuit Evaluation]]. Because there is almost no need for Boolean values the concept is somewhat alien.
One likely situation where Boolean values could be encountered is working with an external array of bits/flags. This example attempts to show a solution that would work in such a scenario. Some characteristics would include:
- the ability to work with an entire array of bits
- the ability to test an individual bit for true/false
- need to be careful with automatic type conversions Of course other characteristics and functionality might be desirable, examples include:
- shifting (based on ishift)
- rotation
- conversion to a (large) integer
- setting a specific bit in the array
Those are left as an exercise for the reader.
There are a couple of choices for implementation. Briefly:
- use of &null and a non-null - this creates problems for negation as not &null can be any or all values
- use of large integers as bit arrays - only signed integers are supported and this complicates preserving array length
- use of strings - a bit wasteful of space
This implementation uses strings as packed arrays of bits. This facilitates easy reading and writing from external sources. While string length is variable it is controlled and doesn't change under negation. The built-in integer bit operations (ior, ixor, iand, ishift) can be utilized under the covers.
invocable all
procedure main() #: sample demonstrating boolean function use
limit := 4
char2 := char(2)||char(0)
every (i := char(1 to limit)|char2) do {
write(iop := "bnot","( ",image(i)," ) = ",image(iop(i)))
every k := 3 | 10 do {
write("bistrue(",image(i),",",k,") - ", if bistrue(i,k) then "returns" else "fails")
write("bisfalse(",image(i),",",k,") - ", if bisfalse(i,k) then "returns" else "fails")
}
every (j := char(1 to limit)) & (iop := "bor"|"band"|"bxor") do
write(iop,"( ",image(i),", ",image(j)," ) = ",image(iop(i,j)))
}
end
procedure bisfalse(b,p) #: test if bit p (numbered right to left from 1) is false; return b or fails
return boolean_testbit(0,b,p)
end
procedure bistrue(b,p) #: test if bit p is true; return b or fails
return boolean_testbit(1,b,p)
end
procedure bnot(b) #: logical complement of b (not is a reserved word)
static cs,sc
initial sc := reverse(cs := string(&cset))
if type(b) ~== "string" then runerr(103,b)
return map(b,cs,sc) # en-mass inversion through remapping ordered cset
end
procedure bor(b1,b2) #: logical or
return boolean_op(ior,b1,b2)
end
procedure band(b1,b2) #: logical or
return boolean_op(iand,b1,b2)
end
procedure bxor(b1,b2) #: logical or
return boolean_op(ixor,b1,b2)
end
procedure boolean_testbit(v,b,p) #: (internal) test if bit p is true/false; return b or fail
if not 0 <= integer(p) = p then runerr(101,p)
if type(b) ~== "string" then runerr(103,b)
if v = ishift(ord(b[-p/8-1]), -(p%8)+1) then return b
end
procedure boolean_op(iop,b1,b2) #: boolean helper
local b3,i
static z
initial z := char(0)
if type(b1) ~== "string" then runerr(103,b1)
if type(b2) ~== "string" then runerr(103,b2)
b3 := ""
every i := -1 to -max(*b1,*b2) by -1 do
b3 := char(iop(ord(b1[i]|z),ord(b2[i]|z))) || b3
return b3
end
{{out|Partial Sample Output:}}
...
bnot( "\x03" ) = "\xfc"
...
bor( "\x03", "\x01" ) = "\x03"
band( "\x03", "\x01" ) = "\x01"
bxor( "\x03", "\x01" ) = "\x02"
...
bnot( "\x02\x00" ) = "\xfd\xff"
bistrue("\x02\x00",3) - fails
bisfalse("\x02\x00",3) - returns
bistrue("\x02\x00",10) - returns
bisfalse("\x02\x00",10) - fails
bor( "\x02\x00", "\x01" ) = "\x02\x01"
band( "\x02\x00", "\x01" ) = "\x00\x00"
bxor( "\x02\x00", "\x01" ) = "\x02\x01"
...
J
J uses 0 for logical false and 1 for logical true.
aon=: *.`+.`(-.@[)`:0
Given boolean arguments, *. is logical and, +. is logical or, and -.is logical not.
Additional primary logical operators include *: (not-and), +: (not-or), ~: (exclusive-or) and <: (logical implication).
a=: 0 0 1 1 NB. Work on vectors to show all possible
b=: 0 1 0 1 NB. 2-bit combos at once.
a aon b
0 0 0 1
0 1 1 1
1 1 0 0
An alternate approach, based on a probabilistic interpretation, uses for logical and, -. for logical negation and derives the others: (&.-.) for logical or, (-.@) for not-and, (-.@&.-.) for not-or, (* &.-. -.@&.-.) for exclusive or, and (*&.-. -.)~ for logical implication. You get the same results for simple truth values this way, but you also get consistent treatment for values between 0 and 1.
Java
public static void logic(boolean a, boolean b){ System.out.println("a AND b: " + (a && b)); System.out.println("a OR b: " + (a || b)); System.out.println("NOT a: " + (!a)); }
Additionally, ^ is used for XOR and == is used for "equal to" (a.k.a. bidirectional implication).
JavaScript
function logic(a,b) { print("a AND b: " + (a && b)); print("a OR b: " + (a || b)); print("NOT a: " + (!a)); }
jq
In jq, and and or have short-circuit semantics, and can be used with non-boolean arguments.
In addition to the basic logical operators, jq has any and all filters. Versions of jq since 1.4 also have extended versions of these for working efficiently with streams.
def logic(a; b):
"\(a) and \(b) => \(a and b)",
"\(a) or \(b) => \(a or b)",
"\(a) | not => \(a | not)",
"if \(a) then true else false end => \(if a then true else false end)" ;
'''Example''':
(false, null, []) as $a
| (false, null, {}) as $b
| logic( $a; $b )
$ jq -n -r -f logical_operations.jq false and false => false false or false => false false | not => true if false then true else false end => false false and null => false false or null => false false | not => true if false then true else false end => false false and {} => false false or {} => true false | not => true if false then true else false end => false null and false => false null or false => false null | not => true if null then true else false end => false null and null => false null or null => false null | not => true if null then true else false end => false null and {} => false null or {} => true null | not => true if null then true else false end => false [] and false => false [] or false => true [] | not => false if [] then true else false end => true [] and null => false [] or null => true [] | not => false if [] then true else false end => true [] and {} => true [] or {} => true [] | not => false if [] then true else false end => true
Julia
function exerciselogic(a::Bool, b::Bool) st = @sprintf " %5s" a st *= @sprintf " %5s" b st *= @sprintf " %5s" ~a st *= @sprintf " %5s" a | b st *= @sprintf " %5s" a & b st *= @sprintf " %5s" a $ b end println("Julia's logical operations on Bool:") println(" a b not or and xor") for a in [true, false], b in [true, false] println(exerciselogic(a, b)) end
{{out}}
Julia's logical operations on Bool:
a b not or and xor
true true false true true false
true false false true false true
false true true true false true
false false true false false false
'''Notes'''
This solution shows the bitwise operators in action. There are also short-circuiting or and and (||, &&). In addition, there are updating versions of the three binary logical operators, |=, &= and $=.
