⚠️ Warning: This is a draft ⚠️
This means it might contain formatting issues, incorrect code, conceptual problems, or other severe issues.
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{{task|String manipulation}}
;Task: Demonstrate how to strip leading and trailing whitespace from a string.
The solution should demonstrate how to achieve the following three results:
- String with leading whitespace removed
- String with trailing whitespace removed
- String with both leading and trailing whitespace removed
For the purposes of this task whitespace includes non printable characters such as the space character, the tab character, and other such characters that have no corresponding graphical representation.
Ada
with Ada.Text_IO; use Ada.Text_IO;
with Ada.Strings; use Ada.Strings;
with Ada.Strings.Fixed; use Ada.Strings.Fixed;
procedure StripDemo is
str : String := " Jabberwocky ";
begin
Put_Line ("'" & Trim (str, Left) & "'");
Put_Line ("'" & Trim (str, Right) & "'");
Put_Line ("'" & Trim (str, Both) & "'");
end StripDemo;
{{out}}
'Jabberwocky '
' Jabberwocky'
'Jabberwocky'
ALGOL 68
{{works with|ALGOL 68G|Any - tested with release 2.8.win32}}
# returns "text" with leading non-printing characters removed #
PROC trim leading whitespace = ( STRING text )STRING:
BEGIN
INT pos := LWB text;
WHILE
IF pos > UPB text
THEN
FALSE
ELSE
text[ pos ] <= " "
FI
DO
pos +:= 1
OD;
text[ pos : ]
END; # trim leading whitespace #
# returns "text" with trailing non-printing characters removed #
PROC trim trailing whitespace = ( STRING text )STRING:
BEGIN
INT pos := UPB text;
WHILE
IF pos < LWB text
THEN
FALSE
ELSE
text[ pos ] <= " "
FI
DO
pos -:= 1
OD;
text[ : pos ]
END; # trim trailing whitespace #
# returns "text" with leading and trailing non-printing characters removed #
PROC trim whitespace = ( STRING text )STRING:
BEGIN
trim trailing whitespace( trim leading whitespace( text ) )
END; # trim whitespace #
main:(
STRING test = " leading and trailing spaces surrounded this text ";
print( ( "trim leading: """ + trim leading whitespace ( test ) + """", newline ) );
print( ( "trim trailing: """ + trim trailing whitespace( test ) + """", newline ) );
print( ( "trim both: """ + trim whitespace ( test ) + """", newline ) )
)
{{out}}
trim leading: "leading and trailing spaces surrounded this text "
trim trailing: " leading and trailing spaces surrounded this text"
trim both: "leading and trailing spaces surrounded this text"
=
Version 2
= {{works with|ALGOL 68G|2.8.3}}
A single procedure that trims leading space, trailing space, or both.
#
string_trim
Trim leading and trailing whitespace from string.
@param str A string.
@return A string trimmed of leading and trailing white space.
#
PROC string_trim = (STRING str) STRING: (
INT i := 1, j := 0;
WHILE str[i] = blank DO
i +:= 1
OD;
WHILE str[UPB str - j] = blank DO
j +:= 1
OD;
str[i:UPB str - j]
);
test: (
IF string_trim(" foobar") /= "foobar" THEN
print(("string_trim(' foobar'): expected 'foobar'; actual: "
+ string_trim(" foobar"), newline)) FI;
IF string_trim("foobar ") /= "foobar" THEN
print(("string_trim('foobar '): expected 'foobar'; actual: "
+ string_trim("foobar "), newline)) FI;
IF string_trim(" foobar ") /= "foobar" THEN
print(("string_trim(' foobar '): expected 'foobar'; actual: "
+ string_trim(" foobar "), newline)) FI
)
AppleScript
{{Trans|JavaScript}} {{Trans|Haskell}}
use framework "Foundation" -- "OS X" Yosemite onwards, for NSRegularExpression
-- STRIP WHITESPACE ----------------------------------------------------------
-- isSpace :: Char -> Bool
on isSpace(c)
((length of c) = 1) and regexTest("\\s", c)
end isSpace
-- stripStart :: Text -> Text
on stripStart(s)
dropWhile(isSpace, s) as text
end stripStart
-- stripEnd :: Text -> Text
on stripEnd(s)
dropWhileEnd(isSpace, s) as text
end stripEnd
-- strip :: Text -> Text
on strip(s)
dropAround(isSpace, s) as text
end strip
-- TEST ----------------------------------------------------------------------
on run
set strText to " \t\t \n \r Much Ado About Nothing \t \n \r "
script arrowed
on |λ|(x)
"-->" & x & "<--"
end |λ|
end script
map(arrowed, [stripStart(strText), stripEnd(strText), strip(strText)])
-- {"-->Much Ado About Nothing
--
-- <--", "-->
--
-- Much Ado About Nothing<--", "-->Much Ado About Nothing<--"}
end run
-- GENERIC FUNCTIONS ---------------------------------------------------------
-- dropAround :: (Char -> Bool) -> [a] -> [a]
on dropAround(p, xs)
dropWhile(p, dropWhileEnd(p, xs))
end dropAround
-- dropWhile :: (a -> Bool) -> [a] -> [a]
on dropWhile(p, xs)
tell mReturn(p)
set lng to length of xs
set i to 1
repeat while i ≤ lng and |λ|(item i of xs)
set i to i + 1
end repeat
end tell
if i ≤ lng then
items i thru lng of xs
else
{}
end if
end dropWhile
-- dropWhileEnd :: (a -> Bool) -> [a] -> [a]
on dropWhileEnd(p, xs)
tell mReturn(p)
set i to length of xs
repeat while i > 0 and |λ|(item i of xs)
set i to i - 1
end repeat
end tell
if i > 0 then
items 1 thru i of xs
else
{}
end if
end dropWhileEnd
-- map :: (a -> b) -> [a] -> [b]
on map(f, xs)
tell mReturn(f)
set lng to length of xs
set lst to {}
repeat with i from 1 to lng
set end of lst to |λ|(item i of xs, i, xs)
end repeat
return lst
end tell
end map
-- Lift 2nd class handler function into 1st class script wrapper
-- mReturn :: Handler -> Script
on mReturn(f)
if class of f is script then
f
else
script
property |λ| : f
end script
end if
end mReturn
-- regexTest :: RegexPattern -> String -> Bool
on regexTest(strRegex, str)
set ca to current application
set oString to ca's NSString's stringWithString:str
((ca's NSRegularExpression's regularExpressionWithPattern:strRegex ¬
options:((ca's NSRegularExpressionAnchorsMatchLines as integer)) ¬
|error|:(missing value))'s firstMatchInString:oString options:0 ¬
range:{location:0, |length|:oString's |length|()}) is not missing value
end regexTest
{{Out}}
{"-->Much Ado About Nothing
<--", "-->
Much Ado About Nothing<--", "-->Much Ado About Nothing<--"}
AutoHotkey
AutoHotkey_L and v2 contain a [http://www.autohotkey.net/~Lexikos/AutoHotkey_L/docs/commands/Trim.htm Trim function]
string := " abc "
MsgBox % clipboard := "<" LTrim(string) ">`n<" RTrim(string) ">`n<" . Trim(string) ">"
{{out}}
<abc >
< abc>
<abc>
AWK
*[:graph:] is a POSIX character class for characters that are both printable and visible. The following strips the entire non-[:graph:] character set. A simplified version for the more common task of removing only spaces and tabs follows it.
function trimleft(str ,c, out, arr) {
c = split(str, arr, "")
for ( i = match(str, /[[:graph:]]/); i <= c; i++)
out = out arr[i]
return out
}
function reverse(str ,n, tmp, j, out) {
n = split(str, tmp, "")
for (j = n; j > 0; j--)
out = out tmp[j]
return out
}
function trimright(str) {
return reverse(trimleft(reverse(str)))
}
function trim(str) {
return trimright(trimleft(str))
}
BEGIN {
str = " \x0B\t\r\n \xA0 Hellö \xA0\x0B\t\r\n "
print "string = |" str "|"
print "left = |" trimleft(str) "|"
print "right = |" trimright(str) "|"
print "both = |" trim(str) "|"
}
{{out|Output from 26 May 2015}}
string = |
▒ Hellö ▒
|
left = |Hellö ▒
|
right = |
▒ Hellö|
both = |Hellö|
Simplified for removing [:blank:] (spaces and tabs) or [:space:] (for [ \t\r\n\v\f] ). This method does not work using [:graph:]
function trim(str) {
gsub(/^[[:blank:]]+/,"", str) # Remove leading
gsub(/[[:blank:]]+$/,"", str) # Remove trailing
gsub(/^[[:blank:]]+|[[:blank:]]+$/, "", str) # Remove both
return str;
}
BASIC
{{works with|QBasic}}
mystring$=ltrim(mystring$) ' remove leading whitespace
mystring$=rtrim(mystring$) ' remove trailing whitespace
mystring$=ltrim(rtrim(mystring$)) ' remove both leading and trailing whitespace
BBC BASIC
REM Remove leading whitespace:
WHILE ASC(A$)<=32 A$ = MID$(A$,2) : ENDWHILE
REM Remove trailing whitespace:
WHILE ASC(RIGHT$(A$))<=32 A$ = LEFT$(A$) : ENDWHILE
REM Remove both leading and trailing whitespace:
WHILE ASC(A$)<=32 A$ = MID$(A$,2) : ENDWHILE
WHILE ASC(RIGHT$(A$))<=32 A$ = LEFT$(A$) : ENDWHILE
Bracmat
Greedy pattern matching is not Bracmat's strongest field. So instead of a pattern that globs all white space characters, we have a pattern that finds the first non-whitespace character. That character, and the remainder of the subject string, constitute a left trimmed string. To do a right trim, we reverse the string, do a left trim and reverse back.
