⚠️ Warning: This is a draft ⚠️
This means it might contain formatting issues, incorrect code, conceptual problems, or other severe issues.
If you want to help to improve and eventually enable this page, please fork RosettaGit's repository and open a merge request on GitHub.
{{Template:Draft task}} Use the [[Generalised floating point addition]] template to implement generalised floating point multiplication for a [[wp:Balanced ternary|Balanced ternary]] test case.
'''Test case details''': Balanced ternary is a way of representing numbers. Unlike the prevailing binary representation, a balanced ternary "real" is in base 3, and each digit can have the values 1, 0, or −1. For example, decimal 11 = 32 + 31 − 30, thus can be written as "++−", while 6 = 32 − 31 + 0 × 30, i.e., "+−0" and for an actual real number 6⅓ the ''exact'' representation is 32 − 31 + 0 × 30 + 1 × 3-1 i.e., "+−0.+"
For this task, implement balanced ternary representation of real numbers with the following:
'''Requirements'''
Support arbitrary precision real numbers, both positive and negative;
Provide ways to convert to and from text strings, using digits '+', '-' and '0' (unless you are already using strings to represent balanced ternary; but see requirement 5).
Provide ways to convert to and from native integer and real type (unless, improbably, your platform's native integer type ''is'' balanced ternary). If your native integers can't support arbitrary length, overflows during conversion must be indicated.
Provide ways to perform addition, negation and multiplication directly on balanced ternary integers; do ''not'' convert to native integers first.
Make your implementation efficient, with a reasonable definition of "efficient" (and with a reasonable definition of "reasonable").
The Template should successfully handle these multiplications in other bases. In particular [[wp:Septemvigesimal|Septemvigesimal]] and "Balanced base-27".
Optionally:
- For faster ''long'' multiplication use [[wp:Karatsuba_algorithm|Karatsuba algorithm]].
- Using the Karatsuba algorithm, spread the computation across multiple CPUs.
'''Test case 1''' - With balanced ternaries ''a'' from string "+-0++0+.+-0++0+", ''b'' from native real -436.436, ''c'' "+-++-.+-++-":
- write out ''a'', ''b'' and ''c'' in decimal notation.
- calculate ''a'' × (''b'' − ''c''), write out the result in both ternary and decimal notations.
- In the above limit the precision to 81 ternary digits after the point.
'''Test case 2''' - Generate a multiplication table of balanced ternaries where the rows of the table are for a 1st factor of 1 to 27, and the column of the table are for the second factor of 1 to 12.
Implement the code in a generalised form (such as a [[wp:Template (programming)|Template]], [[wp:Modular programming|Module]] or [[wp:Mixin|Mixin]] etc) that permits reusing of the code for different [[wp:Base_(exponentiation)#In_numeral_systems|Bases]].
If it is not possible to implement code in syntax of the specific language then:
- note the reason.
- perform the ''test case'' using a built-in or external library.
ALGOL 68
{{works with|ALGOL 68|Revision 1 - one minor extension to language used - PRAGMA READ, similar to C's #include directive.}} {{works with|ALGOL 68G|Any - tested with release [http://sourceforge.net/projects/algol68/files/algol68g/algol68g-2.3.3 algol68g-2.3.3].}} {{wont work with|ELLA ALGOL 68|Any (with appropriate job cards) - tested with release [http://sourceforge.net/projects/algol68/files/algol68toc/algol68toc-1.8.8d/algol68toc-1.8-8d.fc9.i386.rpm/download 1.8-8d] - due to extensive use of '''format'''[ted] ''transput''.}} '''File: Template.Big_float.Multiplication.a68'''
##########################################
# TASK CODE #
# Actual generic mulitplication operator #
##########################################
# Alternatively use http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karatsuba_algorithm #
OP * = (DIGITS a, b)DIGITS: (
DIGITS minus one = -IDENTITY LOC DIGITS,
zero = ZERO LOC DIGITS,
one = IDENTITY LOC DIGITS;
INT order = digit order OF arithmetic;
IF SIGN a = 0 OR SIGN b = 0 THEN zero
CO # Note: The following require the inequality operators #
ELIF a = one THEN b
ELIF b = one THEN a
ELIF a = minus one THEN -b
ELIF b = minus one THEN -a
END CO
ELSE
DIGIT zero = ZERO LOC DIGIT;
DIGIT one = IDENTITY LOC DIGIT;
[order + MSD a+MSD b: LSD a+LSD b]DIGIT a x b;
FOR place FROM LSD a+LSD b BY order TO LSD a+MSD b DO