Kotlin
Similar style to FreeBASIC entry:
// version 1.0.6 fun logicalDemo(b1: Boolean, b2: Boolean) { println("b1 = $b1") println("b2 = $b2") println("b1 and b2 = ${b1 and b2}") println("b1 or b2 = ${b1 or b2}") println("b1 xor b2 = ${b1 xor b2}") println("not b1 = ${!b1}") println("b1 && b2 = ${b1 && b2}") println("b1 || b2 = ${b1 || b2}") println() } fun main(args: Array<String>) { logicalDemo(true, true) logicalDemo(true, false) logicalDemo(false, false) logicalDemo(false, true) }
{{out}}
b1 = true
b2 = true
b1 and b2 = true
b1 or b2 = true
b1 xor b2 = false
not b1 = false
b1 && b2 = true
b1 || b2 = true
b1 = true
b2 = false
b1 and b2 = false
b1 or b2 = true
b1 xor b2 = true
not b1 = false
b1 && b2 = false
b1 || b2 = true
b1 = false
b2 = false
b1 and b2 = false
b1 or b2 = false
b1 xor b2 = false
not b1 = true
b1 && b2 = false
b1 || b2 = false
b1 = false
b2 = true
b1 and b2 = false
b1 or b2 = true
b1 xor b2 = true
not b1 = true
b1 && b2 = false
b1 || b2 = true
Lasso
// br is just for formatting output here
define br => '\r'
// define vars
local(a = true, b = false)
// boolean comparators.
// note, not including comparison operators which would return boolean results
'a AND b: ' + (#a && #b)
br
'a OR b: ' + (#a || #b)
br
'NOT a: ' + !#a
br
'NOT a (using not): ' + not #a
Liberty BASIC
There is no truly Boolean type. 0 = false, nonzero = true. A true value is ANY value not zero, but is usually considered to be either "1" or "-1".
False =0
True =not( False)
print " True ="; True, "False ="; False, "NB True here shown as -1"
print
print " a b AND OR XOR"
a =0: b =0: print " "; a; " "; b; " "; a and b; " "; a or b; " "; a xor b
a =0: b =1: print " "; a; " "; b; " "; a and b; " "; a or b; " "; a xor b
a =1: b =0: print " "; a; " "; b; " "; a and b; " "; a or b; " "; a xor b
a =1: b =1: print " "; a; " "; b; " "; a and b; " "; a or b; " "; a xor b
end
True =-1 False =0 NB True here shown as -1 . a b AND OR XOR 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
LIL
# Logical operations, in LIL set first [expr 1 == 1] set second [expr 1 == 0] func and-or-not {a b} { print a $a b $b print "a AND b" [expr $a && $b] print "a OR b " [expr $a || $b] print "NOT a " [expr !$a] } and-or-not $first $second
{{out}}
prompt$ lil logicalOperations.lil
a 1 b 0
a AND b 0
a OR b 1
NOT a 0
LiveCode
function boolOps p1, p2
local boolOpsResult
put p1 && "AND" && p2 && "=" && merge("[[p1 and p2]]") & cr after boolOpsResult
put p1 && "OR" && p2 && "=" && merge("[[p1 or p2]]") & cr after boolOpsResult
put "NOT" && p1 && "=" && merge("[[not p1]]") & cr after boolOpsResult
return boolOpsResult
end boolOps
Example
repeat for each item bop in "true,false"
put boolops(bop, bop) & cr after bopResult
put boolops(bop, not bop) & cr after bopResult
end repeat
put bopResult
-- results
true AND true = true
true OR true = true
NOT true = false
true AND false = false
true OR false = true
NOT true = false
false AND false = false
false OR false = false
NOT false = true
false AND true = false
false OR true = true
NOT false = true
LLVM
; This is not strictly LLVM, as it uses the C library function "printf".
; LLVM does not provide a way to print values, so the alternative would be
; to just load the string into memory, and that would be boring.
; Additional comments have been inserted, as well as changes made from the output produced by clang such as putting more meaningful labels for the jumps
;--- The declarations for the external C functions
declare i32 @printf(i8*, ...)
$"FORMAT_AND" = comdat any
$"FORMAT_OR" = comdat any
$"FORMAT_NOT" = comdat any
@"FORMAT_AND" = linkonce_odr unnamed_addr constant [15 x i8] c"a and b is %d\0A\00", comdat, align 1
@"FORMAT_OR" = linkonce_odr unnamed_addr constant [14 x i8] c"a or b is %d\0A\00", comdat, align 1
@"FORMAT_NOT" = linkonce_odr unnamed_addr constant [13 x i8] c"not a is %d\0A\00", comdat, align 1
; Function Attrs: noinline nounwind optnone uwtable
define void @print_logic(i32, i32) #0 {
%3 = alloca i32, align 4 ;-- allocate b
%4 = alloca i32, align 4 ;-- allocate a
store i32 %1, i32* %3, align 4 ;-- copy parameter b
store i32 %0, i32* %4, align 4 ;-- copy parameter a
%5 = load i32, i32* %4, align 4 ;-- load a
%6 = icmp ne i32 %5, 0 ;-- is a true?
br i1 %6, label %and_true, label %and_false
and_true:
%7 = load i32, i32* %3, align 4
%8 = icmp ne i32 %7, 0
br label %and_false
and_false:
%9 = phi i1 [ false, %2 ], [ %8, %and_true ]
%10 = zext i1 %9 to i32
%11 = call i32 (i8*, ...) @printf(i8* getelementptr inbounds ([15 x i8], [15 x i8]* @"FORMAT_AND", i32 0, i32 0), i32 %10)
%12 = load i32, i32* %4, align 4 ;-- load a
%13 = icmp ne i32 %12, 0 ;-- is a true?
br i1 %13, label %or_true, label %or_false
or_false:
%14 = load i32, i32* %3, align 4 ;-- load b
%15 = icmp ne i32 %14, 0 ;-- is b true?
