⚠️ Warning: This is a draft ⚠️
This means it might contain formatting issues, incorrect code, conceptual problems, or other severe issues.
If you want to help to improve and eventually enable this page, please fork RosettaGit's repository and open a merge request on GitHub.
{{task|Database operations}}
;Task: Create a table to store addresses.
You may assume that all the addresses to be stored will be located in the USA. As such, you will need (in addition to a field holding a unique identifier) a field holding the street address, a field holding the city, a field holding the state code, and a field holding the zipcode. Choose appropriate types for each field.
For non-database languages, show how you would open a connection to a database (your choice of which) and create an address table in it. You should follow the existing models here for how you would structure the table.
ALGOL 68
{{works with|ALGOL 68|Standard - no extensions to language used}}
{{works with|ALGOL 68G|Any - tested with release mk15-0.8b.fc9.i386}}
MODE ADDRESS = STRUCT(
INT page,
FLEX[50]CHAR street,
FLEX[25]CHAR city,
FLEX[2]CHAR state,
FLEX[10]CHAR zip
);
FORMAT address repr = $"Page: "gl"Street: "gl"City: "gl"State: "gl"Zip: "gll$;
INT errno;
FILE sequence; errno := open(sequence, "sequence.txt", stand back channel);
SEMA sequence sema := LEVEL 1;
OP NEXTVAL = ([]CHAR table name)INT: (
INT out;
# INT table page = 0; # # only one sequence implemented #
# DOWN sequence sema; # # NO interprocess concurrency protection #
on open error(sequence,
(REF FILE f)BOOL: (
reset(sequence); #set(table page,1,1);#
put(sequence, 0);
try again;
FALSE
)
);
try again:
reset(sequence); #set(table page,1,1);# get(sequence,out);
out +:=1;
reset(sequence); #set(table page,1,1);# put(sequence,out);
# UP sequence sema; #
out
);
OP INIT = (REF ADDRESS self)REF ADDRESS: ( page OF self := NEXTVAL "address"; self);
REF ADDRESS john brown = INIT LOC ADDRESS;
john brown := (page OF john brown, "10 Downing Street","London","England","SW1A 2AA");
printf((address repr, john brown));
FILE address table;
errno := open(address table,"address.txt",stand back channel);
# set(address table, page OF john brown,1,1); - standard set page not available in a68g #
put bin(address table, john brown);
close(address table)
Output:
Page: +1
Street: 10 Downing Strreet
City: London
State: England
Zip: SW1A 2AA
Apache Derby
create table Address (
addrID integer primary key generated by default as identity,
addrStreet varchar(50) not null,
addrCity varchar(50) not null,
addrState char(2) not null,
addrZip char(10) not null
);
'''Interactive session:
$ ij
ij version 10.8
ij> connect 'jdbc:derby:postal_addresses;create=true';
ij> create table Address (
> addrID integer primary key generated by default as identity,
> addrStreet varchar(50) not null,
> addrCity varchar(50) not null,
> addrState char(2) not null,
> addrZip char(10) not null
> );
0 rows inserted/updated/deleted
ij> show connections;
CONNECTION0* - jdbc:derby:postal_addresses
* = current connection
ij> describe address;
COLUMN_NAME |TYPE_NAME|DEC&|NUM&|COLUM&|COLUMN_DEF|CHAR_OCTE&|IS_NULL&
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ADDRID |INTEGER |0 |10 |10 |GENERATED&|NULL |NO
ADDRSTREET |VARCHAR |NULL|NULL|50 |NULL |100 |NO
ADDRCITY |VARCHAR |NULL|NULL|50 |NULL |100 |NO
ADDRSTATE |CHAR |NULL|NULL|2 |NULL |4 |NO
ADDRZIP |CHAR |NULL|NULL|10 |NULL |20 |NO
5 rows selected
ij> exit;
$ dblook -d jdbc:derby:postal_addresses
-- Timestamp: 2012-07-17 14:27:02.822
-- Source database is: postal_addresses
-- Connection URL is: jdbc:derby:postal_addresses
-- appendLogs: false
-- ----------------------------------------------
-- DDL Statements for tables
-- ----------------------------------------------
CREATE TABLE "APP"."ADDRESS" ("ADDRID" INTEGER NOT NULL GENERATED BY DEFAULT AS IDENTITY (START WITH 1, INCREMENT BY 1), "ADDRSTREET" VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL, "ADDRCITY" VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL, "ADDRSTATE" CHAR(2) NOT NULL, "ADDRZIP" CHAR(10) NOT NULL);
-- ----------------------------------------------
-- DDL Statements for keys
-- ----------------------------------------------
-- primary/unique
ALTER TABLE "APP"."ADDRESS" ADD CONSTRAINT "SQL120717142048690" PRIMARY KEY ("ADDRID");
```
## AWK
### SQLite3
This version uses the AWK pipe, 'getline' function, and the sqlite3 command line program.