a x b[place] := zero # pad the MSDs of the result with Zero #
OD;
FOR place a FROM LSD a BY order TO MSD a DO
DIGIT digit a = a[place a];
DIGIT carry := zero;
FOR place b FROM LSD b BY order TO MSD b DO
DIGIT digit b = b[place b];
REF DIGIT digit ab = a x b[place a + place b];
IF carry OF arithmetic THEN # used for big number arithmetic #
MOID(carry := ( digit ab +:= carry ));
DIGIT prod := digit a;
MOID(carry +:= ( prod *:= digit b ));
MOID(carry +:= ( digit ab +:= prod ))
ELSE # carry = 0 so we can just ignore the carry #
DIGIT prod := digit a;
MOID(prod *:= digit b);
MOID(digit ab +:= prod)
FI
OD;
a x b[place a + MSD b + order] := carry
OD;
INITDIGITS a x b # normalise #
FI
);
######################################
# Define the hybrid multiplication #
# operators for the generalised base #
######################################
OP * = (DIGIT a, DIGITS b)DIGITS: INITDIGITS a * b;
OP * = (DIGITS a, DIGIT b)DIGITS: a * INITDIGITS b;
OP *:= = (REF DIGITS lhs, DIGIT arg)DIGITS: lhs := lhs * INITDIGITS arg;
'''File: Template.Balanced_ternary_float.Base.a68'''
PR READ "Template.Big_float_BCD.Base.a68" PR # [[rc:Generalised floating point addition]] #
################################################################
# First: define the attributes of the arithmetic we are using. #
################################################################
arithmetic := (
# balanced = # TRUE,
# carry = # TRUE,
# base = # 3, # width = # 1, # places = # 81, # order = # -1,
# repr = # USTRING("-","0","+")[@-1]
);
OP INITDIGIT = (CHAR c)DIGIT: (
DIGIT out;
digit OF out :=
IF c = "+" THEN +1
ELIF c = "0" THEN 0
ELIF c = "-" THEN -1
ELSE raise value error("Unknown digit :"""+c+""""); SKIP
FI;
out
);
OP INITBIGREAL = (STRING s)BIGREAL: (
BIGREAL out;
BIGREAL base of arithmetic = INITBIGREAL base OF arithmetic; # Todo: Opt #
INT point := UPB s; # put the point on the extreme right #
FOR place FROM LWB s TO UPB s DO
IF s[place]="." THEN
point := place
ELSE
out := out SHR digit order OF arithmetic + INITDIGIT s[place]
FI
OD;
out SHR (UPB s-point)
);
'''File: test.Balanced_ternary_float.Multiplication.a68'''
#!/usr/local/bin/a68g --script #
####################################################################
# A program to test arbitrary length floating point multiplication #
####################################################################
PR READ "prelude/general.a68" PR # [[rc:Template:ALGOL 68/prelude]] #
PR READ "Template.Big_float.Multiplication.a68" PR
# include the basic axioms of the digits being used #
PR READ "Template.Balanced_ternary_float.Base.a68" PR
PR READ "Template.Big_float.Addition.a68" PR # [[rc:Generalised floating point addition]] #
PR READ "Template.Big_float.Subtraction.a68" PR # [[rc:Generalised floating point addition]] #
test1:( # Basic arithmetic #
INT rw = long real width;
BIGREAL a = INITBIGREAL "+-0++0+.+-0++0+", # 523.239... #
b = INITBIGREAL - LONG 436.436,
c = INITBIGREAL "+-++-.+-++-"; # 65.267... #
printf(($g 9k g(rw,rw-5)39kgl$,
"a =",INITLONGREAL a, REPR a,
"b =",INITLONGREAL b, REPR b,
"c =",INITLONGREAL c, REPR c,
"a*(b-c)",INITLONGREAL(a*(b-c)), REPR(a*(b-c)),
$l$))
);
test2:( # A floating point Ternary multiplication table #
FORMAT s = $"|"$; # field seperator #
INT lwb = 1, tab = 8, upb = 12;
printf($"# "f(s)" * "f(s)$);
FOR j FROM lwb TO upb DO
FORMAT col = $n(tab)k f(s)$;
printf(($g" #"g(0)f(col)$, REPR INITBIGREAL j,j))
OD;
printf($l$);
FOR i FROM lwb TO 27 DO
printf(($g(0) 3k f(s) g 9k f(s)$,i,REPR INITBIGREAL i));
FOR j FROM lwb TO i MIN upb DO
FORMAT col = $n(tab)k f(s)$;
BIGREAL product = INITBIGREAL i * INITBIGREAL j;
printf(($gf(col)$, REPR product))
OD;
IF upb > i THEN printf($n(upb-i)(n(tab-1)x f(s))$) FI;
printf($l$)
OD
)
'''Output:'''
a = +523.23914037494284407864655 +-0++0+.+-0++0+
b = -436.43600000000000000000000 -++-0--.--0+-00+++-0-+---0-+0++++0--0000+00-+-+--+0-0-00--++0-+00---+0+-+++0+-0----0++
c = +65.26748971193415637860082 +-++-.+-++-
a*(b-c) -262510.90267998140903693919 ----000-0+0+.0+0-0-00---00--0-0+--+--00-0++-000++0-000-+0+-----+++-+-0+-+0+0++0+0-++-++0+---00++++
# | * |+ #1 |+- #2 |+0 #3 |++ #4 |+-- #5 |+-0 #6 |+-+ #7 |+0- #8 |+e+- #9|+0+ #10|++- #11|++0 #12|
1 |+ |+ | | | | | | | | | | | |
2 |+- |+- |++ | | | | | | | | | | |
3 |+0 |+0 |+-0 |+e+- | | | | | | | | | |
4 |++ |++ |+0- |++0 |+--+ | | | | | | | | |
5 |+-- |+-- |+0+ |+--0 |+-+- |+0-+ | | | | | | | |
6 |+-0 |+-0 |++0 |+-e+- |+0-0 |+0+0 |++e+- | | | | | | |