br label %or_true
or_true:
%16 = phi i1 [ true, %and_false ], [ %15, %or_false ]
%17 = zext i1 %16 to i32
%18 = call i32 (i8*, ...) @printf(i8* getelementptr inbounds ([14 x i8], [14 x i8]* @"FORMAT_OR", i32 0, i32 0), i32 %17)
%19 = load i32, i32* %4, align 4 ;-- load a
%20 = icmp ne i32 %19, 0
%21 = xor i1 %20, true
%22 = zext i1 %21 to i32
%23 = call i32 (i8*, ...) @printf(i8* getelementptr inbounds ([13 x i8], [13 x i8]* @"FORMAT_NOT", i32 0, i32 0), i32 %22)
ret void
}
; Function Attrs: noinline nounwind optnone uwtable
define i32 @main() #0 {
%1 = alloca i32, align 4 ;-- allocate i
%2 = alloca i32, align 4 ;-- allocate j
store i32 0, i32* %1, align 4 ;-- store 0 in i
br label %loop_i
loop_i:
%3 = load i32, i32* %1, align 4 ;-- load i
%4 = icmp slt i32 %3, 2 ;-- i < 2
br i1 %4, label %loop_j_init, label %exit
loop_j_init:
store i32 0, i32* %2, align 4 ;-- store 0 in j
br label %loop_j
loop_j:
%5 = load i32, i32* %2, align 4 ;-- load j
%6 = icmp slt i32 %5, 2 ;-- j < 2
br i1 %6, label %loop_body, label %loop_i_inc
loop_body:
%7 = load i32, i32* %2, align 4 ;-- load j
%8 = load i32, i32* %1, align 4 ;-- load i
call void @print_logic(i32 %8, i32 %7)
%9 = load i32, i32* %2, align 4 ;-- load j
%10 = add nsw i32 %9, 1 ;-- increment j
store i32 %10, i32* %2, align 4 ;-- store j
br label %loop_j
loop_i_inc:
%11 = load i32, i32* %1, align 4 ;-- load i
%12 = add nsw i32 %11, 1 ;-- increment i
store i32 %12, i32* %1, align 4 ;-- store i
br label %loop_i
exit:
ret i32 0
}
attributes #0 = { noinline nounwind optnone uwtable "correctly-rounded-divide-sqrt-fp-math"="false" "disable-tail-calls"="false" "less-precise-fpmad"="false" "no-frame-pointer-elim"="false" "no-infs-fp-math"="false" "no-jump-tables"="false" "no-nans-fp-math"="false" "no-signed-zeros-fp-math"="false" "no-trapping-math"="false" "stack-protector-buffer-size"="8" "target-cpu"="x86-64" "target-features"="+fxsr,+mmx,+sse,+sse2,+x87" "unsafe-fp-math"="false" "use-soft-float"="false" }
{{out}}
a and b is 0
a or b is 0
not a is 1
a and b is 0
a or b is 1
not a is 1
a and b is 0
a or b is 1
not a is 0
a and b is 1
a or b is 1
not a is 0
Logo
The boolean literals are used as words ("true and "false) when used in a program.
to logic :a :b
(print [a AND b =] and :a :b)
(print [a OR b =] or :a :b)
(print [NOT a =] not :a)
end
AND and OR may have arity greater than two if used in parentheses (and :a :b :c).
Lua
function logic(a,b) return a and b, a or b, not a end
M2000 Interpreter
Module CheckIt {
Def Boolean A, B
Document Rep$
A=True
B=False
k=(A, B)
And=Lambda (a as Boolean, b as Boolean)-> a and b
Or=Lambda (a as Boolean, b as Boolean)-> a or b
Xor=Lambda (a as Boolean, b as Boolean)-> a xor b
Not=Lambda (a)->Not a
func=((And, "And"), (Or, "Or"), (Xor, "Xor"))
F1=Each(func)
While F1 {
M1=Each(k)
M2=Each(k)
While M1 {
While M2 {
A=Array(Array(F1), 0)
Rep$=Format$("{0} {1} {2} = {3}",Array(M1), Array$(Array(F1), 1),Array(M2), A(Array(M1), Array(M2)))+{
}
}
}
}
M1=Each(k)
While M1 {
Rep$=Format$("Not {0} = {1}",Array(M1), Not Array(M1))+{
}
}
Report Rep$
Clipboard Rep$
}
CheckIt
{{out}}
True And True = True
True And False = False
False And True = False
False And False = False
True Or True = True
True Or False = True
False Or True = True
False Or False = False
True Xor True = False
True Xor False = True
False Xor True = True
False Xor False = False
Not True = False
Not False = True
M4
define(`logical',
`and($1,$2)=eval($1&&$2) or($1,$2)=eval($1||$2) not($1)=eval(!$1)')
logical(1,0)
{{out}}
and(1,0)=0 or(1,0)=1 not(1)=0
Maple
Infix and prefix operators are provided for each of and, or, not as well as xor and implies.
f:=proc(a,b) a and b, a or b, not a; end proc:
f(true,true);
f(true,false);
f(false,true);
f(false,false);
{{out}}
true, true, false
false, true, false
false, true, true
false, false, true
Mathematica
And[a,b,...]
Or[a,b,...]
Not[a]
And can also be given using the infix operator &&, Or can also be used using the infix operator ||. Not[a] can also be written as !a. Furthermore Mathematica supports:
Xor[a, b,...]
Nand[a, b,...]
Nor[a, b,...]
Xnor[a, b,...]
Note that the functions are not restricted to 2 arguments; any number of arguments are allowed (except for the function Not). All these functions can also be used with infix operators, the characters for that are: [Xor], [Nand], [Nor], and [Xnor]. Or by typing [escape] [name boolean operator] [escape].
Maxima
f(a, b) := [not a, a or b, a and b];
/* to use multiple arguments, use any of these */
a and b and c and d;
a or b or c or d;
"and"(a, b, c, d);
"or"(a, b, c, d);
apply("and", [a, b, c, d]);
apply("or", [a, b, c, d]);
MAXScript
fn printLogic a b =
(
format "a and b is %\n" (a and b)
format "a or b is %\n" (a or b)
format "not a is %\n" (not a)
)
Metafont
def tf(expr a) = if a: "true" else: "false" fi enddef;
def test(expr a, b) =
for o = "and", "or":
message tf(a) & " " & o & " " & tf(b);
show a scantokens(o) b;
endfor
message "not " & tf(a);
show not a enddef;
test(true, true);
test(false, false);
test(true, false);
test(false, true);
end
min
{{works with|min|0.19.3}}
(
:b :a
"xor is: " print! a b xor puts!