( ( ltrim
= s
. @( !arg
: ?
( ( %@
: ~( " "
| \a
| \b
| \n
| \r
| \t
| \v
)
)
?
: ?s
)
)
& !s
)
& (rtrim=.rev$(ltrim$(rev$!arg)))
& (trim=.rev$(ltrim$(rev$(ltrim$!arg))))
& (string=" \a Hear
the sound?
\v
\r
")
& out$(str$("Input:[" !string "]"))
& out$(str$("ltrim:[" ltrim$!string "]"))
& out$(str$("rtrim:[" rtrim$!string "]"))
& out$(str$("trim :[" trim$!string "]"))
&
);
Output (Notice the effect of the ancient \a (alarm) and \v (vertical tab)):
Input:[ Hear
the sound?
♂
]
ltrim:[Hear
the sound?
♂
]
rtrim:[ Hear
the sound?]
trim :[Hear
the sound?]
Burlesque
blsq ) " this is a string "t[
"this is a string "
blsq ) " this is a string "t]
" this is a string"
blsq ) " this is a string "tt
"this is a string"
C
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <ctype.h>
char *rtrim(const char *s)
{
while( isspace(*s) || !isprint(*s) ) ++s;
return strdup(s);
}
char *ltrim(const char *s)
{
char *r = strdup(s);
if (r != NULL)
{
char *fr = r + strlen(s) - 1;
while( (isspace(*fr) || !isprint(*fr) || *fr == 0) && fr >= r) --fr;
*++fr = 0;
}
return r;
}
char *trim(const char *s)
{
char *r = rtrim(s);
char *f = ltrim(r);
free(r);
return f;
}
const char *a = " this is a string ";
int main()
{
char *b = rtrim(a);
char *c = ltrim(a);
char *d = trim(a);
printf("'%s'\n'%s'\n'%s'\n", b, c, d);
free(b);
free(c);
free(d);
return 0;
}
C++
#include <boost/algorithm/string.hpp>
#include <string>
#include <iostream>
int main( ) {
std::string testphrase( " There are unwanted blanks here! " ) ;
std::string lefttrimmed = boost::trim_left_copy( testphrase ) ;
std::string righttrimmed = boost::trim_right_copy( testphrase ) ;
std::cout << "The test phrase is :" << testphrase << "\n" ;
std::cout << "Trimmed on the left side :" << lefttrimmed << "\n" ;
std::cout << "Trimmed on the right side :" << righttrimmed << "\n" ;
boost::trim( testphrase ) ;
std::cout << "Trimmed on both sides :" << testphrase << "\n" ;
return 0 ;
}
{{out}}
The test phrase is : There are unwanted blanks here! Trimmed on the left side :There are unwanted blanks here! Trimmed on the right side : There are unwanted blanks here! Trimmed on both sides :There are unwanted blanks here!## C# ```c# using System; public class TrimExample { public static void Main(String[] args) { const string toTrim = " Trim me "; Console.WriteLine(Wrap(toTrim.TrimStart())); Console.WriteLine(Wrap(toTrim.TrimEnd())); Console.WriteLine(Wrap(toTrim.Trim())); } private static string Wrap(string s) { return "'" + s + "'"; } } ``` {{out}} ```txt 'Trim me ' ' Trim me' 'Trim me' ``` ## COBOL {{works with|GNU Cobol|2.0}} ```cobol DISPLAY "'" FUNCTION TRIM(str, LEADING) "'" DISPLAY "'" FUNCTION TRIM(str, TRAILING) "'" DISPLAY "'" FUNCTION TRIM(str) "'" ``` {{works with|IBM ILE COBOL}} ```cobol DISPLAY "'" FUNCTION TRIML(str) "'" DISPLAY "'" FUNCTION TRIMR(str) "'" DISPLAY "'" FUNCTION TRIM(str) "'" ``` ## Clojure ```clojure (use 'clojure.string) (triml " my string ") => "my string " (trimr " my string ") => " my string" (trim " \t\r\n my string \t\r\n ") => "my string" ``` ## Common Lisp ```lisp ; Common whitespace characters (defvar *whitespace* '(#\Space #\Newline #\Tab)) (defvar str " foo bar baz ") (string-trim *whitespace* str) ; -> "foo bar baz" (string-left-trim *whitespace* str) ; -> "foo bar baz " (string-right-trim *whitespace* str) ; -> " foo bar baz" ; Whitespace characters defined by Unicode for ; implementations which support it (e.g. CLISP, SBCL). ; (see http://www.unicode.org/Public/UCD/latest/ucd/PropList.txt) (defvar *unicode-whitespace* '(#\u0009 #\u000a #\u000b #\u000c #\u000d #\u0020 #\u0085 #\u00a0 #\u1680 #\u2000 #\u2001 #\u2002 #\u2003 #\u2004 #\u2005 #\u2006 #\u2007 #\u2008 #\u2009 #\u200a #\u2028 #\u2029 #\u202f #\u205f #\u3000)) (defvar unicode-str (format nil "~C~Cfoo~Cbar~Cbaz~C~C" #\u2000 #\u2003 #\u0020 #\u00a0 #\u0009 #\u202f)) (string-trim *unicode-whitespace* unicode-str) ; -> "foo bar baz" (string-left-trim *unicode-whitespace* unicode-str) ; -> "foo bar baz " (string-right-trim *unicode-whitespace* unicode-str) ; -> " foo bar baz" ``` ## Crystal ```Ruby def strip_whitepace(s) puts s.lstrip() puts s.rstrip() puts s.strip() end strip_whitepace("\t hello \t") # => hello # => hello # => hello ``` ## D ```d import std.stdio, std.string; void main() { auto s = " \t \r \n String with spaces \t \r \n "; assert(s.stripLeft() == "String with spaces \t \r \n "); assert(s.stripRight() == " \t \r \n String with spaces"); assert(s.strip() == "String with spaces"); } ``` =={{header|Delphi}}/{{header|Pascal}}== ```Delphi program StripWhitespace; {$APPTYPE CONSOLE} uses SysUtils; const TEST_STRING = ' String with spaces '; begin Writeln('"' + TEST_STRING + '"'); Writeln('"' + TrimLeft(TEST_STRING) + '"'); Writeln('"' + TrimRight(TEST_STRING) + '"'); Writeln('"' + Trim(TEST_STRING) + '"'); end. ``` ## DWScript {{Trans|Delphi}} ```Delphi const TEST_STRING = ' String with spaces '; PrintLn('"' + TEST_STRING + '"'); PrintLn('"' + TrimLeft(TEST_STRING) + '"'); PrintLn('"' + TrimRight(TEST_STRING) + '"'); PrintLn('"' + Trim(TEST_STRING) + '"'); ``` ## EchoLisp ```scheme (define witt " The limits of my world are the limits of my langage. ") (string->html (string-trim witt)) → "The limits of my world are the limits of my langage." (string->html (string-trim-left witt)) → "The limits of my world are the limits of my langage. " (string->html (string-trim-right witt)) → " The limits of my world are the limits of my langage." ``` ## Elena ELENA 4.x : ```elena import extensions; public program() { var toTrim := " Trim me "; console.printLine("'", toTrim.trimLeft(),"'"); console.printLine("'", toTrim.trimRight(),"'"); console.printLine("'", toTrim.trim(),"'"); } ``` {{out}} ```txt 'Trim me ' ' Trim me' 'Trim me' ``` ## Elixir ```elixir str = "\n \t foo \n\t bar \t \n" IO.inspect String.strip(str) IO.inspect String.rstrip(str) IO.inspect String.lstrip(str) ``` {{out}} ```txt "foo \n\t bar" "\n \t foo \n\t bar" "foo \n\t bar \t \n" ``` ## Emacs Lisp ### trim left ```Emacs Lisp (defun trim-l (str) (replace-regexp-in-string "^ +" "" str) ) (setq str " left between right ") (insert (trim-l str) ) ``` Output: ```txt left between right ``` ### trim right ```Emacs Lisp (defun trim-r (str) (replace-regexp-in-string " +$" "" str) ) (setq str " left between right ") (insert (trim-r str) ) ``` Output: ```txt left between right ``` ### trim version 1 ```Emacs Lisp (defun trim (str) (trim-l (trim-r str) )) (setq str " left between right ") (insert (trim str) ) ``` Output: ```txt left between right ``` ### trim version 2 ```Emacs Lisp (defun trim (str) (mapconcat 'identity (split-string str) " ") ) (setq str " left between right ") (insert (trim str) ) ``` Output: ```txt left between right ``` ## Erlang ```erlang % Implemented by Arjun Sunel 1> string:strip(" Hello World! ", left). %remove leading whitespaces "Hello World! " 2> string:strip(" Hello World! ", right). % remove trailing whitespaces " Hello World!" 3> string:strip(" Hello World! ", both). % remove both leading and trailing whitespace "Hello World!" ``` ## Euphoria {{works with|Euphoria|4.0.3, 4.0.0 and later}} A string (sequence) 'A B C' is surrounded by unwanted characters including spaces. The trim() function Trims "all items in the supplied set from both the left end (head/start) and right end (tail/end) of a sequence." It's part of the standard library, std/text.e . Special characters in a string literal are typed 'escaped' with a '\' followed by one character. Other special characters are written using escaped hexadecimal , example : \x04 to represent hexadecimal ascii 04 or \u2A7C for 4-digit UTF, or more than two digit ascii characters : \u0127. ```euphoria include std/console.e include std/text.e sequence removables = " \t\n\r\x05\u0234\" " sequence extraSeq = " \x05\r \" A B C \n \t\t \u0234 \r\r \x05 " extraSeq = trim(extraSeq,removables) --the work is done by the trim function --only output programming next : printf(1, "String Trimmed is now: %s \r\n", {extraSeq} ) --print the resulting string to screen for i = 1 to length(extraSeq) do --loop over each character in the sequence. printf(1, "String element %d", i) --to look at more detail, printf(1, " : %d\r\n", extraSeq[i])--print integer values(ascii) of the string. end for any_key() ``` Output: ```txt String Trimmed is now: A B C String element 1 : 65 String element 2 : 32 String element 3 : 32 String element 4 : 66 String element 5 : 32 String element 6 : 32 String element 7 : 67 Press Any Key to continue... ``` =={{header|F_Sharp|F#}}== ```fsharp>[
CHARACTER*(60) TEXT creates a variable capable of storing sixty characters and there is no "varying" attribute as in pl/i to signify a current length as well. The intrinsic function LEN(TEXT) returns 60, so it is really the "size" function. Functions can return CHARACTER types, but, only of a specified size, fixed at compile time. It is common then to have many trailing spaces in such variables. An expression TEXT(start:stop) means select characters ''start'' to ''stop'' of TEXT.