```awk
#!/bin/sh -f
awk '
BEGIN {
print "Creating table..."
dbExec("address.db", "create table address (street, city, state, zip);")
print "Done."
exit
}
function dbExec(db, qry, result) {
dbMakeQuery(db, qry) | getline result
dbErrorCheck(result)
}
function dbMakeQuery(db, qry, q) {
q = dbEscapeQuery(qry) ";"
return "echo \"" q "\" | sqlite3 " db
}
function dbEscapeQuery(qry, q) {
q = qry
gsub(/"/, "\\\"", q)
return q
}
function dbErrorCheck(res) {
if (res ~ "SQL error") {
print res
exit
}
}
'
```
## C
{{libheader|SQLite}}
```c
#include
#include
#include
const char *code =
"CREATE TABLE address (\n"
" addrID INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,\n"
" addrStreet TEXT NOT NULL,\n"
" addrCity TEXT NOT NULL,\n"
" addrState TEXT NOT NULL,\n"
" addrZIP TEXT NOT NULL)\n" ;
int main()
{
sqlite3 *db = NULL;
char *errmsg;
if ( sqlite3_open("address.db", &db) == SQLITE_OK ) {
if ( sqlite3_exec(db, code, NULL, NULL, &errmsg) != SQLITE_OK ) {
fprintf(stderr, errmsg);
sqlite3_free(errmsg);
sqlite3_close(db);
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
sqlite3_close(db);
} else {
fprintf(stderr, "cannot open db...\n");
sqlite3_close(db);
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
```
## Clojure
```clojure
(require '[clojure.java.jdbc :as sql])
; Using h2database for this simple example.
(def db {:classname "org.h2.Driver"
:subprotocol "h2:file"
:subname "db/my-dbname"})
(sql/db-do-commands db
(sql/create-table-ddl :address
[:id "bigint primary key auto_increment"]
[:street "varchar"]
[:city "varchar"]
[:state "varchar"]
[:zip "varchar"]))
```
## EchoLisp
```scheme
(lib 'struct)
(lib 'sql)
(define Postal (make-table
(struct postal (auto: id name street city state zip))))
Postal
→ #table:#struct:postal [id name street city state zip]:[0]
(table-insert Postal '(0 Gallubert "29 rue de l'Ermitage" Paris Seine 75020))
(table-insert Postal '(0 Brougnard "666 rue des Cascades " Paris Seine 75042))
(table-make-index Postal 'postal.id)
(table-print Postal)
[0] 15 Gallubert 29 rue de l'Ermitage Paris Seine 75020
[1] 16 Brougnard 666 rue des Cascades Paris Seine 75042
```
## Erlang
Erlang has built in databases. This is the the one with most features: Mnesia. There are database connectors to other databases, too.
```Erlang
-module( table_creation ).
-export( [task/0] ).
-record( address, {id, street, city, zip} ).
task() ->
mnesia:start(),
mnesia:create_table( address, [{attributes, record_info(fields, address)}] ).
```
{{out}}
```txt
3> table_creation:task().
{atomic,ok}
```
## FunL
FunL has built-in support for H2 and comes bundled with the H2 database engine.
```funl
import db.*
import util.*
Class.forName( 'org.h2.Driver' )
conn = DriverManager.getConnection( 'jdbc:h2:mem:test', 'sa', '' )
statement = conn.createStatement()
statement.execute( '''
CREATE TABLE `user_data` (
`id` identity,
`name` varchar(255) NOT NULL,
`street` varchar(255) NOT NULL,
`city` varchar(255) NOT NULL,
`region` char(2) NOT NULL,
`country` char(2) NOT NULL,
`code` varchar(20) NOT NULL,
`phone` varchar(20) NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
)''' )
statement.execute( '''
INSERT INTO `user_data` (`name`, `street`, `city`, `region`, `code`, `country`, `phone`) VALUES
('Jacinthe Steinert', '8540 Fallen Pony Villas', 'Searights', 'IA', '51584-4315', 'US', '(641) 883-4342'),
('Keeley Pinkham', '1363 Easy Downs', 'Mileta', 'TX', '77667-7376', 'US', '(469) 527-4784'),
('Rimon Cleveland', '8052 Blue Pond Dale', 'The Willows', 'UT', '84630-2674', 'US', '(385) 305-7261'),
('Berenice Benda', '2688 Merry Pines', 'Dacono', 'HI', '96766-7398', 'US', '(808) 451-2732'),
('Mehetabel Marcano', '109 Sleepy Goose Crescent', 'Plains', 'UT', '84727-7254', 'US', '(385) 733-8404'),
('Ambria Schiller', '7100 Tawny Robin Highway', 'Barlowes', 'ID', '83792-2043', 'US', '(208) 227-8887'),
('Carne Cancino', '3842 Broad Pioneer Cape', 'Bardstown', 'IA', '51571-6473', 'US', '(563) 060-8352'),
('Ince Leite', '7876 Stony Fawn Boulevard', 'Easton', 'ID', '83651-9235', 'US', '(208) 951-3024'),
('Britney Odell', '3386 Lazy Shadow Thicket', 'Kimberly', 'OK', '73539-6632', 'US', '(539) 848-4448'),
('Suprabha Penton', '9311 Dusty Leaf Alley', 'Niumalu', 'GA', '39927-8332', 'US', '(404) 589-0183')''' )
result = statement.executeQuery( '''SELECT * FROM user_data WHERE region = 'ID' ORDER BY code''' )
print( TextTable.apply(result) )
conn.close()
```
{{out}}
```txt
+----+-----------------+---------------------------+----------+--------+---------+------------+----------------+
| ID | NAME | STREET | CITY | REGION | COUNTRY | CODE | PHONE |
+----+-----------------+---------------------------+----------+--------+---------+------------+----------------+
| 8 | Ince Leite | 7876 Stony Fawn Boulevard | Easton | ID | US | 83651-9235 | (208) 951-3024 |
| 6 | Ambria Schiller | 7100 Tawny Robin Highway | Barlowes | ID | US | 83792-2043 | (208) 227-8887 |
+----+-----------------+---------------------------+----------+--------+---------+------------+----------------+
```
## Go
```go
package main
import (