"and is: " print! a b and puts!
"or is: " print! a b or puts!
"not is: " print! a not puts!
) :logical-operators
=={{header|Modula-2}}==
MODULE LogicalOps;
FROM FormatString IMPORT FormatString;
FROM Terminal IMPORT WriteString,WriteLn,ReadChar;
PROCEDURE Print(a,b : BOOLEAN);
VAR buf : ARRAY[0..31] OF CHAR;
BEGIN
FormatString("a and b is %b\n", buf, a AND b);
WriteString(buf);
FormatString("a or b is %b\n", buf, a OR b);
WriteString(buf);
FormatString("not a is %b\n", buf, NOT a);
WriteString(buf);
WriteLn
END Print;
BEGIN
Print(FALSE, FALSE);
Print(FALSE, TRUE);
Print(TRUE, TRUE);
Print(TRUE, FALSE);
ReadChar
END LogicalOps.
=={{header|Modula-3}}==
MODULE Logical EXPORTS Main;
FROM IO IMPORT Put;
FROM Fmt IMPORT Bool;
PROCEDURE Test(a, b: BOOLEAN) =
BEGIN
Put("a AND b is " & Bool(a AND b) & "\n");
Put("a OR b is " & Bool(a OR b) & "\n");
Put("NOT a is " & Bool(NOT a) & "\n");
END Test;
BEGIN
Test(TRUE, FALSE);
END Logical.
MUMPS
LOGIC(A,B)
WRITE !,A," AND ",B," IS ",A&B
WRITE !,A," OR ",B," IS ",A!B
WRITE !,"NOT ",A," AND ",B," IS ",'(A)&B
WRITE !,"NOT ",A," OR ",B," IS ",'(A)!B
Neko
/** Logical operations, in Neko */ /* For logical operations, values need to be explicitly treated as boolean */ /* Only null, false and 0 evaluate as false with $istrue() */ var logical = 1 if logical $print("literal 1 tests true\n") else $print("literal 1 tests false\n") if $istrue(logical) $print("$istrue(1) tests true\n") /* supports && logical AND, || logical OR, $not(value) the opposite of $istrue() */ if $istrue(logical) && logical > 0 $print("true path for logical AND\n") if $istrue(logical) || logical > 1 $print("true path for logical OR\n") if $not(logical) $print("true path for $not(1)\n") else $print("false path for $not(1)\n")
{{out}}
prompt$ nekoc logical-operations.neko
prompt$ neko logical-operations.n
literal 1 tests false
$istrue(1) tests true
true path for logical AND
true path for logical OR
false path for $not(1)
Nemerle
using System;
using System.Console;
module Logical
{
WriteLogical(a : bool, b : bool) : void
{
WriteLine("{0} and {1} is {2}", a, b, a && b);
WriteLine("{0} or {1} is {2}", a, b, a || b);
WriteLine("not {0} is {1}", a, !a);
}
Main() : void {WriteLogical(true, false)}
}
Or, if you prefer keywords to operators import the Nemerle.English namespace to use '''and''', '''or''', and '''not'''.
NetRexx
/* NetRexx */
options replace format comments java crossref symbols binary
runSample(arg)
return
-- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
method logicalOperation(xL = boolean, xR = boolean) public static
say showBool(xL) 'AND' showBool(xR) '=' showBool(xL & xR) -- AND
say showBool(xL) 'OR ' showBool(xR) '=' showBool(xL | xR) -- OR
say showBool(xL) 'XOR' showBool(xR) '=' showBool(xL && xR) -- XOR
say ' ' 'NOT' showBool(xL) '=' showBool(\xL) -- NOT
say
return
-- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
method showBool(bb = boolean) public static
if bb then bt = 'true '
else bt = 'false'
return bt
-- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
method runSample(arg) private static
TRUE_ = (1 == 1)
FALSE_ = \TRUE_
lpairs = [ -
[TRUE_, TRUE_ ], -
[TRUE_, FALSE_], -
[FALSE_, TRUE_ ], -
[FALSE_, FALSE_] -
]
loop lx = 0 to lpairs.length - 1
lpair = lpairs[lx]
--say showBool(lpair[0]) showBool(lpair[1])
logicalOperation(lpair[0], lpair[1])
end lx
return
{{out}}
true AND true = true
true OR true = true
true XOR true = false
NOT true = false
true AND false = false
true OR false = true
true XOR false = true
NOT true = false
false AND true = false
false OR true = true
false XOR true = true
NOT false = true
false AND false = false
false OR false = false
false XOR false = false
NOT false = true
NewLISP
(define (logic a b)
(print "a and b is: " (and a b) "\n a or b is: " (or a b))
(print "\n not a is: " (not a)))
Nim
proc logic(a, b) = echo "a and b: ", a and b echo "a or b: ", a or b echo "not a: ", not a echo "a xor b: ", a xor b
Objeck
bundle Default {
class Logic {
function : Main(args : String[]) ~ Nil {
a := true;
b := false;
IO.Console->GetInstance()->Print("a and b is: ")->PrintLine(a & b);
IO.Console->GetInstance()->Print("a or b is: ")->PrintLine(a | b);
IO.Console->GetInstance()->Print("not a is: ")->PrintLine(a <> true);
}
}
}
OCaml
let print_logic a b = Printf.printf "a and b is %B\n" (a && b); Printf.printf "a or b is %B\n" (a || b); Printf.printf "not a is %B\n" (not a)
Octave
function test(a, b)
s1 = num2str(a);
s2 = num2str(b);
disp(strcat(s1, " and ", s2, " = ", num2str(a&&b)));
disp(strcat(s1, " or ", s2, " = ", num2str(a||b)));
disp(strcat("not ", s1, " = ", num2str(!a)));
endfunction
% constant true is 1, false is 0
test(true, true);
test(false, false);
test(true, false);
test(false, true);
Oforth
: logical(b1, b2)
System.Out "and = " << b1 b2 and << cr
System.Out "or = " << b1 b2 or << cr
System.Out "xor = " << b1 b2 xor << cr
System.Out "not = " << b1 not << cr ;
OOC
Bools in ooc are just covers for C's bools and respond to the same operators.
logic: func (a: Bool, b: Bool) {
println()
"A=#{a}, B=#{b}:" println()
"AND: #{a && b}" println()
"OR: #{a || b}" println()
"NOT A: #{!a}" println()
}
main: func {
logic(true, false)
logic(true, true)
logic(false, false)
logic(false, true)
}
OpenEdge/Progress
The logical data type can have three values: true, false or unknown (represented by question mark).