A function LEN_TRIM(x) may be supplied, returning the index of the last non-blank character. And only of spaces: tabs and suchlike are not blanks. Thus, to remove trailing spaces, TEXT(1:LEN_TRIM(TEXT)) would do the trick. There may also be available an intrinsic function TRIM, which removes leading and trailing spaces, thus TRIM(TEXT) and which does so for any length of TEXT and any length of result, unlike user-written functions that have a fixed result length.
Otherwise, one must write integer functions such as ISTNB(x) and LSTNB(x) to return the first and last non-blank character of ''x'' and use them in something like TEXT(ISTNB(TEXT):LSTNB(TEXT)) wherever one wants the trimmed content of TEXT. Correspondingly TEXT(ISTNB(TEXT):LEN(TEXT)) to omit leading spaces and TEXT(1:LSTNB(TEXT)) to omit trailing spaces. Such user-written functions can make their own choices about tabs and any other special characters.
## FreeBASIC
```freebasic
' FB 1.05.0 Win64
Const whitespace = !" \t\n\v\f\r"
Dim s As String = !" \tRosetta Code \v\f\r\n"
Dim s1 As String = LTrim (s, Any whitespace)
Dim s2 As String = RTrim (s, Any whitespace)
Dim s3 As String = Trim (s, Any whitespace)
' Under Windows console :
' "vertical tab" displays as ♂
' "form feed" displays as ♀
' the other whitespace characters do what it says on the tin
Print "Untrimmed" , "=> "; s
Print "Left Trimmed" , "=> "; s1
Print "Right Trimmed" , "=> "; s2
Print "Fully Trimmed" , "=> "; s3
Print
Print "Untrimmed" , "=> Length = "; Len(s)
Print "Left trimmed" , "=> Length = "; Len(s1)
Print "Right trimmed" , "=> Length = "; Len(s2)
Print "Fully trimmed" , "=> Length = "; Len(s3)
Sleep
```
{{out}}
```txt
Untrimmed => Rosetta Code ♂♀
Left Trimmed => Rosetta Code ♂♀
Right Trimmed => Rosetta Code
Fully Trimmed => Rosetta Code
Untrimmed => Length = 20
Left trimmed => Length = 17
Right trimmed => Length = 15
Fully trimmed => Length = 12
```
## Gambas
'''[https://gambas-playground.proko.eu/?gist=62e56fea0f74819daa3d3a548869fa90 Click this link to run this code]'''
```gambas
Public Sub Main()
Dim sString As String = " Hello world! "
Print sString & "\tString length = " & Len(sString) & " - Original string"
Print LTrim(sString) & "\tString length = " & Len(LTrim(sString)) & " - String with leading whitespace removed"
Print RTrim(sString) & "\tString length = " & Len(RTrim(sString)) & " - String with trailing whitespace removed"
Print Trim(sString) & "\t\tString length = " & Len(Trim(sString)) & " - String with both leading and trailing whitespace removed"
End
```
Output:
```txt
Hello world! String length = 20 - Original string
Hello world! String length = 16 - String with leading whitespace removed
Hello world! String length = 16 - String with trailing whitespace removed
Hello world! String length = 12 - String with both leading and trailing whitespace removed
```
## Go
```go
package main
import (
"fmt"
"strings"
"unicode"
)
var simple = `
simple `
func main() {
show("original", simple)
show("leading ws removed", strings.TrimLeftFunc(simple, unicode.IsSpace))
show("trailing ws removed", strings.TrimRightFunc(simple, unicode.IsSpace))
// equivalent to strings.TrimFunc(simple, unicode.IsSpace)
show("both removed", strings.TrimSpace(simple))
}
func show(label, str string) {
fmt.Printf("%s: |%s| %v\n", label, str, []rune(str))
}
```
Example text is shows a leading linefeed and tab, and three trailing spaces. The code uses the Unicode definition of whitespace. Other defintions could be implemented with a custom function given to TrimXFunc.
Output below shows the text surrounded by vertical bars to show the extent of whitespace, followed by a list of the character values in the string, to show exactly what whitespace is present.
```txt
original: |
simple | [10 9 115 105 109 112 108 101 32 32 32]
leading ws removed: |simple | [115 105 109 112 108 101 32 32 32]
trailing ws removed: |
simple| [10 9 115 105 109 112 108 101]
both removed: |simple| [115 105 109 112 108 101]
```
## Groovy
Solution uses StringUtils class from [http://commons.apache.org/lang/ Apache Commons "Lang" library]:
```groovy
//Grape setup to get library
@Grab('org.apache.commons:commons-lang3:3.0.1')
import static org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils.*
def abc = '\r\n\t abc \r\n\t'
def printTest = {
println ('|' + it + '|')
}
println 'Unstripped\n------------'
printTest abc
println '
### ======
\n\nStripped\n------------'
printTest strip(abc)
println '
### ======
\n\nLeft Stripped\n------------'
printTest stripStart(abc, null)
println '
### ======
\n\nRight Stripped\n------------'
printTest stripEnd(abc, null)
println '
### ======
'
```
{{out}}
```txt
Unstripped
------------
|
abc
|
### ======
Stripped
------------
|abc|
### ======
Left Stripped
------------
|abc
|
### ======
Right Stripped
------------
|
abc|
### ======
```
## Haskell
```haskell
import Data.Char (isSpace)
import Data.List (dropWhileEnd)
trimLeft :: String -> String
trimLeft = dropWhile isSpace
trimRight :: String -> String
trimRight = dropWhileEnd isSpace
trim :: String -> String
trim = trimLeft . trimRight
```
=={{header|Icon}} and {{header|Unicon}}==
This solution takes the phrase "other such characters that have no corresponding graphical representation" quite literallly.
```Unicon
procedure main()
unp := &cset[1+:32]++' \t'++&cset[127:0] # all 'unprintable' chars
s := " Hello, people of earth! "
write("Original: '",s,"'")
write("leading trim: '",reverse(trim(reverse(s),unp)),"'")
write("trailing trim: '",trim(s,unp),"'")
write("full trim: '",reverse(trim(reverse(trim(s,unp)),unp)),"'")
end
```
{{out|Sample run}}
```txt
->trim
Original: ' Hello, people of earth! '
leading trim: 'Hello, people of earth! '
trailing trim: ' Hello, people of earth!'
full trim: 'Hello, people of earth!'
->
```
## J
Note: The quote verb is only used to enclose the resulting string in single quotes so the beginning and end of the new string are visible.
```j
require 'strings' NB. the strings library is automatically loaded in versions from J7 on
quote dlb ' String with spaces ' NB. delete leading blanks
'String with spaces '
quote dtb ' String with spaces ' NB. delete trailing blanks
' String with spaces'
quote dltb ' String with spaces ' NB. delete leading and trailing blanks
'String with spaces'
```
In addition deb (delete extraneous blanks) will trim both leading and trailing blanks as well as replace consecutive spaces within the string with a single space.
```j
quote deb ' String with spaces ' NB. delete extraneous blanks
'String with spaces'
```
These existing definitions can be easily amended to include whitespace other than spaces if desired.