"database/sql"
"fmt"
"log"
_ "github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3"
)
func main() {
// task req: show database connection
db, err := sql.Open("sqlite3", "rc.db")
if err != nil {
log.Print(err)
return
}
defer db.Close()
// task req: create table with typed fields, including a unique id
_, err = db.Exec(`create table addr (
id int unique,
street text,
city text,
state text,
zip text
)`)
if err != nil {
log.Print(err)
return
}
// show output: query the created field names and types
rows, err := db.Query(`pragma table_info(addr)`)
if err != nil {
log.Print(err)
return
}
var field, storage string
var ignore sql.RawBytes
for rows.Next() {
err = rows.Scan(&ignore, &field, &storage, &ignore, &ignore, &ignore)
if err != nil {
log.Print(err)
return
}
fmt.Println(field, storage)
}
}
```
{{out}}
```txt
id int
street text
city text
state text
zip text
```
## Haskell
{{trans|Python}}
{{libheader|SQLite}}
{{libheader|sqlite-simple}}
```haskell
{-# LANGUAGE OverloadedStrings #-}
import Database.SQLite.Simple
main = do
db <- open "postal.db"
execute_ db "\
\CREATE TABLE address (\
\addrID INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, \
\addrStreet TEXT NOT NULL, \
\addrCity TEXT NOT NULL, \
\addrState TEXT NOT NULL, \
\addrZIP TEXT NOT NULL \
\)"
close db
```
## J
J is a programming language, not a database, but it ships with a database built in the programming language called [[j:JDB|JDB]]. Using that, assuming hd is your database, then:
```j
Create__hd 'Address';noun define
addrID autoid;
addrStreet varchar
addrCity varchar
addrState char
addrZip char
)
```
Of course J can connect external databases too, using e.g. [[j:Studio/ODBC%20Basics|ODBC]]. See the [[j:DB|list of J database topics]].
## Julia
{{works with|Julia|0.6}}
```julia
using SQLite
db = SQLite.DB()
SQLite.execute!(db, """\
CREATE TABLE address (
addrID INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
addrStreet TEXT NOT NULL,
addrCity TEXT NOT NULL,
addrState TEXT NOT NULL,
addrZIP TEXT NOT NULL)
""")
```
## Kotlin
Rather than use an external database, we use the built-in RandomAccessFile class for his task. The data used is the same as for the REXX entry.
```scala
// Version 1.2.41
import java.io.File
import java.io.RandomAccessFile
fun String.toFixedLength(len: Int) = this.padEnd(len).substring(0, len)
class Address(
var name: String,
var street: String = "",
var city: String = "",
var state: String = "",
var zipCode: String = "",
val autoId: Boolean = true
) {
var id = 0L
private set
init {
if (autoId) id = ++nextId
}
companion object {
private var nextId = 0L
const val RECORD_LENGTH = 127 // including 2 bytes for UTF string length
fun readRecord(file: File, id: Long): Address {
val raf = RandomAccessFile(file, "r")
val seekPoint = (id - 1) * RECORD_LENGTH
raf.use {
it.seek(seekPoint)
val id2 = it.readLong()
if (id != id2) {
println("Database is corrupt")
System.exit(1)
}
val text = it.readUTF()
val name = text.substring(0, 30).trimEnd()
val street = text.substring(30, 80).trimEnd()
val city = text.substring(80, 105).trimEnd()
val state = text.substring(105, 107)
val zipCode = text.substring(107).trimEnd()
val a = Address(name, street, city, state, zipCode, false)
a.id = id
return a
}
}
}
override fun toString() =
"Id : ${this.id}\n" +
"Name : $name\n" +
"Street : $street\n" +
"City : $city\n" +
"State : $state\n" +
"Zip Code : $zipCode\n"
fun writeRecord(file: File) {
val raf = RandomAccessFile(file, "rw")
val text =
name.toFixedLength(30) +
street.toFixedLength(50) +
city.toFixedLength(25) +
state +
zipCode.toFixedLength(10)
val seekPoint = (id - 1) * RECORD_LENGTH
raf.use {
it.seek(seekPoint)
it.writeLong(id)
it.writeUTF(text)
}
}
}
fun main(args: Array) {
val file = File("addresses.dat")
val addresses = listOf(
Address("FSF Inc.", "51 Franklin Street", "Boston", "MA", "02110-1301"),
Address("The White House", "The Oval Office, 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW", "Washington", "DC", "20500")
)
// write the address records to the file
addresses.forEach { it.writeRecord(file) }
// now read them back in reverse order and print them out
for (i in 2 downTo 1) {
println(Address.readRecord(file, i.toLong()))
}
}
```
{{output}}
```txt
Id : 2
Name : The White House
Street : The Oval Office, 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW
City : Washington
State : DC
Zip Code : 20500
Id : 1
Name : FSF Inc.
Street : 51 Franklin Street
City : Boston
State : MA
Zip Code : 02110-1301
```
## Lasso
Lasso has excellent support for connecting to and handling databases.
```Lasso
// connect to a Mysql database
inline(-database = 'rosettatest', -sql = "CREATE TABLE `address` (
`id` int(11) NOT NULL auto_increment,
`street` varchar(50) NOT NULL default '',
`city` varchar(25) NOT NULL default '',
`state` char(2) NOT NULL default '',
`zip` char(10) NOT NULL default '',
PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
);
") => {^
error_msg
^}
```
Output:
```txt
No error
```
## Lua
Using LJSQLite3 - compatible with LuaJIT and supplied in the ULua distribution.