FUNCTION testLogical RETURNS CHAR (
i_l1 AS LOGICAL,
i_l2 AS LOGICAL
):
RETURN
SUBSTITUTE( '&1 and &2: &3', i_l1, i_l2, i_l1 AND i_l2 ) + '~n' +
SUBSTITUTE( '&1 or &2: &3', i_l1, i_l2, i_l1 OR i_l2 ) + '~n' +
SUBSTITUTE( 'not &1: &2', i_l1, NOT i_l1 )
.
END FUNCTION.
MESSAGE
testLogical( FALSE, FALSE ) SKIP(1)
testLogical( FALSE, TRUE ) SKIP(1)
testLogical( TRUE, FALSE ) SKIP(1)
testLogical( TRUE, TRUE ) SKIP(2)
testLogical( ?, ? ) SKIP(1)
testLogical( ?, FALSE ) SKIP(1)
testLogical( ?, TRUE ) SKIP(1)
VIEW-AS ALERT-BOX.
{{out}}
---------------------------
Message (Press HELP to view stack trace)
---------------------------
no and no: no
no or no: no
not no: yes
no and yes: no
no or yes: yes
not no: yes
yes and no: no
yes or no: yes
not yes: no
yes and yes: yes
yes or yes: yes
not yes: no
? and ?: ?
? or ?: ?
not ?: ?
? and no: no
? or no: ?
not ?: ?
? and yes: ?
? or yes: yes
not ?: ?
---------------------------
OK Help
---------------------------
Oz
proc {PrintLogic A B}
%% using not short-circuiting standard library functions
{Show {And A B}}
{Show {Or A B}}
{Show {Not A}}
%% using short-circuiting keywords
{Show A andthen B}
{Show A orelse B}
end
PARI/GP
Note that the forms bitand(), bitor(), bitneg(), and bitxor() also exist. These apply the operator to each bit and do not short-circuit, unlike the below.
logic(a,b)={
print(a&b); \\ && is the same
print(a|b); \\ || is the same
print(!a);
};
Pascal
procedure printlogic(a, b: boolean); begin writeln('a and b is ', a and b); writeln('a or b is ', a or b); writeln('not a is', not a); end;
Perl
sub show_bool { return shift() ? 'true' : 'false', "\n"; } sub test_logic { my ($a, $b) = @_; print "a and b is ", show_bool $a && $b; print "a or b is ", show_bool $a || $b; print "not a is ", show_bool !$a; print "a xor b is ", show_bool($a xor $b); }
There are also and, or, and not operators. These are just like &&, ||, and ! (respectively) except for their precedences, which are much lower.
Perl 6
Perl 6 has an abundance of logical operators for various purposes.
sub logic($a,$b) {
say "$a && $b is ", $a && $b; # short-circuiting
say "$a || $b is ", $a || $b; # short-circuiting
say "$a ^^ $b is ", $a ^^ $b;
say "!$a is ", !$a;
say "$a ?& $b is ", $a ?& $b; # non-short-circuiting
say "$a ?| $b is ", $a ?| $b; # non-short-circuiting
say "$a ?^ $b is ", $a ?^ $b; # non-short-circuiting
say "$a +& $b is ", $a +& $b; # numeric bitwise
say "$a +| $b is ", $a +| $b; # numeric bitwise
say "$a +^ $b is ", $a +^ $b; # numeric bitwise
say "$a ~& $b is ", $a ~& $b; # buffer bitwise
say "$a ~| $b is ", $a ~| $b; # buffer bitwise
say "$a ~^ $b is ", $a ~| $b; # buffer bitwise
say "$a & $b is ", $a & $b; # junctional/autothreading
say "$a | $b is ", $a | $b; # junctional/autothreading
say "$a ^ $b is ", $a ^ $b; # junctional/autothreading
say "$a and $b is ", ($a and $b); # loose short-circuiting
say "$a or $b is ", ($a or $b); # loose short-circuiting
say "$a xor $b is ", ($a xor $b);
say "not $a is ", (not $a);
}
logic(3,10);
{{out}}
3 && 10 is 10
3 || 10 is 3
3 ^^ 10 is Nil
!3 is False
3 ?& 10 is True
3 ?| 10 is True
3 ?^ 10 is False
3 +& 10 is 2
3 +| 10 is 11
3 +^ 10 is 9
3 ~& 10 is 1
3 ~| 10 is 30
3 ~^ 10 is 30
3 & 10 is all(3, 10)
3 | 10 is any(3, 10)
3 ^ 10 is one(3, 10)
3 and 10 is 10
3 or 10 is 3
3 xor 10 is Nil
not 3 is False
Phix
There is no builtin boolean type, but you can either use integers or create one easily enough.
The operators always return 1(true) or 0(false), and treat operands of 0 as false and all other (atom) values as true.
Short-circuiting is always applied (to all "and"/"or" expressions)
Other relational operators and maths are also valid, if you wanna get clever.
--constant TRUE = (1=1), -- 1 internally \ now pre-
-- FALSE = not TRUE -- 0 internally / defined
type boolean(object b)
return integer(b) and find(b,{TRUE,FALSE})!=0
end type
function logicop(boolean a, boolean b)
return {a, b, a and b, a or b, not a, a xor b, a=b, a!=b}
end function
function TF(sequence tf)
boolean tfi
for i=1 to length(tf) do
tfi = tf[i]
tf[i] = iff(tfi?'T','F')
end for
return tf
end function
printf(1," a b and or not xor = !=\n")
for a=FALSE to TRUE do -- nb: TRUE to FALSE would need a "by -1".