7 |+-+ |+-+ |+--- |+-+0 |+00+ |++0- |+---0 |+--++ | | | | | |
8 |+0- |+0- |+--+ |+0-0 |++-- |++++ |+--+0 |+-0+- |+-+0+ | | | | |
9 |+e+- |+e+- |+-e+- |+e+0 |++e+- |+--e+- |+-e+0 |+-+e+- |+0-e+- |+e++ | | | |
10|+0+ |+0+ |+-+- |+0+0 |++++ |+-0-- |+-+-0 |+0--+ |+000- |+0+e+- |++-0+ | | |
11|++- |++- |+-++ |++-0 |+--0- |+-00+ |+-++0 |+00-- |+0+-+ |++-e+- |++0+- |+++++ | |
12|++0 |++0 |+0-0 |++e+- |+--+0 |+-+-0 |+0-e+- |+00+0 |++--0 |++e+0 |++++0 |+--0-0 |+--+e+-|
13|+++ |+++ |+00- |+++0 |+-0-+ |+-++- |+00-0 |+0+0+ |++0-- |+++e+- |+---++ |+--+0- |+-0-+0 |
14|+--- |+--- |+00+ |+---0 |+-0+- |+0--+ |+00+0 |++-0- |++0++ |+---e+-|+--+-- |+-0-0+ |+-0+-0 |
15|+--0 |+--0 |+0+0 |+--e+- |+-+-0 |+0-+0 |+0+e+- |++0-0 |++++0 |+--e+0 |+-0--0 |+-00+0 |+-+-e+-|
16|+--+ |+--+ |++-- |+--+0 |+-+0+ |+000- |++--0 |++0++ |+---+- |+--+e+-|+-00-+ |+-+--- |+-+0+0 |
17|+-0- |+-0- |++-+ |+-0-0 |+0--- |+00++ |++-+0 |++++- |+--00+ |+-0-e+-|+-0+0- |+-+0-+ |+0---0 |
18|+-e+-|+-e+- |++e+- |+-e+0 |+0-e+- |+0+e+- |++e+0 |+---e+-|+--+e+-|+-e++ |+-+-e+-|+-++e+-|+0-e+0 |
19|+-0+ |+-0+ |+++- |+-0+0 |+0-++ |++--- |+++-0 |+--0-+ |+-0-0- |+-0+e+-|+-+00+ |+0--+- |+0-++0 |
20|+-+- |+-+- |++++ |+-+-0 |+000- |++-0+ |++++0 |+--+-- |+-00-+ |+-+-e+-|+-+++- |+0-0++ |+000-0 |
21|+-+0 |+-+0 |+---0 |+-+e+- |+00+0 |++0-0 |+---e+-|+--++0 |+-0+-0 |+-+e+0 |+0--+0 |+00--0 |+00+e+-|
22|+-++ |+-++ |+--0- |+-++0 |+0+-+ |++0+- |+--0-0 |+-0-0+ |+-+--- |+-++e+-|+0-0++ |+0000- |+0+-+0 |
23|+0-- |+0-- |+--0+ |+0--0 |+0++- |+++-+ |+--0+0 |+-000- |+-+-++ |+0--e+-|+00--- |+00+0+ |+0++-0 |
24|+0-0 |+0-0 |+--+0 |+0-e+- |++--0 |++++0 |+--+e+-|+-0+-0 |+-+0+0 |+0-e+0 |+000-0 |+0+-+0 |++--e+-|
25|+0-+ |+0-+ |+-0-- |+0-+0 |++-0+ |+---0- |+-0--0 |+-0+++ |+-+++- |+0-+e+-|+00+-+ |+0++-- |++-0+0 |
26|+00- |+00- |+-0-+ |+00-0 |++0-- |+---++ |+-0-+0 |+-+-+- |+0--0+ |+00-e+-|+0+-0- |++---+ |++0--0 |
27|+e+0 |+e+0 |+-e+0 |+e++ |++e+0 |+--e+0 |+-e++ |+-+e+0 |+0-e+0 |+e+-- |+0+e+0 |++-e+0 |++e++ |
Go
{{trans|Phix}} In the interests of brevity many of the comments and all of the commented-out code has been omitted.
package main
import (
"fmt"
"log"
"math"
"strings"
)
const (
maxdp = 81
binary = "01"
ternary = "012"
balancedTernary = "-0+"
decimal = "0123456789"
hexadecimal = "0123456789ABCDEF"
septemVigesimal = "0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQ"
balancedBase27 = "ZYXWVUTSRQPON0ABCDEFGHIJKLM"
base37 = "0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
)
/* helper functions */
func changeByte(s string, idx int, c byte) string {
bytes := []byte(s)
bytes[idx] = c
return string(bytes)
}
func removeByte(s string, idx int) string {
le := len(s)
bytes := []byte(s)
copy(bytes[idx:], bytes[idx+1:])
return string(bytes[0 : le-1])
}
func insertByte(s string, idx int, c byte) string {
le := len(s)
t := make([]byte, le+1)
copy(t, s)
copy(t[idx+1:], t[idx:])
t[idx] = c
return string(t)
}
func prependByte(s string, c byte) string {
le := len(s)
bytes := make([]byte, le+1)
copy(bytes[1:], s)
bytes[0] = c
return string(bytes)
}
func abs(i int) int {
if i < 0 {
return -i
}
return i
}
// converts Phix indices to Go
func gIndex(pIndex, le int) int {
if pIndex < 0 {
return pIndex + le
}
return pIndex - 1
}
func getCarry(digit, base int) int {
if digit > base {
return 1
} else if digit < 1 {
return -1
}
return 0
}
// convert string 'b' to a decimal floating point number
func b2dec(b, alphabet string) float64 {
res := 0.0
base := len(alphabet)
zdx := strings.IndexByte(alphabet, '0') + 1
signed := zdx == 1 && b[0] == '-'
if signed {
b = b[1:]
}
le := len(b)
ndp := strings.IndexByte(b, '.') + 1
if ndp != 0 {
b = removeByte(b, ndp-1) // remove decimal point
ndp = le - ndp
}
for i := 1; i <= len(b); i++ {
idx := strings.IndexByte(alphabet, b[i-1]) + 1
res = float64(base)*res + float64(idx) - float64(zdx)
}
if ndp != 0 {
res /= math.Pow(float64(base), float64(ndp))
}
if signed {
res = -res
}
return res
}
// string 'b' can be balanced or unbalanced
func negate(b, alphabet string) string {
if alphabet[0] == '0' {
if b != "0" {
if b[0] == '-' {
b = b[1:]
} else {
b = prependByte(b, '-')
}
}
} else {
for i := 1; i <= len(b); i++ {
if b[i-1] != '.' {
idx := strings.IndexByte(alphabet, b[i-1]) + 1
gi := gIndex(-idx, len(alphabet))
b = changeByte(b, i-1, alphabet[gi])
}
}
}
return b
}
func bTrim(b string) string {
// trim trailing ".000"
idx := strings.IndexByte(b, '.') + 1
if idx != 0 {
b = strings.TrimRight(strings.TrimRight(b, "0"), ".")