```Lua
-- Import module
local sql = require("ljsqlite3")
-- Open connection to database file
local conn = sql.open("address.sqlite")
-- Create address table unless it already exists
conn:exec[[
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS address(
id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
street TEXT NOT NULL,
city TEXT NOT NULL,
state TEXT NOT NULL,
zip TEXT NOT NULL)
]]
-- Explicitly close connection
conn:close()
```
## Mathematica
```Mathematica
TableCreation="CREATE TABLE address (
addrID INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
addrStreet TEXT NOT NULL, addrCity TEXT NOT NULL,
addrState TEXT NOT NULL, addrZIP TEXT NOT NULL )";
Needs["DatabaseLink`"]
conn=OpenSQLConnection[ JDBC[ "mysql","databases:1234/conn_test"], "Username" -> "test"]
SQLExecute[ conn, TableCreation]
```
## MySQL
```mysql
CREATE TABLE `Address` (
`addrID` int(11) NOT NULL auto_increment,
`addrStreet` varchar(50) NOT NULL default '',
`addrCity` varchar(25) NOT NULL default '',
`addrState` char(2) NOT NULL default '',
`addrZIP` char(10) NOT NULL default '',
PRIMARY KEY (`addrID`)
);
```
## NetRexx
As NetRexx targets the Java Virtual Machine it has access to a wealth of database tools many of which can be accessed through JDBC.
### Apache Derby
{{libheader|Apache Derby}}
This sample creates a table in an embedded Apache Derby database.
```NetRexx
/* NetRexx */
options replace format comments java crossref symbols binary
import java.sql.Connection
import java.sql.Statement
import java.sql.SQLException
import java.sql.DriverManager
class RTableCreate01 public
properties private constant
addressDDL = String '' -
' create table Address' -
' (' -
' addrID integer primary key generated by default as identity,' -
' addrStreet varchar(50) not null,' -
' addrCity varchar(50) not null,' -
' addrState char(2) not null,' -
' addrZip char(10) not null' -
' )'
driver = String 'org.apache.derby.jdbc.EmbeddedDriver'
dbName = String 'db/rosetta_code'
method createTable() public static
connectionURL = String
conn = java.sql.Connection
sqlStatement = java.sql.Statement
do
Class.forName(driver)
connectionURL = 'jdbc:derby:' || dbName || ';' || 'create=true'
conn = DriverManager.getConnection(connectionURL)
sqlStatement = conn.createStatement()
say 'Creating table'
sqlStatement.execute(addressDDL)
say 'Table creation complete'
sqlStatement.close()
conn.close()
do
-- In embedded mode, an application should shut down Derby.
-- Shutdown throws the XJ015 exception to confirm success.
connectionURL = 'jdbc:derby:' || ';' || 'shutdown=true'
DriverManager.getConnection(connectionURL)
catch sex = SQLException
if sex.getSQLState().equals("XJ015") then do
say 'Database shut down normally'
end
else do
say 'Database did not shut down normally'
signal sex
end
end
catch sex = SQLException
sex.printStackTrace()
catch ex = ClassNotFoundException
ex.printStackTrace()
end
return
method main(args = String[]) public static
createTable()
return
```
## Nim
```nim
import db_sqlite as db
#import db_mysql as db
#import db_postgres as db
const
connection = ":memory:"
user = "foo"
pass = "bar"
database = "db"
var c = open(connection, user, pass, database)
c.exec sql"""CREATE TABLE address (
addrID INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
addrStreet TEXT NOT NULL,
addrCity TEXT NOT NULL,
addrState TEXT NOT NULL,
addrZIP TEXT NOT NULL)"""
c.close()
```
## ooRexx
```oorexx
/* REXX ***************************************************************
* 17.05.2013 Walter Pachl translated from REXX version 2
* nice try? improvements are welcome as I am rather unexperienced
* 18.05.2013 the array may contain a variety of objects!
**********************************************************************/
alist=.array~new
alist[1]=.addr~new('Boston','MA','51 Franklin Street',,'FSF Inc.',,
'02110-1301')
alist[2]='not an address at all'
alist[3]=.addr~new('Washington','DC','The Oval Office',,
'1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW','The White House',20500)
Do i=1 To alist~items
a=alist[i]
If a~isinstanceof(.addr) Then
a~show
End
::class addr
::attribute city
::attribute state
::attribute addr
::attribute addr2
::attribute name
::attribute zip
::method init
Parse Arg self~city,,
self~state,,
self~addr,,
self~addr2,,
self~name,,
self~zip
::method show
Say ' name -->' self~name
Say ' addr -->' self~addr
If self~addr2<>'' Then Say ' addr2 -->' self~addr2
Say ' city -->' self~city
Say ' state -->' self~state
Say ' zip -->' self~zip
Say copies('-',40)
```
Output is as for REXX version 2
## Oracle
```sql
CREATE SEQUENCE seq_address_pk START BY 100 INCREMENT BY 1
/
CREATE TABLE address (
addrID NUMBER DEFAULT seq_address_pk.nextval,
street VARCHAR2( 50 ) NOT NULL,
city VARCHAR2( 25 ) NOT NULL,
state VARCHAR2( 2 ) NOT NULL,
zip VARCHAR2( 20 ) NOT NULL,
CONSTRAINT address_pk1 PRIMARY KEY ( addrID )
)
/
```
## Oz
{{trans|Python}}
{{libheader|SQLite}}
{{libheader|Ozsqlite}}
The SQLite version that comes with Ozsqlite does not understand "AUTOINCREMENT".