```j
whpsc=: ' ',TAB NB. define whitespace as desired
dlws=: }.~ (e.&whpsc i. 0:) NB. delete leading whitespace (spaces and tabs)
dtws=: #~ ([: +./\. -.@:e.&whpsc) NB. delete trailing whitespace
dltws=: #~ ([: (+./\ *. +./\.) -.@:e.&whpsc) NB. delete leading & trailing whitespace
dews=: #~ (+. (1: |. (> Character.isWhitespace() returns true if the character given is one of the following [[Unicode]] characters: '\u00A0', '\u2007', '\u202F', '\u0009', '\u000A', '\u000B', '\u000C', '\u000D', '\u001C', '\u001D', '\u001E', or '\u001F'.
```java
public class Trims{
public static String ltrim(String s){
int i = 0;
while (i < s.length() && Character.isWhitespace(s.charAt(i))){
i++;
}
return s.substring(i);
}
public static String rtrim(String s){
int i = s.length() - 1;
while (i > 0 && Character.isWhitespace(s.charAt(i))){
i--;
}
return s.substring(0, i + 1);
}
public static void main(String[] args){
String s = " \t \r \n String with spaces \t \r \n ";
System.out.println(ltrim(s));
System.out.println(rtrim(s));
System.out.println(s.trim()); //trims both ends
}
}
```
## Javascript
{{works with|Node.js}}
{{works with|ECMAScript standard|2015}}
```javascript
{
let s = " \t String with spaces \t ";
// a future version of ECMAScript will have trimStart(). Some current
// implementations have trimLeft().
console.log("original: '" + s + "'");
console.log("trimmed left: '" + s.replace(/^\s+/,'') + "'");
// a future version of ECMAScript will have trimEnd(). Some current
// implementations have trimRight().
console.log("trimmed right: '" + s.replace(/\s+$/,'') + "'");
console.log("trimmed both: '" + s.trim() + "'");
}
```
{{Output}}
```txt
original: ' String with spaces '
trimmed left: 'String with spaces '
trimmed right: ' String with spaces'
trimmed both: 'String with spaces'
```
Or, composing from generic primitives:
{{Trans|Haskell}}
```JavaScript
(() => {
'use strict';
// stripStart :: Text -> Text
let stripStart = s => dropWhile(isSpace, s);
// stripEnd :: Text -> Text
let stripEnd = s => dropWhileEnd(isSpace, s);
// strip :: Text -> Text
let strip = s => dropAround(isSpace, s);
// OR: let strip = s => s.trim();
// GENERIC FUNCTIONS
// dropAround :: (Char -> Bool) -> Text -> Text
let dropAround = (p, s) => dropWhile(p, dropWhileEnd(p, s));
// dropWhile :: (a -> Bool) -> [a] -> [a]
let dropWhile = (p, xs) => {
for (var i = 0, lng = xs.length;
(i < lng) && p(xs[i]); i++) {}
return xs.slice(i);
}
// dropWhileEnd :: (Char -> Bool) -> Text -> Text
let dropWhileEnd = (p, s) => {
for (var i = s.length; i-- && p(s[i]);) {}
return s.slice(0, i + 1);
}
// isSpace :: Char -> Bool
let isSpace = c => /\s/.test(c);
// show :: a -> String
let show = x => JSON.stringify(x, null, 2);
// TEST
let strText = " \t\t \n \r Much Ado About Nothing \t \n \r ";
return show([stripStart, stripEnd, strip]
.map(f => '-->' + f(strText) + '<--'));
})();
```
{{Out}}
```txt
[
"-->Much Ado About Nothing \t \n \r <--",
"--> \t\t \n \r Much Ado About Nothing<--",
"-->Much Ado About Nothing<--"
]
```
## jq
{{Works with|jq|>1.4}}
Recent versions of jq (since July 2014) support PCRE regex operations;
\p{_} character classes are also supported. The following accordingly uses \p{Cc} as that corresponds to ASCII 0x00–0x1F.
Notice that since jq strings are JSON strings, one must, for example, write "\\s" for the regex '\s'.
```jq
def lstrip: sub( "^[\\s\\p{Cc}]+"; "" );
def rstrip: sub( "[\\s\\p{Cc}]+$"; "" );
def strip: lstrip | rstrip;
```
'''Examples''':
```jq
def demo:
"lstrip: \(lstrip)",
"rstrip: \(rstrip)",
"strip: \(strip)" ;
(" \t \r \n String with spaces \t \r \n ",
"� <- control A",
"\u0001 \u0002 <- ^A ^B"
) | demo
```
{{Out}}
```sh
$ jq -n -f Strip_whitespace_top_tail.jq
"lstrip: String with spaces \t \r \n "
"rstrip: \t \r \n String with spaces"
"strip: String with spaces"
"rstrip: \u0001 <- control A"
"strip: <- control A"
"lstrip: <- ^A ^B"
"rstrip: \u0001 \u0002 <- ^A ^B"
"strip: <- ^A ^B"
```
## Jsish
Using echo-mode unitTest lines. Lines starting with semicolon are echoed and captured during test.
```javascript
#!/usr/bin/env jsish
/* Strip whitespace from string, in Jsi */
var str = ' \n \t String with whitespace \t \n ';
;'Original';
;str;
;'Default trim characters are space, tab, newline, carriage return';
;'trimLeft, remove leading characters';
;str.trimLeft();
;'trimRight, remove trailing characters';
;str.trimRight();
;'trim, removes leading and trailing';
;str.trim();
/*
=!EXPECTSTART!=
'Original'
str ==>
String with whitespace
'Default trim characters are space, tab, newline, carriage return'
'trimLeft, remove leading characters'
str.trimLeft() ==> String with whitespace
'trimRight, remove trailing characters'
str.trimRight() ==>
String with whitespace
'trim, removes leading and trailing'
str.trim() ==> String with whitespace
=!EXPECTEND!=
*/
```
{{out}}
```txt
prompt$ jsish -u stripWhitespace.jsi
[PASS] stripWhitespace.jsi
prompt$ jsish --U stripWhitespace.jsi
'Original'
str ==>
String with whitespace
'Default trim characters are space, tab, newline, carriage return'
'trimLeft, remove leading characters'
str.trimLeft() ==> String with whitespace
'trimRight, remove trailing characters'
str.trimRight() ==>
String with whitespace
'trim, removes leading and trailing'
str.trim() ==> String with whitespace
```
## Julia
{{trans|Python}}
```julia>julia
s = " \t \r \n String with spaces \t \r \n "
" \t \r \n String with spaces \t \r \n "
julia> lstrip(s)
"String with spaces \t \r \n "
julia> rstrip(s)
" \t \r \n String with spaces"
julia> strip(s)
"String with spaces"
```
## Kotlin
```scala
// version 1.0.6
fun main(args: Array
True
*There are unwanted blanks here! *
* There are unwanted blanks here!*
*There are unwanted blanks here!*
True
*There are unwanted blanks here! *
* There are unwanted blanks here!*
*There are unwanted blanks here!*
```
## Maple
```Maple
str := " \t \r \n String with spaces \t \r \n ";
with(StringTools):
TrimLeft(str);
TrimRight(str);
Trim(str);
```
## Mathematica
```Mathematica
StringTrim[" \n\t string with spaces \n \t "]
```
=={{header|MATLAB}} / {{header|Octave}}==
```matlab
% remove trailing whitespaces
str = str(1:find(~isspace(str),1,'last'));
% remove leading whitespaces
str = str(find(~isspace(str),1):end);
% removes leading and trailing whitespaces, vectorized version
f = ~isspace(str);
str = str(find(f,1,'first'):find(f,1,'last');
% a built-in function, removes leading and trailing whitespaces
str = strtrim(str);
```
## Mercury
```mercury
:- module top_and_tail.
:- interface.
:- import_module io.
:- pred main(io::di, io::uo) is det.
:- implementation.
:- import_module list, string.
main(!IO) :-
TestPhrase = "\t\r\n String with spaces \t\r\n ",
io.format("leading ws removed: %s\n", [s(lstrip(TestPhrase))], !IO),
io.format("trailing ws removed: %s\n", [s(rstrip(TestPhrase))], !IO),
io.format("both removed: %s\b", [s(strip(TestPhrase))], !IO).