}
// trim leading zeros but not "0.nnn"
for len(b) > 1 && b[0] == '0' && b[1] != '.' {
b = b[1:]
}
return b
}
// for balanced number systems only
func bCarry(digit, base, idx int, n, alphabet string) (int, string) {
carry := getCarry(digit, base)
if carry != 0 {
for i := idx; i >= 1; i-- {
if n[i-1] != '.' {
k := strings.IndexByte(alphabet, n[i-1]) + 1
if k < base {
n = changeByte(n, i-1, alphabet[k])
break
}
n = changeByte(n, i-1, alphabet[0])
}
}
digit -= base * carry
}
return digit, n
}
// convert a string from alphabet to alphabet2
func b2b(n, alphabet, alphabet2 string) string {
res, m := "0", ""
if n != "0" {
base := len(alphabet)
base2 := len(alphabet2)
zdx := strings.IndexByte(alphabet, '0') + 1
zdx2 := strings.IndexByte(alphabet2, '0') + 1
var carry, q, r, digit int
idx := strings.IndexByte(alphabet, n[0]) + 1
negative := (zdx == 1 && n[0] == '-') || (zdx != 1 && idx < zdx)
if negative {
n = negate(n, alphabet)
}
ndp := strings.IndexByte(n, '.') + 1
if ndp != 0 {
n, m = n[0:ndp-1], n[ndp:]
}
res = ""
for len(n) > 0 {
q = 0
for i := 1; i <= len(n); i++ {
digit = strings.IndexByte(alphabet, n[i-1]) + 1 - zdx
q = q*base + digit
r = abs(q) % base2
digit = abs(q)/base2 + zdx
if q < 0 {
digit--
}
if zdx != 1 {
digit, n = bCarry(digit, base, i-1, n, alphabet)
}
n = changeByte(n, i-1, alphabet[digit-1])
q = r
}
r += zdx2
if zdx2 != 1 {
r += carry
carry = getCarry(r, base2)
r -= base2 * carry
}
res = prependByte(res, alphabet2[r-1])
n = strings.TrimLeft(n, "0")
}
if carry != 0 {
res = prependByte(res, alphabet2[carry+zdx2-1])
}
if len(m) > 0 {
res += "."
ndp = 0
if zdx != 1 {
lm := len(m)
alphaNew := base37[0:len(alphabet)]
m = b2b(m, alphabet, alphaNew)
m = strings.Repeat("0", lm-len(m)) + m
alphabet = alphaNew
zdx = 1
}
for len(m) > 0 && ndp < maxdp {
q = 0
for i := len(m); i >= 1; i-- {
digit = strings.IndexByte(alphabet, m[i-1]) + 1 - zdx
q += digit * base2
r = abs(q)%base + zdx
q /= base
if q < 0 {
q--
}
m = changeByte(m, i-1, alphabet[r-1])
}
digit = q + zdx2
if zdx2 != 1 {
digit, res = bCarry(digit, base2, len(res), res, alphabet2)
}
res += string(alphabet2[digit-1])
m = strings.TrimRight(m, "0")
ndp++
}
}
res = bTrim(res)
if negative {
res = negate(res, alphabet2)
}
}
return res
}
// convert 'd' to a string in the specified base
func float2b(d float64, alphabet string) string {
base := len(alphabet)
zdx := strings.Index(alphabet, "0") + 1
carry := 0
neg := d < 0
if neg {
d = -d
}
res := ""
whole := int(d)
d -= float64(whole)
for {
ch := whole%base + zdx
if zdx != 1 {
ch += carry
carry = getCarry(ch, base)
ch -= base * carry
}
res = prependByte(res, alphabet[ch-1])
whole /= base
if whole == 0 {
break
}
}
if carry != 0 {
res = prependByte(res, alphabet[carry+zdx-1])
carry = 0
}
if d != 0 {
res += "."
ndp := 0
for d != 0 && ndp < maxdp {
d *= float64(base)
digit := int(d) + zdx
d -= float64(digit)
if zdx != 1 {
digit, res = bCarry(digit, base, len(res), res, alphabet)
}
res += string(alphabet[digit-1])
ndp++
}
}
if neg {
res = negate(res, alphabet)
}
return res
}
func bAdd(a, b, alphabet string) string {
base := len(alphabet)
zdx := strings.IndexByte(alphabet, '0') + 1
var carry, da, db, digit int
if zdx == 1 {
if a[0] == '-' {
return bSub(b, negate(a, alphabet), alphabet)
}
if b[0] == '-' {
return bSub(a, negate(b, alphabet), alphabet)
}
}
adt := strings.IndexByte(a, '.') + 1
bdt := strings.IndexByte(b, '.') + 1
if adt != 0 || bdt != 0 {
if adt != 0 {
adt = len(a) - adt + 1
gi := gIndex(-adt, len(a))
a = removeByte(a, gi)
}
if bdt != 0 {
bdt = len(b) - bdt + 1
gi := gIndex(-bdt, len(b))
b = removeByte(b, gi)
}
if bdt > adt {
a += strings.Repeat("0", bdt-adt)
adt = bdt
} else if adt > bdt {
b += strings.Repeat("0", adt-bdt)
}
}
if len(a) < len(b) {
a, b = b, a
}
for i := -1; i >= -len(a); i-- {
if i < -len(a) {
da = 0
} else {
da = strings.IndexByte(alphabet, a[len(a)+i]) + 1 - zdx
}
if i < -len(b) {
db = 0
} else {
db = strings.IndexByte(alphabet, b[len(b)+i]) + 1 - zdx
}
digit = da + db + carry + zdx
carry = getCarry(digit, base)
a = changeByte(a, i+len(a), alphabet[digit-carry*base-1])
if i < -len(b) && carry == 0 {
break
}
}
if carry != 0 {
a = prependByte(a, alphabet[carry+zdx-1])
}
if adt != 0 {
gi := gIndex(-adt+1, len(a))
a = insertByte(a, gi, '.')