```oz
declare
[Sqlite] = {Module.link ['x-ozlib:/sqlite/Sqlite.ozf']}
DB = {Sqlite.open 'test.db'}
in
try
{Sqlite.exec DB
"CREATE TABLE address ("
#"addrID INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,"
#"addrStreet TEXT NOT NULL,"
#"addrCity TEXT NOT NULL,"
#"addrState TEXT NOT NULL,"
#"addrZIP TEXT NOT NULL"
#")" _}
catch E then
{Inspector.configure widgetShowStrings true}
{Inspect E}
finally
{Sqlite.close DB}
end
```
## Perl
```perl
use DBI;
my $db = DBI->connect('DBI:mysql:database:server','login','password');
my $statment = <prepare($statment);
$exec->execute;
```
This example uses mysql, but DBI supports a extensive list of database drivers. See [http://dbi.perl.org/ dbi.perl.org] for more info.
## Perl 6
{{works with|Rakudo|2017.09}}
Like Perl DBI, Perl 6 DBIish supports many different databases. An example using SQLite is shown here.
```perl6
use DBIish;
my $dbh = DBIish.connect('SQLite', :database);
my $sth = $dbh.do(q:to/STATEMENT/);
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS Address;
CREATE TABLE Address (
addrID INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
addrStreet TEXT NOT NULL,
addrCity TEXT NOT NULL,
addrState TEXT NOT NULL,
addrZIP TEXT NOT NULL
)
STATEMENT
```
## Phix
{{libheader|SQLite}}
```Phix
include pSQLite.e
constant sqlcode = """
CREATE TABLE address (
addrID INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
addrStreet TEXT NOT NULL,
addrCity TEXT NOT NULL,
addrState TEXT NOT NULL,
addrZIP TEXT NOT NULL)"""
sqlite3 db = sqlite3_open("address.sqlite")
integer res = sqlite3_exec(db,sqlcode)
if res=SQLITE_OK then
sqlite3_close(db)
else
-- can show eg "sqlite3_exec error: 1 [table address already exists]"
printf(1,"sqlite3_exec error: %d [%s]\n",{res,sqlite_last_exec_err})
end if
```
=={{header|PHP}}+SQLite==
{{trans|Python}}
not tested
```php
exec("
CREATE TABLE address (
addrID INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
addrStreet TEXT NOT NULL,
addrCity TEXT NOT NULL,
addrState TEXT NOT NULL,
addrZIP TEXT NOT NULL
)
");
?>
```
## PicoLisp
PicoLisp has built-in database functionality, in the form of
(non-relational) entity/relations, built on top of persistent
objects (so-called external symbols)
Define an "address" entity, and create the database:
```PicoLisp
(class +Adr +Entity)
(rel nm (+Sn +Idx +String)) # Name [Soundex index]
(rel str (+String)) # Street
(rel zip (+Ref +String)) # ZIP [Non-unique index]
(rel cit (+Fold +Idx +String)) # City [Folded substring index]
(rel st (+String)) # State
(rel tel (+Fold +Ref +String)) # Phone [Folded non-unique index]
(rel em (+Ref +String)) # EMail [Non-unique index]
(rel txt (+Blob)) # Memo
(rel jpg (+Blob)) # Photo
(pool "address.db") # Create database
```
Create a first entry, and show it:
```PicoLisp
(show
(new! '(+Adr) # Create a record
'nm "FSF Inc."
'str "51 Franklin St"
'st "Boston, MA"
'zip "02110-1301" ) )
```
Output:
```txt
{2} (+Adr)
zip "02110-1301"
st "Boston, MA"
str "51 Franklin St"
nm "FSF Inc."
```
Interactive "select":
```PicoLisp
(select nm zip +Adr nm "FSF") # Select name, zip from Adr where name = FSF*
```
Output:
```txt
"FSF Inc." "02110-1301" {2}
```
## PostgreSQL
```sql
CREATE SEQUENCE address_seq start 100;
CREATE TABLE address (
addrID int4 PRIMARY KEY DEFAULT nextval('address_seq'),
street varchar(50) not null,
city varchar(25) not null,
state varchar(2) not null,
zip varchar(20) not null
);
```
=={{header|PureBasic}}+SQLite==
Easiest approach with sqlite. Further possible: PostgresQL or each other over ODBC.
```Purebasic
UseSQLiteDatabase()
Procedure CheckDatabaseUpdate(Database, Query$)
Result = DatabaseUpdate(Database, Query$)
If Result = 0
Print(DatabaseError())
EndIf
ProcedureReturn Result
EndProcedure
openconsole()
DatabaseFile$ = GetCurrentDirectory()+"/rosettadb.sdb"
If CreateFile(0, DatabaseFile$)
CloseFile(0)
If OpenDatabase(0, DatabaseFile$, "", "")
CheckDatabaseUpdate(0,"CREATE TABLE address ( addrID INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, addrStreet TEXT Not NULL, addrCity TEXT Not NULL, addrState TEXT Not NULL, addrZIP TEXT Not NULL)")
CloseDatabase(0)
Else
print("Can't open database !")
EndIf
Else
print("Can't create the database file !")