for b=FALSE to TRUE do
printf(1,"%2c %2c %c %c %c %c %c %c\n",TF(logicop(a,b)))
end for
end for
{{out}}
a b and or not xor = !=
F F F F T F T F
F T F T T T F T
T F F T F T F T
T T T T F F T F
Simpler version using plain integer flags:
function logiicop(integer a, integer b)
return {a, b, a and b, a or b, not a, a xor b, a=b, a!=b}
end function
printf(1," a b and or not xor = !=\n")
for a=0 to 1 do
for b=0 to 1 do
printf(1,"%2d %2d %d %d %d %d %d %d\n",logiicop(a,b))
end for
end for
{{out}}
a b and or not xor = !=
0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0
0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0
PHP
function print_logic($a, $b)
{
echo "a and b is ", $a && $b ? 'True' : 'False', "\n";
echo "a or b is ", $a || $b ? 'True' : 'False', "\n";
echo "not a is ", ! $a ? 'True' : 'False', "\n";
}
PicoLisp
(de logic (A B)
(prin "A AND B is ")
(println (and A B))
(prin "A OR B is ")
(println (or A B))
(prin "A XOR B is ")
(println (xor A B))
(prin "NOT A is ")
(println (not A)) )
PL/I
logical_ops: procedure (t, u);
declare (t, u) bit (1);
put skip list (t & u);
put skip list (t | u); /* logical or */
put skip list (^t); /* logical not */
put skip list (t ^ u); /* exclusive or */
end logical_ops;
Pop11
define print_logic(a, b);
printf(a and b, 'a and b is %p\n');
printf(a or b, 'a or b is %p\n');
printf(not(a), 'not a is %p\n');
enddefine;
Example usage is:
print_logic(true, false);
PostScript
/logical{
/a exch def
/b exch def
a b and =
a b or =
a not =
}def
PowerShell
function Test-Boolean ([bool] $a, [bool] $b) { Write-Host "A and B: " ($a -and $b) Write-Host "A or B: " ($a -or $b) Write-Host "not A: " (-not $a) Write-Host "not A: " (!$a) Write-Host "A xor B: " ($a -xor $b) }
Prolog
In Prolog, '''','''' is used for '''and''', '''';'''' for '''or''' and '''+''' for '''not'''.
?- true,true.
true.
?- true,false.
false.
?- true;false.
true .
?- false;true.
true .
?- false;false.
false .
?- \+true.
false.
?- \+false.
true.
?- \+((true,false)).
true.
?- \+((true;false)).
false.
PureBasic
Procedure LogicDebug(a,b)
Debug a And b
Debug a Or b
Debug Not a
Debug a XOr b
EndProcedure
Python
def logic(a, b): print('a and b:', a and b) print('a or b:', a or b) print('not a:', not a)
Note: Any normal object can be treated as a Boolean in Python. Numeric objects which evaluate to any non-zero value are "True" otherwise they are false. Non-empty strings, lists, tuples and other sequences are "True" otherwise they are false. The pre-defined ''None'' object is also treated as "False." In Python 2.3 pre-defined objects named ''True'' and ''False'' were added to the language; prior to that it was a common convention to include a line: ''False, True = 0, 1'' to use these as names. Custom classes which implement ''nonzero'' or ''len'' or some other special methods can be implicitly evaluated as Booleans based on those results.
R
logic <- function(a, b) { print(a && b) print(a || b) print(! a) } logic(TRUE, TRUE) logic(TRUE, FALSE) logic(FALSE, FALSE)
Racket
#lang racket
(define (logic a b)
(displayln (format "a and b equals ~a" (and a b)))
(displayln (format "a or b equals ~a" (or a b)))
(displayln (format "not a equals ~a" (not a)))
(displayln (format "a nand b equals ~a" (nand a b)))
(displayln (format "a nor b equals ~a" (nor a b)))
(displayln (format "a implies b equals ~a" (implies a b)))
(displayln (format "a xor b equals ~a" (xor a b))))
Rascal
import IO;
public void logic(bool a, bool b){
println("a and b, is <a && b>");
println("a or b, is <a || b>");
println("a equivalent to b, is <a <==> b>");
println("a implies b, is <a ==> b>");
println("not a", <!a>");
}
{{out}}
rascal>logic(false, false);
a and b, is false
a or b, is false
a equivalent to b, is true
a implies b, is true
not a, true
ok
REBOL
logics: func [a [logic!] b [logic!]] [
print ['and tab a and b]
print ['or tab a or b]
print ['not tab not a]
print ['xor tab a xor b]
print ['and~ tab and~ a b]
print ['or~ tab or~ a b]
print ['xor~ tab xor~ a b]
print ['any tab any [a b]]
print ['all tab all [a b]]
]
Example:
>> logics true false
and false
or true
not false
xor true
and~ false
or~ true
xor~ true
any true
all none
Retro
: .bool ( f- ) [ "true" ] [ "false" ] if puts cr ;
: logic ( ab- )
"\na = " puts over .bool "b = " puts dup .bool
"\na and b = " puts 2dup and .bool
"\na or b = " puts over or .bool
"\nnot a = " puts not .bool ;
REXX
The REXX language's boolean values are well formed:
:::* '''1''' (true) :::* '''0''' (false)
Any other value will raise a REXX '''syntax''' error condition.
basic boolean functions
/*REXX program demonstrates some binary (also known as bit or logical) operations.*/
x= 1 ; y= 0 /*set the initial values of X and Y. */
@x= ' x '; @y= ' y ' /*define a couple of literals for HDRs.*/
/* [↓] echo the X and Y values.*/
call $ 'name', "value" /*display the header (title) line. */
call $ 'x' , x /*display "x" and then the value of X.*/
call $ 'y' , y /* " "y" " " " " " Y */
/* [↓] negate the X; then the Y value.*/
call $ 'name', "negated" /*some REXXes support the ¬ character*/
call $ 'x' , \x /*display "x" and then the value of ¬X*/
call $ 'y' , \y /* " "y" " " " " " ¬Y*/
say
say
call $ @x, @y, 'AND'; do x=0 to 1; do y=0 to 1; call $ x, y, x & y; end; end
call $ @x, @y, 'OR' ; do x=0 to 1; do y=0 to 1; call $ x, y, x | y; end; end
call $ @x, @y, 'XOR'; do x=0 to 1; do y=0 to 1; call $ x, y, x && y; end; end
exit /*stick a fork in it, we're all done. */
/*──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
$: parse arg @.1, @.2, @.3, @.4; hdr= length(@.1) \== 1; if hdr then say
do j=0 to hdr; _=
do k=1 for arg(); _=_ center(@.k, 7)
end /*k*/
say _
@.=copies('═', 7) /*define a new header separator line. */
end /*j*/
return
{{out|output|text= when using the default (internal) inputs:}}
name value
═══════ ═══════
x 1
y 0
name negated
═══════ ═══════
x 0
y 1
x y AND
═══════ ═══════ ═══════
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
x y OR
═══════ ═══════ ═══════
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
x y XOR
═══════ ═══════ ═══════
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
extended boolean functions
All sixteen boolean functions could easily be shown.