```
## Nemerle
```Nemerle
def str = "\t\n\t A string with\nwhitespace\n\n\t ";
WriteLine(str.TrimStart());
WriteLine(str.TrimEnd());
WriteLine(str.Trim()); // both ends at once, of course, internal whitespace is preserved in all 3
```
## NetRexx
NetRexx provides a strip() method which can be used to remove all of a single character from the head and/or tail of a string. To remove ''all'' whitespace characters from a string requires a little more work:
```NetRexx
/* NetRexx */
options replace format comments java crossref symbols nobinary
runSample(arg)
return
-- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
method stripWhitespace(sstring, soption = 'BOTH') public static
wsChars = getWhitspaceCharacterString()
po1 = sstring.verify(wsChars)
if po1 = 0 then do
sstring = ''
end
else do
po2 = sstring.length - (sstring.reverse().verify(wsChars) - 1) + 1
ss = sstring
parse ss sl =(po1) sm =(po2) st
if po1 <= 1 then sl = ''
soption = soption.upper()
select
when 'BOTH'.abbrev(soption, 1) then sstring = sm
when 'LEADING'.abbrev(soption, 1) then sstring = sm || st
when 'TRAILING'.abbrev(soption, 1) then sstring = sl || sm
otherwise sstring = sm
end
end
return sstring
-- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
/**
* Create an array containing a useful subset of unicode whitespace characters
*
* @return an array of unicode whitespace characters
* @see http://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/category/index.htm
*/
method getWhitspaceCharacters() public static returns Rexx[]
wsChars = [ -
/* LINE SEPARATOR [Zi] */ '\u2028', /* PARAGRAPH SEPARATOR [Zp] */ '\u2029', -
/* SPACE [Zs] */ '\u0020', /* NO-BREAK SPACE [Zs] */ '\u00A0', -
/* OGHAM SPACE MARK [Zs] */ '\u1680', /* MONGOLIAN VOWEL SEPARATOR [Zs] */ '\u180E', -
/* EN QUAD [Zs] */ '\u2000', /* EM QUAD [Zs] */ '\u2001', -
/* EN SPACE [Zs] */ '\u2002', /* EM SPACE [Zs] */ '\u2003', -
/* THREE-PER-EM SPACE [Zs] */ '\u2004', /* FOUR-PER-EM SPACE [Zs] */ '\u2005', -
/* SIX-PER-EM SPACE [Zs] */ '\u2006', /* FIGURE SPACE [Zs] */ '\u2007', -
/* PUNCTUATION SPACE [Zs] */ '\u2008', /* THIN SPACE [Zs] */ '\u2009', -
/* HAIR SPACE [Zs] */ '\u200A', /* NARROW NO-BREAK SPACE [Zs] */ '\u202F', -
/* MEDIUM MATHEMATICAL SPACE [Zs] */ '\u3000', /* IDIOGRAPHIC SPACE [Zs] */ '\u205F', -
/* BACKSPACE [Cc] */ '\u0008', /* CHARACTER TABULATION, HT [Cc] */ '\u0009', -
/* LINE FEED (LF) [Cc] */ '\u000A', /* LINE TABULATION (VT) [Cc] */ '\u000B', -
/* FORM FEED (FF) [Cc] */ '\u000C', /* CARRIAGE RETURN (CR) [Cc] */ '\u000D', -
/* INFORMATION SEPARATOR FOUR [Cc] */ '\u001C', /* INFORMATION SEPARATOR THREE [Cc] */ '\u001D', -
/* INFORMATION SEPARATOR TWO [Cc] */ '\u001E', /* INFORMATION SEPARATOR ONE [Cc] */ '\u001F', -
/* NEXT LINE (NEL) [Cc] */ '\u0085', -
/* ZERO WIDTH SPACE [Cf] */ '\u200B', /* ZERO WIDTH NO-BREAK SPACE [Cf] */ '\uFEFF' -
]
return wsChars
-- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
method getWhitspaceCharacterString() public static returns Rexx
wsCharstring = ''
loop wsChar over getWhitspaceCharacters()
wsCharstring = wsCharstring || wsChar
end wsChar
return wsCharstring
-- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
method runSample(arg) public static
sstrings = [ -
' \u0020 \u0009 \u000D\r \n \u2029\uFEFF1 String with white space. \t \r \n \u1680 ', -
' \t 2 String with white space. \t ', -
'3 String with white space. \t', -
' \t 4 String with white space.', -
'5 String with white space.', -
'\u0020\u0009\u2029\uFEFF\u1680\u2006', -
' ', -
'' -
]
loop sstringO over sstrings
sstringL = stripWhitespace(sstringO, 'l')
sstringT = stripWhitespace(sstringO, 't')
sstringB = stripWhitespace(sstringO)
say ' Original string ['sstringO']'
say ' strip leading ['sstringL']'
say ' strip trailing ['sstringT']'
say ' strip both ['sstringB']'
say
end sstringO
return
```
'''Output:'''
Original string [
1 String with white space.
]
strip leading [1 String with white space.
]
strip trailing [
1 String with white space.]
strip both [1 String with white space.]
Original string [ 2 String with white space. ]
strip leading [2 String with white space. ]
strip trailing [ 2 String with white space.]
strip both [2 String with white space.]
Original string [3 String with white space. ]
strip leading [3 String with white space. ]
strip trailing [3 String with white space.]
strip both [3 String with white space.]
Original string [ 4 String with white space.]
strip leading [4 String with white space.]
strip trailing [ 4 String with white space.]
strip both [4 String with white space.]
Original string [5 String with white space.]
strip leading [5 String with white space.]
strip trailing [5 String with white space.]
strip both [5 String with white space.]
Original string [
]
strip leading []
strip trailing []
strip both []
Original string [ ]
strip leading []
strip trailing []
strip both []
Original string []
strip leading []
strip trailing []
strip both []
```
## NewLISP
```NewLISP
(setq str " this is a string ")
;; trim leading blanks
(trim str " " "")
;; trim trailing blanks
(trim str "" " ")
;; trim both leading and trailing blanks
(trim str)
```
## Nim
```nim
import strutils
let s = " \t \n String with spaces \t \n "
echo "'", s, "'"
echo "'", s.strip(trailing = false), "'"
echo "'", s.strip(leading = false), "'"
echo "'", s.strip(), "'"
```
=={{header|Oberon-2}}==
Oxford Oberon-2
```oberon2
MODULE Trim;
IMPORT Out,Strings,SYSTEM;
CONST
(* whitespaces *)
HT = 09X; VT = 0BX; FF = 0CX; GS = 1DX; US = 1FX;
LF = 0AX; CR = 0DX; FS = 1CX; RS = 1EX; SPC = 20X;
PROCEDURE LTrim(VAR s: ARRAY OF CHAR);
VAR
j : INTEGER;
BEGIN
j := 0;
WHILE (s[j] = HT) OR (s[j] = LF) OR (s[j] = VT) OR (s[j] = CR) OR
(s[j] = FF) OR (s[j] = FS) OR (s[j] = FS) OR (s[j] = GS) OR
(s[j] = RS) OR (s[j] = US) OR (s[j] = SPC) DO INC(j) END;
SYSTEM.MOVE(SYSTEM.ADR(s[j]),SYSTEM.ADR(s[0]),LEN(s) - j);
END LTrim;
PROCEDURE RTrim(VAR s: ARRAY OF CHAR);
VAR
j : INTEGER;
BEGIN
j := LEN(s) - 1;
WHILE (j >= 0) & (s[j] = 0X) DO DEC(j) END;
WHILE (j >= 0) & ((s[j] = HT) OR (s[j] = LF) OR (s[j] = VT) OR (s[j] = CR) OR
(s[j] = FF) OR (s[j] = FS) OR (s[j] = FS) OR (s[j] = GS) OR
(s[j] = RS) OR (s[j] = US) OR (s[j] = SPC)) DO
s[j] := 0X;
DEC(j)
END
END RTrim;
PROCEDURE Trim(VAR s: ARRAY OF CHAR);
BEGIN
LTrim(s);
RTrim(s)
END Trim;
VAR
s: ARRAY 100 OF CHAR;
BEGIN
s := " A AAA";
Out.Char("[");Out.String(s);Out.String("]=");Out.Char(HT);LTrim(s);Out.Char("[");Out.String(s);Out.Char("]");Out.Ln;
s := "AAA A ";
Out.Char("[");Out.String(s);Out.String("]=");Out.Char(HT);RTrim(s);Out.Char("[");Out.String(s);Out.Char("]");Out.Ln;
s := " A AA A ";
Out.Char("[");Out.String(s);Out.String("]=");Out.Char(HT);Trim(s);Out.Char("[");Out.String(s);Out.Char("]");Out.Ln;
s := " ";
Out.Char("[");Out.String(s);Out.String("]=");Out.Char(HT);Trim(s);Out.Char("[");Out.String(s);Out.Char("]");Out.Ln;
s := " ";
Out.Char("[");Out.String(s);Out.String("]=");Out.Char(HT);RTrim(s);Out.Char("[");Out.String(s);Out.Char("]");Out.Ln;
s := " ";
Out.Char("[");Out.String(s);Out.String("]=");Out.Char(HT);LTrim(s);Out.Char("[");Out.String(s);Out.Char("]");Out.Ln;
Out.Char("[");Out.String(s);Out.String("]=");Out.Char(HT);RTrim(s);Out.Char("[");Out.String(s);Out.Char("]");Out.Ln;
Out.Char("[");Out.String(s);Out.String("]=");Out.Char(HT);LTrim(s);Out.Char("[");Out.String(s);Out.Char("]");Out.Ln;
END Trim.