EndIf
closeconsole()
```
=={{header|PowerShell}}+SQLite==
{{libheader|SQLite}}
```PowerShell
Import-Module -Name PSSQLite
## Create a database and a table
$dataSource = ".\Addresses.db"
$query = "CREATE TABLE SSADDRESS (Id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
LastName TEXT NOT NULL,
FirstName TEXT NOT NULL,
Address TEXT NOT NULL,
City TEXT NOT NULL,
State CHAR(2) NOT NULL,
Zip CHAR(5) NOT NULL
)"
Invoke-SqliteQuery -Query $Query -DataSource $DataSource
## Insert some data
$query = "INSERT INTO SSADDRESS ( FirstName, LastName, Address, City, State, Zip)
VALUES (@FirstName, @LastName, @Address, @City, @State, @Zip)"
Invoke-SqliteQuery -DataSource $DataSource -Query $query -SqlParameters @{
LastName = "Monster"
FirstName = "Cookie"
Address = "666 Sesame St"
City = "Holywood"
State = "CA"
Zip = "90013"
}
## View the data
Invoke-SqliteQuery -DataSource $DataSource -Query "SELECT * FROM SSADDRESS" | FormatTable -AutoSize
```
{{Out}}
```txt
Id LastName FirstName Address City State Zip
-- -------- --------- ------- ---- ----- ---
1 Monster Cookie 666 Sesame St Holywood CA 90013
```
=={{header|Python}}+SQLite==
{{libheader|SQLite}}
```python>>>
import sqlite3
>>> conn = sqlite3.connect(':memory:')
>>> conn.execute('''CREATE TABLE address (
addrID INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
addrStreet TEXT NOT NULL,
addrCity TEXT NOT NULL,
addrState TEXT NOT NULL,
addrZIP TEXT NOT NULL
)''')
>>>
```
## Racket
Racket supports a bunch of DBs, this is using sqlite, which is almost always available. Also included some further demonstrations beyond just the table creation:
```Racket
#lang at-exp racket
(require db)
(define postal (sqlite3-connect #:database "/tmp/postal.db" #:mode 'create))
(define (add! name street city state zip)
(query-exec postal
@~a{INSERT INTO addresses (name, street, city, state, zip)
VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?)}
name street city state zip))
(unless (table-exists? postal "addresses")
(query-exec postal
@~a{CREATE TABLE addresses(
id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
name TEXT NOT NULL,
street TEXT NOT NULL,
city TEXT NOT NULL,
state TEXT NOT NULL,
zip TEXT NOT NULL)}))
(add! "FSF Inc."
"51 Franklin St"
"Boston"
"MA"
"02110-1301")
(add! "The White House"
"1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW"
"Washington"
"DC"
"20500")
(add! "National Security Council"
"1700 Pennsylvania Avenue NW"
"Washington"
"DC"
"20500")
(printf "Addresses:\n")
(for ([r (query-rows postal "SELECT * FROM addresses")])
(printf " ~a.\n" (string-join (cdr (vector->list r)) ", ")))
(newline)
(printf "By State+ZIP:\n")
(for ([z (query-rows postal "SELECT * FROM addresses"
#:group #("state" "zip"))])
(printf " ~a, ~a:\n" (vector-ref z 0) (vector-ref z 1))
(for ([r (vector-ref z 2)])
(printf " ~a.\n" (string-join (cdr (vector->list r)) ", "))))
(disconnect postal)
```
Output:
```txt
Addresses:
FSF Inc., 51 Franklin St, Boston, MA, 02110-1301.
The White House, 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20500.
National Security Council, 1700 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20500.
By State+ZIP:
MA, 02110-1301:
FSF Inc., 51 Franklin St, Boston.
DC, 20500:
The White House, 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington.
National Security Council, 1700 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington.
```
## REXX
### version 1
A REXX program can call SQL or any other database system, but the version shown here is a RYO (roll your own).
Practically no error checking (for invalid fields, etc.) has been coded.
The fields are for the most part, USA specific, but could be expanded for other countries.
In addition to "state", fields such as province, municipality, ward, parish, country, etc) could be added without exclusion.
Also, a history logging facility is included which tracks who (by userID) did what update (or change), along with a timestamp.
```txt
╔════════╤════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╤══════╗
╟────────┘ Format of an entry in the USA address/city/state/zip code structure: └──────╢
║ ║
║ The structure name can be any variable name, but here it'll be shortened to make these║
║ comments and program easier to read; its name will be: @USA or @usa (or both).║
║ ║
║ Each of the variable names beginning with an underscore (_) aren't to be used elsewhere║
║ in the program. Other possibilities are to have a trailing underscore (or both) or ║
║ some other special eye─catching character such as: ! @ # $ ? ║
║ ║
║ Any field not specified will have a value of a null (which has a length of zero). ║
║ ║
║ Any field may contain any number of characters, this can be limited by the ║
║ restrictions imposed by the standards or the USA legal definitions. ║
║ Any number of fields could be added (with testing for invalid fields). ║
╟────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢
║ @USA.0 the number of entries in the @USA stemmed array. ║
║ ║
║ nnn is some positive integer of any length (no leading zeros). ║
╟────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢
║ @USA.nnn._name is the name of person, business, or a lot description. ║
╟────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢
║ @USA.nnn._addr1 is the 1st street address ║
║ @USA.nnn._addr2 is the 2nd street address ║
║ @USA.nnn._addr3 is the 3rd street address ║
║ @USA.nnn._addrNN ··· (any number, but in sequential order). ║
╟────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢
║ @USA.nnn._state is the USA postal code for the state, territory, etc. ║
╟────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢
║ @USA.nnn._city is the official city name, it may include any character. ║
╟────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢
║ @USA.nnn._zip is the USA postal zip code (five or ten digit format). ║
╟────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢
║ @USA.nnn._upHist is the update history: userID who did the update; date, timestamp.║
╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝
```
```rexx
/*REXX program creates, builds, and displays a table of given U.S.A. postal addresses.*/
@usa.=; @usa.0=0; $='@USA.' /*initialize array and first value.*/
@usa.0=@usa.0 + 1 /*bump the unique number for usage.*/
call USA '_city' , 'Boston'
call USA '_state' , 'MA'
call USA '_addr1' , "51 Franklin Street"
call USA '_name' , "FSF Inc."