/*REXX pgm demonstrates some binary (also known as bit or logical) extended operations.*/
x= 1 ; y= 0 /*set the initial values of X and Y. */
@x= ' x '; @y= ' y ' /*define a couple of literals for HDRs.*/
/* [↓] echo the X and Y values.*/
call $ 'name', "value" /*display the header (title) line. */
call $ 'x' , x /*display "x" and then the value of X.*/
call $ 'y' , y /* " "y" " " " " " Y */
/* [↓] negate the X; then the Y value.*/
call $ 'name', "negated" /*some REXXes support the ¬ character*/
call $ 'x' , \x /*display "x" and then the value of ¬X*/
call $ 'y' , \y /* " "y" " " " " " ¬Y*/
say /*note: NXOR is also known as XNOR. */
say /*all 16 bit operations could be shown.*/
call $ @x, @y, 'AND' ; do x=0 to 1; do y=0 to 1; call $ x, y, x & y ; end; end
call $ @x, @y, 'NAND'; do x=0 to 1; do y=0 to 1; call $ x, y, \(x & y); end; end
call $ @x, @y, 'OR' ; do x=0 to 1; do y=0 to 1; call $ x, y, x | y ; end; end
call $ @x, @y, 'NOR' ; do x=0 to 1; do y=0 to 1; call $ x, y, \(x | y); end; end
call $ @x, @y, 'XOR' ; do x=0 to 1; do y=0 to 1; call $ x, y, x && y ; end; end
call $ @x, @y, 'NXOR'; do x=0 to 1; do y=0 to 1; call $ x, y, \(x && y); end; end
exit /*stick a fork in it, we're all done. */
/*──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
$: parse arg @.1, @.2, @.3, @.4; hdr= length(@.1) \== 1; if hdr then say
do j=0 to hdr; _=
do k=1 for arg(); _=_ center(@.k, 7)
end /*k*/
say _
@.= copies('═', 7) /*define a new separator (header) line.*/
end /*j*/
return
{{out|output|text= when using the default (internal) inputs:}}
name value
═══════ ═══════
x 1
y 0
name negated
═══════ ═══════
x 0
y 1
x y AND
═══════ ═══════ ═══════
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
x y NAND
═══════ ═══════ ═══════
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
x y OR
═══════ ═══════ ═══════
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
x y NOR
═══════ ═══════ ═══════
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0
x y XOR
═══════ ═══════ ═══════
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
x y NXOR
═══════ ═══════ ═══════
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
Ring
x = true
y = false
see "x and y = " + (x and y) + nl
see "x or y = " + (x or y) + nl
see "not x = " + (not x) + nl
RLaB
RLaB allows for standard logic operations.
and/or/not are synonymous with &&/||/!. In the case when the argument is a real number (default type of argument) the default statement in the absence of ''if'' command is ''is the argument non-zero''.
Therefore
>> x = 5
5
>> y = 0
0
>> !x
0
>> !y
1
>> x && y
0
However, if arguments to the functions are of the type ''integer'' then the functions operate bit-wise.
>> x = int(5)
5
>> y = int(0)
0
>> !x
-6
>> !y
-1
>> x && y
0
Robotic
Due to the lack of booleans, there is no way to perform logical operations in Robotic. However, [[Bitwise_operations|bitwise operators]] can be used.
Ruby
def logic(a, b) print 'a and b: ', a && b, "\n" print 'a or b: ' , a || b, "\n" print 'not a: ' , !a , "\n" print 'a xor b: ' , a ^ b, "\n" end
and/or/not are synonymous with &&/||/! albeit with lower precedence.
Rust
{{works with|Rust|1.1}}
fn boolean_ops(a: bool, b: bool) { println!("{} and {} -> {}", a, b, a && b); println!("{} or {} -> {}", a, b, a || b); println!("{} xor {} -> {}", a, b, a ^ b); println!("not {} -> {}\n", a, !a); } fn main() { boolean_ops(true, true); boolean_ops(true, false); boolean_ops(false, true); boolean_ops(false, false) }
The Boolean operators || and && are more efficient versions of | and & in that the right-hand operand is only evaluated when the left-hand operand does not already determine the result of the expression.
Scala
In vanilla Scala:
def logical(a: Boolean, b: Boolean): Unit = { println("and: " + (a && b)) println("or: " + (a || b)) println("not: " + !a) } logical(true, false)
With Scalaz:
def logical(a: Boolean, b: Boolean): IO[Unit] = for { _ <- putStrLn("and: " ++ (a && b).shows) _ <- putStrLn("or: " ++ (a || b).shows) _ <- putStrLn("not: " ++ (!a).shows) } yield () logical(true, false).unsafePerformIO
Scheme
(define (logic a b)
(display "a and b is ")
(display (and a b))
(newline)
(display "a or b is ")
(display (or a b))
(newline)
(display "not a is ")
(display (not a))
(newline))
Seed7
const proc: writeLogic (in boolean: a, in boolean: b) is func
begin
writeln("a and b is " <& a and b);
writeln("a or b is " <& a or b);
writeln("not a is " <& not a);
end func;
Self
true not = false.
( true && false ) = false.
( true ^^ false ) = true. "xor"
( true || false ) = true. "or"
Sidef
func logic(a, b) { say ("a and b: ", a && b); say ("a or b: ", a || b); say ("a xor b: ", a ^ b); say (" not a: ", !a); } logic(false, true);
{{out}}
a and b: false
a or b: true
a xor b: true
not a: true
Slate
{{lines too long|Slate}}
{#/\. #\/. #not} do: [ |:func|
func arity = 1 ifTrue: [inform: 'True ' ; (func as: String) ; ' = ' ; (func sendTo: {True}) printString.
inform: 'False ' ; (func as: String) ; ' = ' ; (func sendTo: {False}) printString.].
func arity = 2
ifTrue: [{{True. True}. {True. False}. {False. True}. {False. False}} do:
[ |:each| inform: each first printString ; (func as: String) ; each second printString ; ' = ' ; (func sendTo: each) printString]]
].
{{out}}
True/\True = True
True/\False = False
False/\True = False
False/\False = False
True\/True = True
True\/False = True
False\/True = True
False\/False = False
True not = False
False not = True
SkookumScript
SkookumScript has a Boolean class with two possible values: true or false. Conditionals such as if expect a Boolean type and no other types can be implicitly coerced to a Boolean though they can be explicitly converted. Likewise Boolean cannot be implicitly coerced to an Integer value.
This makes a closure that takes two Boolean values. Booleans can be indicated by predicate identifier names that end with a question mark ?.