```
Output:
```txt
[ A AAA]= [A AAA]
[AAA A ]= [AAA A]
[ A AA A ]= [A AA A]
[ ]= []
[ ]= []
[ ]= []
[]= []
[]= []
```
=={{header|Objective-C}}==
{{works with|Cocoa}}
{{works with|GNUstep}}
```objc>#import = 0; i--)
{
if ( ![cs characterIsMember: [self characterAtIndex: i]] ) break;
}
return [self substringToIndex: (i+1)];
}
-(NSString *) trim
{
return [self
stringByTrimmingCharactersInSet:
[NSCharacterSet whitespaceAndNewlineCharacterSet]];
}
@end
int main()
{
@autoreleasepool {
NSString *s = @" this is a string ";
NSLog(@"'%@'", s);
NSLog(@"'%@'", [s ltrim]);
NSLog(@"'%@'", [s rtrim]);
NSLog(@"'%@'", [s trim]);
}
return 0;
}
```
## OCaml
```ocaml
let left_pos s len =
let rec aux i =
if i >= len then None
else match s.[i] with
| ' ' | '\n' | '\t' | '\r' -> aux (succ i)
| _ -> Some i
in
aux 0
let right_pos s len =
let rec aux i =
if i < 0 then None
else match s.[i] with
| ' ' | '\n' | '\t' | '\r' -> aux (pred i)
| _ -> Some i
in
aux (pred len)
let trim s =
let len = String.length s in
match left_pos s len, right_pos s len with
| Some i, Some j -> String.sub s i (j - i + 1)
| None, None -> ""
| _ -> assert false
let ltrim s =
let len = String.length s in
match left_pos s len with
| Some i -> String.sub s i (len - i)
| None -> ""
let rtrim s =
let len = String.length s in
match right_pos s len with
| Some i -> String.sub s 0 (i + 1)
| None -> ""
```
we put the previous code in a file called "trim.ml", and then we test these functions in the toplevel:
```txt
$ ocaml
# #use "trim.ml" ;;
val left_pos : string -> int -> int option =
val right_pos : string -> int -> int option =
val trim : string -> string =
val ltrim : string -> string =
val rtrim : string -> string =
# let s = " \t \r \n String with spaces \t \r \n " ;;
val s : string = " \t \r \n String with spaces \t \r \n "
# trim s ;;
- : string = "String with spaces"
# ltrim s ;;
- : string = "String with spaces \t \r \n "
# rtrim s ;;
- : string = " \t \r \n String with spaces"
```
Since OCaml version 4.00.0 there is a function '''String.trim'''.
## OpenEdge/Progress
```progress
DEF VAR cc AS CHAR INIT " string with spaces ".
MESSAGE
"|" + LEFT-TRIM( cc ) + "|" SKIP
"|" + RIGHT-TRIM( cc ) + "|" SKIP
"|" + TRIM( cc ) + "|"
VIEW-AS ALERT-BOX.
```
{{out}}
```txt
---------------------------
Message
---------------------------
|string with spaces |
| string with spaces|
|string with spaces|
---------------------------
OK
---------------------------
```
## Perl
```perl
sub ltrim { shift =~ s/^\s+//r }
sub rtrim { shift =~ s/\s+$//r }
sub trim { ltrim rtrim shift }
# Usage:
my $p = " this is a string ";
print "'", $p, "'\n";
print "'", trim($p), "'\n";
print "'", ltrim($p), "'\n";
print "'", rtrim($p), "'\n";
```
## Perl 6
```perl6
my $s = "\r\n \t\x2029 Good Stuff \x202F\n";
say $s.trim;
say $s.trim.perl;
say $s.trim-leading.perl;
say $s.trim-trailing.perl;
```
{{Output}}
```txt
Good Stuff
"Good Stuff"
"Good Stuff \n"
"\r\n \t
Good Stuff"
```
## Phix
```Phix
constant s = "\ttest\n"
?s
?trim_head(s)
?trim_tail(s)
?trim(s)
```
{{out}}
```txt
"\ttest\n"
"test\n"
"\ttest"
"test"
```
## PHP
There is a built-in function that already does this.
```PHP
"trimmed left ^L "
: (trimRight " ^G ^I trimmed right ^L ")
-> " ^G ^I trimmed right"
: (trimBoth " ^G ^I trimmed both ^L ")
-> "trimmed both"
```
## PL/I
```pli
put ( trim(text, ' ', '') ); /* trims leading blanks. */
put ( trim(text, '', ' ') ); /* trims trailing blanks. */
put ( trim(text) ); /* trims leading and trailing */
/* blanks. */
```
To remove any white-space character(s) in a portable way:-
```pli
declare whitespace character(33) value
((substr(collate(), 1, 32) || ' '));
put ( trim(text, whitespace) ); /* trims leading white space. */
put ( trim(text, '', whitespace) ); /* trims trailing white space. */
put ( trim(text, whitespace, whitespace) );
/* trims leading and trailing */
/* white space. */
```
## PowerShell
```PowerShell
$var = " Hello World "
$var.TrimStart() # String with leading whitespace removed
$var.TrimEnd() # String with trailing whitespace removed
$var.Trim() # String with both leading and trailing whitespace removed
```
Output:
```txt
Hello World
Hello World
Hello World
```
## Prolog
Works with SWI-Prolog.
```Prolog
strip :-
In = " There are unwanted blanks here! ",
strip_left(In, OutLeft),
format('In : ~s__~n', [In]),
format('Strip left : ~s__~n', [OutLeft]),
strip_right(In, OutRight),
format('Strip right : ~s__~n', [OutRight]),
strip(In, Out),
format('Strip : ~s__~n', [Out]).
strip_left(In, Out) :-
strip_action(In, Out, []).
strip_right(In, Out) :-
reverse(In, RIn),
strip_left(RIn, ROut),
reverse(ROut, Out).
strip(In, Out) :-
strip_left(In, Tmp),
strip_right(Tmp, Out).
strip_action([X|T]) -->
{\+code_type(X, graph), !},
strip_action(T).
strip_action(X) --> X.
```
Output :
```txt
?- strip.
In : There are unwanted blanks here! __
Strip left : There are unwanted blanks here! __
Strip right : There are unwanted blanks here!__
Strip : There are unwanted blanks here!__
true.
```
SWI-Prolog has an integrated version of strip : '''normalize_space(-Out, +In)'''
```txt
?- In = ' There are unwanted blanks here! ', normalize_space(atom(Out), In).
In = ' There are unwanted blanks here! ',
Out = 'There are unwanted blanks here!'.
```
## PureBasic
Note, if only spaces need to be removed, PureBasic provides commands that do this: LTrim(), RTrim(), and Trim(). To handle a larger selection of whitespace the following functions meet the task.
```PureBasic
;define the whitespace as desired
#whitespace$ = " " + Chr($9) + Chr($A) + Chr($B) + Chr($C) + Chr($D) + Chr($1C) + Chr($1D) + Chr($1E) + Chr($1F)
Procedure.s myLTrim(source.s)
Protected i, *ptrChar.Character, length = Len(source)
*ptrChar = @source
For i = 1 To length
If Not FindString(#whitespace$, Chr(*ptrChar\c))
ProcedureReturn Right(source, length + 1 - i)
EndIf
*ptrChar + SizeOf(Character)
Next
EndProcedure
Procedure.s myRTrim(source.s)
Protected i, *ptrChar.Character, length = Len(source)
*ptrChar = @source + (length - 1) * SizeOf(Character)
For i = length To 1 Step - 1
If Not FindString(#whitespace$, Chr(*ptrChar\c))
ProcedureReturn Left(source, i)
EndIf
*ptrChar - SizeOf(Character)
Next
EndProcedure
Procedure.s myTrim(source.s)
ProcedureReturn myRTrim(myLTrim(source))
EndProcedure
If OpenConsole()
PrintN(#DQUOTE$ + myLTrim(" Top ") + #DQUOTE$)
PrintN(#DQUOTE$ + myRTrim(" Tail ") + #DQUOTE$)
PrintN(#DQUOTE$ + myTrim(" Both ") + #DQUOTE$)
Print(#CRLF$ + #CRLF$ + "Press ENTER to exit"): Input()
CloseConsole()
EndIf
```
{{out}}
```txt
"Top "
" Tail"
"Both"
```
## Python
```python>>>
s = ' \t \r \n String with spaces \t \r \n '
>>> s
' \t \r \n String with spaces \t \r \n '
>>> s.lstrip()
'String with spaces \t \r \n '
>>> s.rstrip()
' \t \r \n String with spaces'
>>> s.strip()
'String with spaces'
>>>
```
## Racket
```Racket
#lang racket
;; Using Racket's `string-trim'
(define str " \n\t foo bar \r\n ")
;; both sides:
(string-trim str) ; -> "foo bar"
;; one side:
(string-trim str #:right? #f) ; -> "foo bar \r\n "
(string-trim str #:left? #f) ; -> " \n\t foo bar"
;; can also normalize spaces:
(string-normalize-spaces (string-trim str)) ; -> "foo bar"
```
## Retro
```Retro
" this is a test " ^strings'trimLeft
" this is a test " ^strings'trimRight
" this is a test " ^strings'trimLeft ^strings'trimRight
```
## Red
```Red>>
trim/head " remove leading white space "
== "remove leading white space "
>> trim/tail " remove trailing white space "
== " remove trailing white space"
>> trim " remove both white spaces "
== "remove both white spaces"
```
## REXX
### version 1
```rexx
/*REXX program demonstrates how to strip leading and/or trailing spaces (blanks). */
yyy=" this is a string that has leading/embedded/trailing blanks, fur shure. "
say 'YYY──►'yyy"◄──" /*display the original string + fence. */
/*white space also includes tabs (VT, HT), among other characters.*/
/*all examples in each group are equivalent, only the option's 1st*/
/*character is examined. */
noL=strip(yyy,'L') /*elide any leading white space. */
noL=strip(yyy,"l") /* (the same as the above statement.) */
noL=strip(yyy,'leading') /* " " " " " " */
say 'noL──►'noL"◄──" /*display the string with a title+fence*/
noT=strip(yyy,'T') /*elide any trailing white space. */
noT=strip(yyy,"t") /* (the same as the above statement.) */
noT=strip(yyy,'trailing') /* " " " " " " */
say 'noT──►'noT"◄──" /*display the string with a title+fence*/
noB=strip(yyy) /*elide leading & trailing white space.*/
noB=strip(yyy,) /* (the same as the above statement.) */
noB=strip(yyy,'B') /* " " " " " " */
noB=strip(yyy,"b") /* " " " " " " */
noB=strip(yyy,'both') /* " " " " " " */
say 'noB──►'noB"◄──" /*display the string with a title+fence*/
/*elide leading & trailing white space,*/
noX=space(yyy) /* including white space between words.*/
say 'nox──►'noX"◄──" /*display the string with a title+fence*/
/*stick a fork in it, we're all done. */
```
'''output'''
```txt
YYY──► this is a string that has leading/embedded/trailing blanks, fur shure. ◄──
noL──►this is a string that has leading/embedded/trailing blanks, fur shure. ◄──
noT──► this is a string that has leading/embedded/trailing blanks, fur shure.◄──
noB──►this is a string that has leading/embedded/trailing blanks, fur shure.◄──
nox──►this is a string that has leading/embedded/trailing blanks, fur shure.◄──
```
### version 2
```rexx
/* REXX ***************************************************************
* 01.1.2012 Walter Pachl taking care of all non-printable chars
**********************************************************************/
pc='abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'
pc=pc||translate(pc)'äöüÄÖÜß1234567890!"§&/()=?*+''#;:_,.-<>^!'