}
a = bTrim(a)
return a
}
func aSmaller(a, b, alphabet string) bool {
if len(a) != len(b) {
log.Fatal("strings should be equal in length")
}
for i := 1; i <= len(a); i++ {
da := strings.IndexByte(alphabet, a[i-1]) + 1
db := strings.IndexByte(alphabet, b[i-1]) + 1
if da != db {
return da < db
}
}
return false
}
func bSub(a, b, alphabet string) string {
base := len(alphabet)
zdx := strings.IndexByte(alphabet, '0') + 1
var carry, da, db, digit int
if zdx == 1 {
if a[0] == '-' {
return negate(bAdd(negate(a, alphabet), b, alphabet), alphabet)
}
if b[0] == '-' {
return bAdd(a, negate(b, alphabet), alphabet)
}
}
adt := strings.Index(a, ".") + 1
bdt := strings.Index(b, ".") + 1
if adt != 0 || bdt != 0 {
if adt != 0 {
adt = len(a) - adt + 1
gi := gIndex(-adt, len(a))
a = removeByte(a, gi)
}
if bdt != 0 {
bdt = len(b) - bdt + 1
gi := gIndex(-bdt, len(b))
b = removeByte(b, gi)
}
if bdt > adt {
a += strings.Repeat("0", bdt-adt)
adt = bdt
} else if adt > bdt {
b += strings.Repeat("0", adt-bdt)
}
}
bNegate := false
if len(a) < len(b) || (len(a) == len(b) && aSmaller(a, b, alphabet)) {
bNegate = true
a, b = b, a
}
for i := -1; i >= -len(a); i-- {
if i < -len(a) {
da = 0
} else {
da = strings.IndexByte(alphabet, a[len(a)+i]) + 1 - zdx
}
if i < -len(b) {
db = 0
} else {
db = strings.IndexByte(alphabet, b[len(b)+i]) + 1 - zdx
}
digit = da - db - carry + zdx
carry = 0
if digit <= 0 {
carry = 1
}
a = changeByte(a, i+len(a), alphabet[digit+carry*base-1])
if i < -len(b) && carry == 0 {
break
}
}
if carry != 0 {
log.Fatal("carry should be zero")
}
if adt != 0 {
gi := gIndex(-adt+1, len(a))
a = insertByte(a, gi, '.')
}
a = bTrim(a)
if bNegate {
a = negate(a, alphabet)
}
return a
}
func bMul(a, b, alphabet string) string {
zdx := strings.IndexByte(alphabet, '0') + 1
dpa := strings.IndexByte(a, '.') + 1
dpb := strings.IndexByte(b, '.') + 1
ndp := 0
if dpa != 0 {
ndp += len(a) - dpa
a = removeByte(a, dpa-1)
}
if dpb != 0 {
ndp += len(b) - dpb
b = removeByte(b, dpb-1)
}
pos, res := a, "0"
if zdx != 1 {
// balanced number systems
neg := negate(pos, alphabet)
for i := len(b); i >= 1; i-- {
m := strings.IndexByte(alphabet, b[i-1]) + 1 - zdx
for m != 0 {
temp, temp2 := pos, -1
if m < 0 {
temp = neg
temp2 = 1
}
res = bAdd(res, temp, alphabet)
m += temp2
}
pos += "0"
neg += "0"
}
} else {
// non-balanced number systems
negative := false
if a[0] == '-' {
a = a[1:]
negative = true
}
if b[0] == '-' {
b = b[1:]
negative = !negative
}
for i := len(b); i >= 1; i-- {
m := strings.IndexByte(alphabet, b[i-1]) + 1 - zdx
for m > 0 {
res = bAdd(res, pos, alphabet)
m--
}
pos += "0"
}
if negative {
res = negate(res, alphabet)
}
}
if ndp != 0 {
gi := gIndex(-ndp, len(res))
res = insertByte(res, gi, '.')