call USA '_zip' , '02110-1301'
@usa.0=@usa.0 + 1 /*bump the unique number for usage.*/
call USA '_city' , 'Washington'
call USA '_state' , 'DC'
call USA '_addr1' , "The Oval Office"
call USA '_addr2' , "1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW"
call USA '_name' , "The White House"
call USA '_zip' , 20500 /*no need for quotes for a number. */
call USA 'list'
exit /*stick a fork in it, we're all done. */
/*──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
tell: parse arg a; z=value($||#"."a); if z\='' then say right(translate(a,,'_'),9) "──►" z
return
/*──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
USA: procedure expose @usa. $; parse arg what; arg ?
if ?=='LIST' then do #=1 for @usa.0
call tell '_name'
do j=1 until z=''; call tell "_addr"j; end
call tell '_city'
call tell '_state'
call tell '_zip'
say copies('─', 45)
end /*#*/
else do; call value $ || @usa.0'.'what , arg(2)
call value $ || @usa.0'.upHist' , userid() date() time()
end
return
```
{{out|output|text= (data used is within the REXX program):}}
```txt
name ──► FSF Inc.
addr1 ──► 51 Franklin Street
city ──► Boston
state ──► MA
zip ──► 02110-1301
─────────────────────────────────────────────
name ──► The White House
addr1 ──► The Oval Office
addr2 ──► 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW
city ──► Washington
state ──► DC
zip ──► 20500
─────────────────────────────────────────────
```
### version 2
```rexx
/* REXX ***************************************************************
* 17.05.2013 Walter Pachl
* should work with every REXX.
* I use 0xxx for the tail because this can't be modified
**********************************************************************/
USA.=''; USA.0=0
Call add_usa 'Boston','MA','51 Franklin Street',,'FSF Inc.',,
'02110-1301'
Call add_usa 'Washington','DC','The Oval Office',,
'1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW','The White House',20500
call list_usa
Exit
add_usa:
z=usa.0+1
Parse Arg usa.z.0city,,
usa.z.0state,,
usa.z.0addr,,
usa.z.0addr2,,
usa.z.0name,,
usa.z.0zip
usa.0=z
Return
list_usa:
Do z=1 To usa.0
Say ' name -->' usa.z.0name
Say ' addr -->' usa.z.0addr
If usa.z.0addr2<>'' Then Say ' addr2 -->' usa.z.0addr2
Say ' city -->' usa.z.0city
Say ' state -->' usa.z.0state
Say ' zip -->' usa.z.0zip
Say copies('-',40)
End
Return
```
```txt
name --> FSF Inc.
addr --> 51 Franklin Street
city --> Boston
state --> MA
zip --> 02110-1301
----------------------------------------
name --> The White House
addr --> The Oval Office
addr2 --> 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW
city --> Washington
state --> DC
zip --> 20500
----------------------------------------
```
## Ring
```ring
# Project : Table creation/Postal addresses
load "stdlib.ring"
oSQLite = sqlite_init()
sqlite_open(oSQLite,"mytest.db")
sql = "CREATE TABLE ADDRESS (" +
"addrID INT NOT NULL," +
"street CHAR(50) NOT NULL," +
"city CHAR(25) NOT NULL," +
"state CHAR(2), NOT NULL" +
"zip CHAR(20) NOT NULL);"
sqlite_execute(oSQLite,sql)
```
## Ruby
### With PStore
PStore implements a persistent key store with transactions. This is a NoSQL database. Each transaction reads the entire database into memory, and then writes it again, so PStore is not good for large databases.
```ruby
require 'pstore'
require 'set'
Address = Struct.new :id, :street, :city, :state, :zip
db = PStore.new("addresses.pstore")
db.transaction do
db[:next] ||= 0 # Next available Address#id
db[:ids] ||= Set[] # Set of all ids in db
end
```
To put an Address inside this PStore:
```ruby
db.transaction do
id = (db[:next] += 1)
db[id] = Address.new(id,
"1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW",
"Washington", "DC", 20500)
db[:ids].add id
end
```
### With SQLite
{{trans|Python}}
{{libheader|sqlite3-ruby}}
```ruby
require 'sqlite3'
db = SQLite3::Database.new(':memory:')
db.execute("
CREATE TABLE address (
addrID INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
addrStreet TEXT NOT NULL,
addrCity TEXT NOT NULL,
addrState TEXT NOT NULL,
addrZIP TEXT NOT NULL
)
")
```
## Run BASIC
AQLite
```runbasic
sqliteconnect #mem, ":memory:" ' make handle #mem
mem$ = "
CREATE TABLE address (
addrID INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
addrStreet TEXT NOT NULL,
addrCity TEXT NOT NULL,
addrState TEXT NOT NULL,
addrZIP TEXT NOT NULL
)"
#mem execute(mem$)
```
## SAS
```sql
PROC SQL;
CREATE TABLE ADDRESS
(
ADDRID CHAR(8)
,STREET CHAR(50)
,CITY CHAR(25)
,STATE CHAR(2)
,ZIP CHAR(20)
)
;QUIT;
```
## Scheme
{{libheader|SQLite}}
This example works with Chicken Scheme, using its sql-de-lite library:
```scheme
(use sql-de-lite)
(define *db* (open-database "addresses"))
(exec ; create and run the SQL statement
(sql *db*
"CREATE TABLE address (
addrID INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
addrStreet TEXT NOT NULL,
addrCity TEXT NOT NULL,
addrState TEXT NOT NULL,
addrZIP TEXT NOT NULL
)"
))
(close-database *db*) ; finally, close database
```
## Sidef
{{trans|Perl}}
```ruby
require('DBI');
var db = %s'DBI'.connect('DBI:mysql:database:server','login','password');
var statment = <<'EOF';
CREATE TABLE `Address` (
`addrID` int(11) NOT NULL auto_increment,
`addrStreet` varchar(50) NOT NULL default '',
`addrCity` varchar(25) NOT NULL default '',
`addrState` char(2) NOT NULL default '',
`addrZIP` char(10) NOT NULL default '',
PRIMARY KEY (`addrID`)
);
EOF
var exec = db.prepare(statment);
exec.execute;
```
## SQL PL
{{works with|Db2 LUW}}
```sql pl
CREATE TABLE Address (
addrID Integer generated by default as identity,
addrStreet Varchar(50) not null,
addrCity Varchar(25) not null,
addrState Char(2) not null,
addrZIP Char(10) not null
);
```
Output:
```txt
db2 -t
db2 => CREATE TABLE Address (
db2 (cont.) => addrID INTEGER generated BY DEFAULT AS IDENTITY,
db2 (cont.) => addrStreet VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
db2 (cont.) => addrCity VARCHAR(25) NOT NULL,
db2 (cont.) => addrState CHAR(2) NOT NULL,
db2 (cont.) => addrZIP CHAR(10) NOT NULL
db2 (cont.) =>);
DB20000I The SQL command completed successfully.