x01='01'x
s=x01||' Hi '||x01||' there! '||x01
say pc /* all printable characters */
s=x01||' Hi '||x01||' there! '||x01 /* my source string */
Say 's >'s'<' /* show it */
p1=verify(s,pc,'M') /* find first printable char */
sl=substr(s,p1) /* start with it */
Say 'sl>'sl'<'
sr=reverse(s)
p2=verify(sr,pc,'M') /* find last printable char */
sr=left(s,length(s)-p2+1) /* end with it */
Say 'sr>'sr'<'
sb=substr(s,p1,length(s)-p1-p2+1) /* remove leading & trailing */
Say 'sb>'space(sb)'!' /* whitespace */
sa=translate(s,pc,pc!!xrange('00'x,'FF'x)) /* all nonprintable chars */
/* are translated to blanks */
sa=space(sa) /* eliminate them except 1 */
Say 'sa>'sa'<'<' /* between words */
s0=space(sa,0) /* remove all whitespace */
Say 's0>'s0'<'
```
Output:
```txt
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZäöüÄÖÜß1234567890!"§&/()=?*+'#;:_,.-<>^!
s >� Hi � there! �<
sl>Hi � there! �<
sr>� Hi � there!<
sb>Hi � there!<
sa>Hi there!<
s0>Hithere!<
```
## Ring
```ring
aList = " Welcome to the Ring Programming Language "
see aList + nl
see trim(aList) + nl
```
## Ruby
```ruby
s = " \t\v\r\n\ffoo bar \t\v\r\n\f"
p s
p s.lstrip # remove leading whitespaces
p s.rstrip # remove trailing whitespaces
p s.strip # remove both leading and trailing whitespace
```
{{out}}
```txt
" \t\v\r\n\ffoo bar \t\v\r\n\f"
"foo bar \t\v\r\n\f"
" \t\v\r\n\ffoo bar"
"foo bar"
```
## Run BASIC
```runbasic
string$ = " abcdefg "
print " Top:";trim$(string$+"|") ' top left trim
print "Bottom:";trim$("|"+string$) ' bottom right trim
print " Both:";trim$(string$) ' both left and right
end
```
```txt
Top:abcdefg
Bottom: abcdefg
Both:abcdefg
```
## Rust
```rust
fn main() {
let spaces = " \t\n\x0B\x0C\r \u{A0} \u{2000}\u{3000}";
let string_with_spaces = spaces.to_owned() + "String without spaces" + spaces;
assert_eq!(string_with_spaces.trim(), "String without spaces");
assert_eq!(string_with_spaces.trim_left(), "String without spaces".to_owned() + spaces);
assert_eq!(string_with_spaces.trim_right(), spaces.to_owned() + "String without spaces");
}
```
## Sather
```sather
class MAIN is
ltrim(s :STR) :STR is
i ::= 0;
loop while!(i < s.size);
if " \t\f\v\n".contains(s[i]) then
i := i + 1;
else
break!;
end;
end;
return s.tail(s.size - i);
end;
rtrim(s :STR) :STR is
i ::= s.size-1;
loop while!(i >= 0);
if " \t\f\v\n".contains(s[i]) then
i := i - 1;
else
break!;
end;
end;
return s.head(i+1);
end;
trim(s :STR) :STR is
return ltrim(rtrim(s));
end;
main is
p ::= " this is a string ";
#OUT + ltrim(p).pretty + "\n";
#OUT + rtrim(p).pretty + "\n";
#OUT + trim(p).pretty + "\n";
end;
end;
```
## Scala
```scala
def trimLeft(str: String) = str dropWhile(_.isWhitespace)
def trimRight(str: String) = str take (str.lastIndexWhere(!_.isWhitespace) + 1)
def trimRight2(str: String) = trimLeft(str reverse) reverse
def trim(str: String) = str trim
def testTrim() = {
val str = " \u001F String with spaces \t \n \r "
println("original : |" + str + "|")
println("trimLeft : |" + trimLeft(str) + "|")
println("trimRight : |" + trimRight(str) + "|")
println("trimRight2: |" + trimRight2(str) + "|")
println("trim : |" + trim(str) + "|")
}
```
{{out}}
```txt
original : | � String with spaces
|
trimLeft : |String with spaces
|
trimRight : | � String with spaces|
trimRight2: | � String with spaces|
trim : |String with spaces|
```
## Seed7
```seed7
$ include "seed7_05.s7i";
const proc: main is func
local
const string: testStri is " \t \r \n String with spaces \t \r \n ";
begin
writeln(ltrim(testStri));
writeln(rtrim(testStri));
writeln(trim(testStri));
end func;
```
## Sidef
```ruby
var s = " \t\v\r\n\ffoo bar \t\v\r\n\f";
say s.strip_beg.dump; # remove leading whitespaces
say s.strip_end.dump; # remove trailing whitespaces
say s.strip.dump; # remove both leading and trailing whitespace
```
{{out}}
```txt
"foo bar \t\13\r\n\f"
" \t\13\r\n\ffoo bar"
"foo bar"
```
## Smalltalk
{{works with|GNU Smalltalk}}
```smalltalk
String extend
[
ltrim [
^self replacingRegex: '^\s+' with: ''.
]
rtrim [
^self replacingRegex: '\s+$' with: ''.
]
trim [
^self ltrim rtrim.
]
]
|a|
a := ' this is a string '.
('"%1"' % {a}) displayNl.
('"%1"' % {a ltrim}) displayNl.
('"%1"' % {a rtrim}) displayNl.
('"%1"' % {a trim}) displayNl.
```
## SNOBOL4
```SNOBOL4
s1 = s2 = " Hello, people of earth! "
s2 = CHAR(3) s2 CHAR(134)
&ALPHABET TAB(33) . prechars
&ALPHABET POS(127) RTAB(0) . postchars
stripchars = " " prechars postchars
* TRIM() removes final spaces and tabs:
OUTPUT = "Original: >" s1 "<"
OUTPUT = "With trim() >" REVERSE(TRIM(REVERSE(TRIM(s1)))) "<"
* Remove all non-printing characters:
OUTPUT = "Original: >" s2 "<"
s1 POS(0) SPAN(stripchars) =
OUTPUT = "Leading: >" s1 "<"
s2 ARB . s2 SPAN(stripchars) RPOS(0)
OUTPUT = "Trailing: >" s2 "<"
s2 POS(0) SPAN(stripchars) =
OUTPUT = "Full trim: >" s2 "<"
END
```
{{out}}
```txt
Original: > Hello, people of earth! <
With trim() >Hello, people of earth!<
Original: >� Hello, people of earth! �<
Leading: >Hello, people of earth! <
Trailing: >� Hello, people of earth!<
Full trim: >Hello, people of earth!<
```
## Stata
See '''[https://www.stata.com/help.cgi?mf_strtrim strtrim]''' in Stata help. Use the equivalent '''[https://www.stata.com/help.cgi?mf_ustrtrim ustrtrim]''' functions with Unicode strings.