}
res = bTrim(res)
return res
}
func multTable() {
fmt.Println("multiplication table")
fmt.Println("
### ==============
")
fmt.Printf("* |")
for j := 1; j <= 12; j++ {
fj := float64(j)
fmt.Printf(" #%s %3s |", float2b(fj, hexadecimal), float2b(fj, balancedTernary))
}
for i := 1; i <= 27; i++ {
fi := float64(i)
a := float2b(fi, balancedTernary)
fmt.Printf("\n%-2s|", float2b(fi, septemVigesimal))
for j := 1; j <= 12; j++ {
if j > i {
fmt.Printf(" |")
} else {
fj := float64(j)
b := float2b(fj, balancedTernary)
m := bMul(a, b, balancedTernary)
fmt.Printf(" %6s |", m)
}
}
}
fmt.Println()
}
func test(name, alphabet string) {
a := b2b("+-0++0+.+-0++0+", balancedTernary, alphabet)
b := b2b("-436.436", decimal, alphabet)
c := b2b("+-++-.+-++-", balancedTernary, alphabet)
d := bSub(b, c, alphabet)
r := bMul(a, d, alphabet)
fmt.Printf("%s\n%s\n", name, strings.Repeat("=", len(name)))
fmt.Printf(" a = %.16g %s\n", b2dec(a, alphabet), a)
fmt.Printf(" b = %.16g %s\n", b2dec(b, alphabet), b)
fmt.Printf(" c = %.16g %s\n", b2dec(c, alphabet), c)
fmt.Printf("a*(b-c) = %.16g %s\n\n", b2dec(r, alphabet), r)
}
func main() {
test("balanced ternary", balancedTernary)
test("balanced base 27", balancedBase27)
test("decimal", decimal)
test("binary", binary)
test("ternary", ternary)
test("hexadecimal", hexadecimal)
test("septemvigesimal", septemVigesimal)
multTable()
}
{{out}}
balanced ternary
### ==========
a = 523.2391403749428 +-0++0+.+-0++0+
b = -436.4359999999999 -++-0--.--0+-00+++-0-+---0-+0++++0--0000+00-+-+--+0-0-00--++0-+00---+0+-+++0+-0----0++
c = 65.26748971193416 +-++-.+-++-
a*(b-c) = -262510.9026799813 ----000-0+0+.0+0-0-00---00--0-0+--+--00-0++-000++0-000-+0+-----+++-+-0+-+0+0++0+0-++-++0+---00++++
balanced base 27
### ==========
a = 523.2391403749428 AUJ.FLI
b = -436.4359999999999 NKQ.YFDFTYSMHVANGXPVXHIZJRJWZD0PBGFJAEBAKOZODLY0ITEHPQLSQSGLFZUINATKCIKUVMWEWJMQ0COTS
c = 65.26748971193416 BK.GF
a*(b-c) = -262510.9026799812 ZVPJ.CWNYQPEENDVDPNJZXKFGCLHKLCX0YIBOMETHFWWBTVUFAH0SEZMTBJDCRRAQIQCAWMKXSTPYUXYPK0LODUO
decimal
### =
a = 523.2391403749428 523.239140374942844078646547782350251486053955189757658893461362597165066300868770004
b = -436.436 -436.436
c = 65.26748971193413 65.267489711934156378600823045267489711934156378600823045267489711934156378600823045
a*(b-c) = -262510.9026799813 -262510.90267998140903693918986303277315826215892262734715612833785876513103053772667101895163734826631742752252837097627017862754285047634638652268078676654605120794218
binary
======
a = 523.2391403749427 1000001011.001111010011100001001101101110011000100001011110100101001010100100000111001000111
b = -436.436 -110110100.011011111001110110110010001011010000111001010110000001000001100010010011011101001
c = 65.26748971193416 1000001.01000100011110100011010010101100110001100000111010111111101111001001001101111101
a*(b-c) = -262510.9026799814 -1000000000101101110.111001110001011000001001000001101110011111011100000100000100001000101011100011110010110001010100110111001011101001010000001110110100111110001101000000001111110101
ternary
### =
a = 523.2391403749428 201101.0201101
b = -436.4360000000002 -121011.102202211210021110012111201022222000202102010100101200200110122011122101110212
c = 65.26748971193416 2102.02102
a*(b-c) = -262510.9026799813 -111100002121.2201010011100110022102110002120222120100001221111011202022012121122001201122110221112
hexadecimal
### =====
a = 523.2391403749427 20B.3D384DB9885E94A90723EF9CBCB174B443E45FFC41152FE0293416F15E3AC303A0F3799ED81589C62
b = -436.436 -1B4.6F9DB22D0E5604189374BC6A7EF9DB22D0E5604189374BC6A7EF9DB22D0E5604189374BC6A7EF9DB2
c = 65.26748971193416 41.447A34ACC60EBFBC937D5DC2E5A99CF8A021B641511E8D2B3183AFEF24DF5770B96A673E28086D905
a*(b-c) = -262510.9026799814 -4016E.E7160906E7DC10422DA508321819F4A637E5AEE668ED5163B12FCB17A732442F589975B7F24112B2E8F6E95EAD45803915EE26D20DF323D67CAEEC75D7BED68AA34E02F2B492257D66F028545FB398F60E
septemvigesimal
### =========
a = 523.2391403749428 JA.6C9
b = -436.4359999999999 -G4.BKML7C5DJ8Q0KB39AIICH4HACN02OJKGPLOPG2D1MFBQI6LJ33F645JELD7I0Q6FNHG88E9M9GE3QO276
c = 65.26748971193416 2B.76
a*(b-c) = -262510.9026799812 -D92G.OA1C42LM0N8N30HDAFKJNEIFEOB0BHP1DM6ILA9P797KPJ05MCE6OGMO54Q3I3NQ9DGB673C8BC2FQF1N82
multiplication table
### ==============
* | #1 + | #2 +- | #3 +0 | #4 ++ | #5 +-- | #6 +-0 | #7 +-+ | #8 +0- | #9 +00 | #A +0+ | #B ++- | #C ++0 |
1 | + | | | | | | | | | | | |
2 | +- | ++ | | | | | | | | | | |
3 | +0 | +-0 | +00 | | | | | | | | | |
4 | ++ | +0- | ++0 | +--+ | | | | | | | | |
5 | +-- | +0+ | +--0 | +-+- | +0-+ | | | | | | | |
6 | +-0 | ++0 | +-00 | +0-0 | +0+0 | ++00 | | | | | | |
7 | +-+ | +--- | +-+0 | +00+ | ++0- | +---0 | +--++ | | | | | |