db2 => DESCRIBE TABLE Address;
Data type Column
Column name schema Data type name Length Scale Nulls
------------------------------- --------- ------------------- ---------- ----- ------
ADDRID SYSIBM INTEGER 4 0 No
ADDRSTREET SYSIBM VARCHAR 50 0 No
ADDRCITY SYSIBM VARCHAR 25 0 No
ADDRSTATE SYSIBM CHARACTER 2 0 No
ADDRZIP SYSIBM CHARACTER 10 0 No
5 record(s) selected.
```
## SQLite
Purely in Sqlite3.
```sqlite3
CREATE TABLE address_USA (
address_ID INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
address_Street TEXT,
address_City TEXT,
address_State TEXT,
address_Zip INTEGER
);
```
## Stata
While Stata is not a database language ''per se'', it is not uncommon to store address data in a Stata dataset. The following creates an empty dataset.
Other possibilities include using the '''[https://www.stata.com/help.cgi?odbc odbc]''' command or a C or Java plugin to connect to a database. See the FAQ for more details: '''[https://www.stata.com/support/faqs/data-management/using-plugin-to-connect-to-database/ How do I connect to a database by using a Stata plugin?]'''.
```stata
clear
gen str8 addrid=""
gen str50 street=""
gen str25 city=""
gen str2 state=""
gen str20 zip=""
save address
```
=={{header|Tcl}}+SQLite==
{{libheader|SQLite}}
```tcl
package require sqlite3
sqlite3 db address.db
db eval {
CREATE TABLE address (
addrID INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
addrStreet TEXT NOT NULL,
addrCity TEXT NOT NULL,
addrState TEXT NOT NULL,
addrZIP TEXT NOT NULL
)
}
```
=={{header|Transact-SQL}} (MSSQL)==
```sql
CREATE TABLE #Address (
addrID int NOT NULL Identity(1,1) PRIMARY KEY,
addrStreet varchar(50) NOT NULL ,
addrCity varchar(25) NOT NULL ,
addrState char(2) NOT NULL ,
addrZIP char(10) NOT NULL
)
drop table #Address
```
## VBScript
```vb
Option Explicit
Dim objFSO, DBSource
Set objFSO = CreateObject("Scripting.FileSystemObject")
DBSource = objFSO.GetParentFolderName(WScript.ScriptFullName) & "\postal_address.accdb"
With CreateObject("ADODB.Connection")
.Open "Provider=Microsoft.ACE.OLEDB.12.0;Data Source=" & DBSource
.Execute "CREATE TABLE ADDRESS (STREET VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL," &_
"CITY VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL, STATE CHAR(2) NOT NULL,ZIP CHAR(5) NOT NULL)"
.Close
End With
```
## Visual FoxPro
```vfp
CLOSE DATABASES ALL
CREATE DATABASE usdata.dbc
SET NULL OFF
CREATE TABLE address.dbf ;
(id I AUTOINC NEXTVALUE 1 STEP 1 PRIMARY KEY COLLATE "Machine", ;
street V(50), city V(25), state C(2), zipcode C(10))
CLOSE DATABASES ALL
*!* To use
CLOSE DATABASES ALL
OPEN DATABASE usdata.dbc
USE address.dbf SHARED
```
## zkl
{{trans|AWK}}
Interact with SQLite via the command line.
```zkl
const NM="address.db";
dbExec(NM,"create table address (street, city, state, zip);");
```
```zkl
fcn dbExec(db,qry){ dbErrorCheck(dbMakeQuery(db,qry),String(db," : ",qry)) }
fcn dbMakeQuery(db,qry){
qry=dbEscapeQuery(qry) + ";";
cmd:=String("echo \"", qry, "\" | sqlite ", db);
reg r;
p:=System.popen(cmd,"r");
try{ r=p.readln(*) }catch(TheEnd){} // r==Void if sqlite doesn't print
p.close();
r
}
fcn dbEscapeQuery(qry){ qry.replace(0'|"|, 0'|\"|) }
fcn dbErrorCheck(listOfStrings){
if(listOfStrings and listOfStrings[-1].holds("SQL error"))
throw(Exception.IOError(listOfStrings.concat().strip()));
True
}
```