!logic: (a? b?) [ println("a and b: " a and b) println("a or b: " a or b) println("not a: " not a) println("a xor b: " a xor b) println("a nand b: " a nand b) println("a nor b: " a nor b) println("a not xor b: " a nxor b) ]
Example call:
logic(true false)
Smalltalk
{{works with|GNU Smalltalk}} {{works with|Smalltalk/X}}
|test|
test := [ :a :b |
('%1 %2 %3 = %4' % { a. 'and'. b. (a & b) }) displayNl.
('%1 %2 %3 = %4' % { a. 'or'. b. (a | b) }) displayNl.
('%1 %2 = %3' % {'not'. a. (a not) }) displayNl
].
test value: true value: true.
test value: false value: false.
test value: true value: false.
test value: false value: true.
{{works with|Smalltalk/X}}
a implies: b
a xor: b
Standard ML
fun print_logic (a, b) = (
print ("a and b is " ^ Bool.toString (a andalso b) ^ "\n");
print ("a or b is " ^ Bool.toString (a orelse b) ^ "\n");
print ("not a is " ^ Bool.toString (not a) ^ "\n")
)
Stata
Stata does not have a boolean type, and uses instead 0 and 1 to denote resp. false and true.
prog def bool
args a b
di `a'&`b'
di `a'|`b'
di !`a'
end
Likewise in Mata:
function bool(a,b) {
printf("%f\n",a&b)
printf("%f\n",a|b)
printf("%f\n",!a)
}
Swift
func logic(a: Bool, b: Bool) { println("a AND b: \(a && b)"); println("a OR b: \(a || b)"); println("NOT a: \(!a)"); }
Additionally, ^ is used for XOR and == is used for "equal to" (a.k.a. bidirectional implication).
Tcl
proc logic {a b} { puts "a and b: [expr {$a && $b}]" puts "a or b: [expr {$a || $b}]" puts "not a: [expr {!$a}]" }
Toka
This is an adaption of the code from the Forth example. Toka provides TRUE/FALSE flags that are the same as the well-formed flags in Forth.
[ ." true" ] [ ." false"] ifTrueFalse ] is .bool
[ ( a b -- )
cr ." a = " over .bool ." b = " dup .bool
cr ." a and b = " 2dup and .bool
cr ." a or b = " over or .bool
cr ." not a = " 0 = .bool
] is logic
uBasic/4tH
uBasic/4tH does not have logical operators, but every non-zero value will be considered ''TRUE'' in conditional statements. However, comparison operators (like =, #, < and >) can be used in expressions and will return fully qualified booleans. Hence, simple arithmetic operators will do the trick just fine.
End
_Boolean Param(2) a@ = a@ # 0 ' Transform to true booleans b@ = b@ # 0
print "A and B is "; a@ * b@ ' Multiplication will now do AND print "A or B is "; a@ + b@ ' Addition will now do OR print "not A is "; a@ = 0 ' This will invert the boolean value print Return
{{out}}
```txt
A and B is 1
A or B is 2
not A is 0
A and B is 0
A or B is 1
not A is 1
A and B is 0
A or B is 1
not A is 0
0 OK, 0:63
V
Using stack shuffles.
[mylogic
[get2 [dup] dip swap [dup] dip].
get2 and puts
get2 or puts
swap not puts
pop
].
Using view.
[mylogic
[get2 [a b : a b a b] view].
get2 and puts
get2 or puts
swap not puts
pop
].
Using internal defines
[mylogic [a b] let
a b and puts
a b or puts
a not puts
].
Vala
public class Program {
private static void print_logic (bool a, bool b) {
print ("a and b is %s\n", (a && b).to_string ());
print ("a or b is %s\n", (a || b).to_string ());
print ("not a %s\n", (!a).to_string ());
}
public static int main (string[] args) {
if (args.length < 3) error ("Provide 2 arguments!");
bool a = bool.parse (args[1]);
bool b = bool.parse (args[2]);
print_logic (a, b);
return 0;
}
}
Visual Basic .NET
Function Test(ByVal a As Boolean, ByVal b As Boolean)
Console.WriteLine("And " & a And b)
Console.WriteLine("Or " & a Or b)
Console.WriteLine("Not " & Not a)
Console.WriteLine("Xor " & a Xor b)
Console.WriteLine("And, short-circuited " & a AndAlso b)
Console.WriteLine("Or, short-circuited " & a OrElse b)
End Function
XLISP
(defun logical-functions (a b) (print `(a and b = ,(and a b))) (print `(a or b = ,(or a b))) (print `(not a = ,(not a))) )
XPL0
Logical operations and bitwise operations are the same. The command word 'false' = 0 and 'true' = -1. These values are produced by comparison operations, such as A>=B. Any integer not equal to zero is considered true. Real numbers cannot be used as booleans. Symbols can be used instead: & = and, ! = or, ~ = not, | = xor. Note that not 1, which is true, is $FFFFFFFE, which is also true. Despite this, it's simple and convenient to combine logical and bitwise operations.
include c:\cxpl\codes; \intrinsic 'code' declarations
func Logic(A, B);
int A, B;
[HexOut(0, A and B); ChOut(0, ^ );
HexOut(0, A or B); ChOut(0, ^ );
HexOut(0, not A); ChOut(0, ^ );
HexOut(0, A xor B);
]; \Logic
[Logic(false, false); CrLf(0);
Logic(true, false); CrLf(0);
Logic(true, true); CrLf(0);
Logic(1, 1); CrLf(0);
Logic(1, 2); CrLf(0);
]
{{out}}
00000000 00000000 FFFFFFFF 00000000
00000000 FFFFFFFF 00000000 FFFFFFFF
FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF 00000000 00000000
00000001 00000001 FFFFFFFE 00000000
00000000 00000003 FFFFFFFE 00000003
XSLT
<xsl:template name="logic"> <xsl:param name="a" select="true()"/> <xsl:param name="b" select="false()"/> <fo:block>a and b = <xsl:value-of select="$a and $b"/></fo:block> <fo:block>a or b = <xsl:value-of select="$a or $b"/></fo:block> <fo:block>not a = <xsl:value-of select="not($a)"/></fo:block> </xsl:template>
zkl
Logical and/or do the logic and returns one of the ops.
fcn f(a,b){a and b}
fcn g(a,b){a or b}
fcn h(a){(not a)}
f(0,1) //-->0
f(1,2) //-->2
f(True,True) //-->True
f(True,False) //-->False
g(0,1) //-->1
g(1,2) //-->1
g(True,True) //-->True
g(True,False) //-->True
h(0) //-->True
h(1) //-->False
h(True) //-->False
h(False) //-->True