```stata
s = " ars longa "
"("+strtrim(s)+")"
(ars longa)
"("+strltrim(s)+")"
(ars longa )
"("+strrtrim(s)+")"
( ars longa)
"("+stritrim(s)+")"
( ars longa )
```
## Tcl
Whitespace stripping is done with string trim and related commands:
```tcl
set str " hello world "
puts "original: >$str<"
puts "trimmed head: >[string trimleft $str]<"
puts "trimmed tail: >[string trimright $str]<"
puts "trimmed both: >[string trim $str]<"
```
{{out}}
```txt
original: > hello world <
trimmed head: >hello world <
trimmed tail: > hello world<
trimmed both: >hello world<
```
=={{header|TI-83 BASIC}}==
PROGRAM:WHITESPC
Input Str1
0→M
Menu(" REMOVE ","TRAILIN WHTSPC",A,"LEADING WHTSPC",C,"BOTH",B)
Lbl B
1→M
Lbl A
While sub(Str1,length(Str1)-1),1)=" "
sub(Str1,1,length(Str1)-1)→Str1
End
If M=1
Then
Goto C
Else
Goto F
End
Lbl C
While sub(str1,1,1)=" "
sub(Str1,2,length(Str1)-1)→Str1
End
Lbl F
Disp "'"+Str1+"'"
```
## TorqueScript
Remove leading whitespace
$string = " yep ";
$string = LTrim($string);
echo($string);
Remove trailing whitespace
$string = " yep ";
$string = RTrim($string);
echo($string);
Remove leading and trailing white spaces
$string = " yep ";
$string = trim($string);
echo($string);
Output
"yep "
" yep"
"yep"
## TUSCRIPT
```tuscript
$$ MODE TUSCRIPT
str= " sentence w/whitespace before and after "
trimmedtop=EXTRACT (str,":<|<> :"|,0)
trimmedtail=EXTRACT (str,0,":<> >|:")
trimmedboth=SQUEEZE(str)
PRINT "string <|", str," >|"
PRINT "trimmed on top <|",trimmedtop,">|"
PRINT "trimmed on tail <|", trimmedtail,">|"
PRINT "trimmed on both <|", trimmedboth,">|"
```
{{out}}
```txt
string <| sentence w/whitespace before and after >|
trimmed on top <|sentence w/whitespace before and after >|
trimmed on tail <| sentence w/whitespace before and after>|
trimmed on both <|sentence w/whitespace before and after>|
```
## TXR
### Pattern Matching Language Exercise
Here, no builtin functions are used, just text pattern matching logic. Two functions are written, conforming to the proper filter convention, and then employed as filters.
```txr
@(define trim_left (in out))
@ (next :list in)
@/[ \t]*/@out
@(end)
@(define trim_right (in out))
@ (local blanks middle)
@ (next :list in)
@ (cases)
@ {blanks /[ \t]*/}@middle@/[\t ]+/
@ (bind out `@blanks@middle`)
@ (or)
@ out
@ (end)
@(end)
@line_of_input
@(output)
trim-left: [@{line_of_input :filter (:fun trim_left)}]
trim_right: [@{line_of_input :filter (:fun trim_right)}]
trim_both: [@{line_of_input :filter ((:fun trim_left) (:fun trim_right))}]
@(end)
```
{{out}}
```txt
$ echo "" | txr trim.txr -
trim-left: []
trim_right: []
trim_both: []
$ echo "a" | txr trim.txr -
trim-left: [a]
trim_right: [a]
trim_both: [a]
$ echo " a" | txr trim.txr -
trim-left: [a]
trim_right: [ a]
trim_both: [a]
$ echo " a " | txr trim.txr -
trim-left: [a ]
trim_right: [ a]
trim_both: [a]
$ echo " a b " | txr trim.txr -
trim-left: [a b ]
trim_right: [ a b]
trim_both: [a b]
```
### Using Lisp Primitives
Trimming whitespace from both ends is a builtin:
```sh
$ txr -p '(trim-str " a b ")'
"a b"
```
An unnecessarily cryptic, though educational, left trim:
```sh
$ txr -p '[(do progn (del [@1 0..(match-regex @1 #/\s*/)]) @1) " a b "]'
"a b "
```
Explanation: the basic structure is [function " a b "] where the function is an anonymous lambda generated using the do operator. The function is applied to the string " a b ".
The structure of the do is (do progn (blah @1) @1) where the forms make references to implicit argument @1, and so the generated lambda has one argument, essentially being: (lambda (arg) (blah arg) arg): do something with the argument (the string) and then return it.
What is done with the argument is this: (del [@1 0..(match-regex @1 #/\s+/)]). The match-regex function returns the number of characters at the front of the string which match the regex \s*: one or more spaces. The return value of this is used to express a range 0..length which is applied to the string. The syntax (del [str from..to]) deletes a range of characters in the string.
Lastly, a pedestrian right trim:
```txrlisp
(defun trim-right (str)
(for ()
((and (> (length str) 0) (chr-isspace [str -1])) str)
((del [str -1]))))
(format t "{~a}\n" (trim-right " a a "))
(format t "{~a}\n" (trim-right " "))
(format t "{~a}\n" (trim-right "a "))
(format t "{~a}\n" (trim-right ""))
```
Output:
```txt
{ a a}
{}
{a}
{}
```
## Ursala
```Ursala
#import std
white = ==` !| not @iNC %sI
trim_left = white-~r
trim_right = white~-l
trim_both = trim_left+ trim_right
#cast %sgUL
main = <.trim_left,trim_right,trim_both> ' string with spaces '
```
* The white predicate tests an argument for whiteness by either comparing it to a literal space character or testing whether the singleton list containing it is of a string (%s) type.
* The -~ postfix operator takes a predicate to a function that takes a string to a pair of strings whose concatenation is the original string and whose left side is the maximal prefix of the original string whose members satisfy the predicate.
* The r suffix on the -~ predicate extracts the right side of the pair of strings in the result.
* The ~- operator is similar to the -~ operator except that is concerned with the maximal suffix whose members satisfy the predicate.
* The l suffix extracts the right side.
{{out}}
```txt
<
'string with spaces ',
' string with spaces',
'string with spaces'>
```
## Vala
### Strip Leading White Space
```vala
string s = " word ";
string s_chug = s.chug();
```
### Strip Trailing White Space
```vala
string s = " word ";
string s_chomp = s.chomp();
```
===Strip Leading & Trailing White Space===
```vala
string s = " word ";
string s_strip = s.strip();
```
## VBA
```vb
Public Sub test()
'LTrim trims leading spaces
'RTrim trims tailing spaces
'Trim trims both leading and tailing spaces
s = " trim "
Debug.Print """" & s & """"
Debug.Print """" & LTrim(s) & """"
Debug.Print """" & RTrim(s) & """"
Debug.Print """" & WorksheetFunction.trim(s) & """"
'these functions do not remove tabs or newlines
End Sub
```
{{out}}
```txt
" trim "
"trim "
" trim"
"trim"
```
## VBScript
```vb
Function LeftTrim(s)
Set regex = New RegExp
With regex
.Pattern = "^\s*"
If .Test(s) Then
LeftTrim = .Replace(s,"")
Else
LeftTrim = s
End If
End With
End Function
Function RightTrim(s)
Set regex = New RegExp
With regex
.Pattern = "\s*$"
If .Test(s) Then
RightTrim = .Replace(s,"")
Else
RightTrim = s
End If
End With
End Function
'testing the functions
WScript.StdOut.WriteLine LeftTrim(" RosettaCode")
WScript.StdOut.WriteLine RightTrim("RosettaCode ")
WScript.StdOut.WriteLine LeftTrim(RightTrim(" RosettaCode "))
```
{{Out}}
```txt
RosettaCode
RosettaCode
RosettaCode
```
## XPL0
```XPL0
code ChOut=8, CrLf=9, Text=12;
string 0; \use zero-terminated string convention
func StripLead(S0); \Strip leading whitespace (<=$20) from string
char S0;
char S1(80); \BEWARE: very temporary string space returned
int I, J, C, Stripped;
[I:= 0; J:= 0; Stripped:= false;
repeat C:= S0(I); I:= I+1;
if Stripped ! C>$20 ! C=0 then
[S1(J):= C; J:= J+1; Stripped:= true];
until C=0;
return S1;
];
func StripTrail(S0); \Strip trailing whitespace (<=$20) from string
char S0;
char S1(80); \BEWARE: very temporary string space returned
int I, SI;
[I:= 0;
loop [if S0(I) <= $20 then
[SI:= I;
while S0(I) <= $20 do
[if S0(I) = 0 then [S1(SI):= 0; return S1];
S1(I):= S0(I); I:= I+1;
];
]
else [S1(I):= S0(I); I:= I+1];
];
];
char String;
[String:= " Hello World ";
Text(0, StripLead(String)); ChOut(0, ^!); CrLf(0);
Text(0, StripTrail(String)); ChOut(0, ^!); CrLf(0);
Text(0, StripTrail(StripLead(String))); ChOut(0, ^!); CrLf(0);
]
```
Output:
```txt
Hello World !
Hello World!
Hello World!
```
## Yabasic
```Yabasic
s$ = "\t test \n"
print "--",ltrim$(s$),"--"
print "--",rtrim$(s$),"--"
print "--",trim$(s$),"--"
```
## zkl
Remove white space from both end of string:
```zkl
"\t\n hoho\n\t\ ".strip() //-->"hoho"
```
```zkl
fcn removeLeadingWS(s){ n:=0;
try{ while(s[n].isSpace()){ n+=1 } }catch{""}fallthrough{ s[n,*] }
}
removeLeadingWS("\t\n hoho\n\t\ ") //-->"hoho\n\t "
removeLeadingWS("") //-->""
```
```zkl
fcn removeTrailingWS(s){ n:=-1;
try{ while(s[n].isSpace()){ n-=1 } s[0,n+1] }catch{""}
}
removeTrailingWS("\t\n hoho\n\t\ ") //-->"\t\n hoho"
removeTrailingWS("\t\n \n\t\ ") //-->""
```