8 | +0- | +--+ | +0-0 | ++-- | ++++ | +--+0 | +-0+- | +-+0+ | | | | |
9 | +00 | +-00 | +000 | ++00 | +--00 | +-000 | +-+00 | +0-00 | +0000 | | | |
A | +0+ | +-+- | +0+0 | ++++ | +-0-- | +-+-0 | +0--+ | +000- | +0+00 | ++-0+ | | |
B | ++- | +-++ | ++-0 | +--0- | +-00+ | +-++0 | +00-- | +0+-+ | ++-00 | ++0+- | +++++ | |
C | ++0 | +0-0 | ++00 | +--+0 | +-+-0 | +0-00 | +00+0 | ++--0 | ++000 | ++++0 | +--0-0 | +--+00 |
D | +++ | +00- | +++0 | +-0-+ | +-++- | +00-0 | +0+0+ | ++0-- | +++00 | +---++ | +--+0- | +-0-+0 |
E | +--- | +00+ | +---0 | +-0+- | +0--+ | +00+0 | ++-0- | ++0++ | +---00 | +--+-- | +-0-0+ | +-0+-0 |
F | +--0 | +0+0 | +--00 | +-+-0 | +0-+0 | +0+00 | ++0-0 | ++++0 | +--000 | +-0--0 | +-00+0 | +-+-00 |
G | +--+ | ++-- | +--+0 | +-+0+ | +000- | ++--0 | ++0++ | +---+- | +--+00 | +-00-+ | +-+--- | +-+0+0 |
H | +-0- | ++-+ | +-0-0 | +0--- | +00++ | ++-+0 | ++++- | +--00+ | +-0-00 | +-0+0- | +-+0-+ | +0---0 |
I | +-00 | ++00 | +-000 | +0-00 | +0+00 | ++000 | +---00 | +--+00 | +-0000 | +-+-00 | +-++00 | +0-000 |
J | +-0+ | +++- | +-0+0 | +0-++ | ++--- | +++-0 | +--0-+ | +-0-0- | +-0+00 | +-+00+ | +0--+- | +0-++0 |
K | +-+- | ++++ | +-+-0 | +000- | ++-0+ | ++++0 | +--+-- | +-00-+ | +-+-00 | +-+++- | +0-0++ | +000-0 |
L | +-+0 | +---0 | +-+00 | +00+0 | ++0-0 | +---00 | +--++0 | +-0+-0 | +-+000 | +0--+0 | +00--0 | +00+00 |
M | +-++ | +--0- | +-++0 | +0+-+ | ++0+- | +--0-0 | +-0-0+ | +-+--- | +-++00 | +0-0++ | +0000- | +0+-+0 |
N | +0-- | +--0+ | +0--0 | +0++- | +++-+ | +--0+0 | +-000- | +-+-++ | +0--00 | +00--- | +00+0+ | +0++-0 |
O | +0-0 | +--+0 | +0-00 | ++--0 | ++++0 | +--+00 | +-0+-0 | +-+0+0 | +0-000 | +000-0 | +0+-+0 | ++--00 |
P | +0-+ | +-0-- | +0-+0 | ++-0+ | +---0- | +-0--0 | +-0+++ | +-+++- | +0-+00 | +00+-+ | +0++-- | ++-0+0 |
Q | +00- | +-0-+ | +00-0 | ++0-- | +---++ | +-0-+0 | +-+-+- | +0--0+ | +00-00 | +0+-0- | ++---+ | ++0--0 |
10| +000 | +-000 | +0000 | ++000 | +--000 | +-0000 | +-+000 | +0-000 | +00000 | +0+000 | ++-000 | ++0000 |
Phix
Note regarding requirement #5: While this meets my definition of "reasonably efficient", it should not shock anyone that this kind of "string maths" which works digit-by-digit and uses repeated addition (eg *999 performs 27 additions) could easily be 10,000 times slower than raw hardware or a carefully optimised library such as gmp. However this does offer perfect accuracy in any given base, whereas gmp, for all it's brilliance, can hold 0.1 accurate to several million decimal places, but just never quite exact.
-- demo\rosetta\Generic_multiplication.exw
constant MAX_DP = 81
constant binary = "01",
ternary = "012",
balancedternary = "-0+",
decimal = "0123456789",
hexadecimal = "0123456789ABCDEF",
septemvigesimal = "0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQ",
-- heptavintimal = "0123456789ABCDEFGHKMNPRTVXZ", -- ??
-- wonky_donkey_26 = "0ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXY",
-- wonky_donkey_27 = "0ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ",
balanced_base27 = "ZYXWVUTSRQPON0ABCDEFGHIJKLM",
base37 = "0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
--
--Note: I have seen some schemes where balanced-base-27 uses
--==== the same character set as septemvigesimal, with 'D'
-- representing 0, and wonky_donkey_27 with 'M'==0(!).
-- These routines do not support that directly, except
-- (perhaps) via a simple mapping on all inputs/outputs.
-- It may be possible to add a defaulted parameter such
-- as zero='0' - left as an exercise for the reader.
-- Admittedly that balanced_base27 is entirely my own
-- invention, just for this specific task.
--
function b2dec(string b, alphabet)
--
-- convert string b back into a normal (decimal) atom,
-- eg b2dec("+0-",balancedternary) yields 8
--
atom res = 0
integer base = length(alphabet),
zdx = find('0',alphabet)
bool signed = (zdx=1 and b[1]='-')
if signed then b = b[2..$] end if
integer len = length(b),
ndp = find('.',b)
if ndp!=0 then
b[ndp..ndp] = "" -- remove '.'
ndp = len-ndp
end if
for i=1 to length(b) do
res = base*res+find(b[i],alphabet)-zdx
end for
if ndp!=0 then res /= power(base,ndp) end if
if signed then res = -res end if
return res
end function
function negate(string b, alphabet)
--
-- negate b (can be balanced or unbalanced)
--
if alphabet[1]='0' then
-- traditional: add/remove a leading '-'
-- eg "-123" <==> "123"
if b!="0" then
if b[1]='-' then
b = b[2..$]
else
b = "-"&b
end if
end if
else
-- balanced: mirror [non-0] digits
-- eg "-0+" (ie -8) <==> "+0-" (ie +8)
for i=1 to length(b) do
if b[i]!='.' then
b[i] = alphabet[-find(b[i],alphabet)]
end if
end for
end if
return b
end function
function b_trim(string b)
-- (common code)
-- trim trailing ".000"
if find('.',b) then
b = trim_tail(trim_tail(b,'0'),'.')
end if
-- trim leading zeroes, but not "0.nnn" -> ".nnn"
-- [hence we cannot use the standard trim_head()]
while length(b)>1 and b[1]='0' and b[2]!='.' do
b = b[2..$]
end while
return b
end function
function b_carry(integer digit, base, idx, string n, alphabet)
-- (common code, for balanced number systems only)
integer carry = iff(digit>base?+1:iff(digit<1?-1:0))
if carry then
for i=idx to 0 by -1 do
if n[i]!='.' then
integer k = find(n[i],alphabet)
if k<base then
n[i] = alphabet[k+1]
exit
end if
n[i]=alphabet[1]
end if
end for
digit -= base*carry
end if
return {digit,n}
end function
function b2b(string n, alphabet, alphabet2)
--
-- convert a string from alphabet to alphabet2,
-- eg b2b("8",decimal,balancedternary) yields "+0-",
-- & b2b("+0-",balancedternary,decimal) yields "8",
--
string res = "0", m = ""
if n!="0" then
integer base = length(alphabet),
base2 = length(alphabet2),
zdx = find('0',alphabet),
zdx2 = find('0',alphabet2),
carry = 0, q, r, digit
bool negative = ((zdx=1 and n[1]='-') or
(zdx!=1 and find(n[1],alphabet)<zdx))
if negative then n = negate(n,alphabet) end if
integer ndp = find('.',n)
if ndp!=0 then
{n,m} = {n[1..ndp-1],n[ndp+1..$]}
end if
res = ""
while length(n) do
q = 0
for i=1 to length(n) do
--
-- this is a digit-by-digit divide (/mod) loop
-- eg for hex->decimal we would want:
-- this loop/modrem("FFFF",10) --> "1999" rem 5,
-- this loop/modrem("1999",10) --> "28F" rem 3,
-- this loop/modrem("28F",10) --> "41" rem 5,
-- this loop/modrem("41",10) --> "6" rem 5,
-- this loop/modrem("6",10) --> "0" rem 6,
-- ==> res:="65535" (in 5 full iterations over n).
--
digit = find(n[i],alphabet)-zdx
q = q*base+digit
r = mod(q,base2)
digit = floor(q/base2)+zdx
if zdx!=1 then
{digit,n} = b_carry(digit,base,i-1,n,alphabet)
end if
n[i] = alphabet[digit]
q = r
end for
r += zdx2
if zdx2!=1 then
r += carry
carry = iff(r>base2?+1:iff(r<1?-1:0))
r -= base2*carry
end if
res = alphabet2[r]&res
n = trim_head(n,'0')
end while
if carry then
res = alphabet2[carry+zdx2]&res
end if
if length(m) then
res &= '.'
ndp = 0
if zdx!=1 then
-- convert fraction to unbalanced, to simplify the (other-base) multiply.
integer lm = length(m)
string alphanew = base37[1..length(alphabet)]
m = b2b(m,alphabet,alphanew) -- (nb: no fractional part!)
m = repeat('0',lm-length(m))&m -- zero-pad if required
alphabet = alphanew
zdx = 1
end if
while length(m) and ndp<MAX_DP do
q = 0
for i=length(m) to 1 by -1 do
--
-- this is a digit-by-digit multiply loop
-- eg for [.]"1415" decimal->decimal we
-- would repeatedly multiply by 10, giving
-- 1 and "4150", then 4 and "1500", then
-- 1 and "5000", then 5 and "0000". We
-- strip zeroes between each output digit
-- & obviously normally alphabet in!=out.
--
digit = find(m[i],alphabet)-zdx
q += digit*base2
r = mod(q,base)+zdx
q = floor(q/base)
m[i] = alphabet[r]
end for
digit = q + zdx2
if zdx2!=1 then
{digit,res} = b_carry(digit,base2,length(res),res,alphabet2)
end if
res &= alphabet2[digit]
m = trim_tail(m,'0')
ndp += 1
end while
end if
res = b_trim(res)
if negative then res = negate(res,alphabet2) end if
end if
return res
end function
function atm2b(atom d, string alphabet)
--
-- convert d to a string in the specified base,
-- eg atm2b(65535,hexadecimal) => "FFFF"
--
-- As a standard feature of phix, you can actually specify
-- d in any number base between 2 and 36, eg 0(13)168 is
-- equivalent to 255 (see test\t37misc.exw for more), but
-- not (yet) in balanced number bases, or with fractions,
-- except (of course) for normal decimal fractions.
--
-- Note that eg b2b("-436.436",decimal,balancedternary) is
-- more acccurate that atm2b(-436.436,balancedternary) due
-- to standard IEEE 754 floating point limitations.
-- For integers, discrepancies only creep in for values
-- outside the range +/-9,007,199,254,740,992 (on 32-bit).
-- However, this is much simpler and faster than b2b().
--
integer base = length(alphabet),
zdx = find('0',alphabet),
carry = 0
bool neg = d<0
if neg then d = -d end if
string res = ""
integer whole = floor(d)
d -= whole
while true do
integer ch = mod(whole,base) + zdx
if zdx!=1 then
ch += carry
carry = iff(ch>base?+1:iff(ch<1?-1:0))
ch -= base*carry
end if
res = alphabet[ch]&res
whole = floor(whole/base)
if whole=0 then exit end if
end while
if carry then
res = alphabet[carry+zdx]&res
carry = 0
end if
if d!=0 then
res &= '.'
integer ndp = 0
while d!=0 and ndp<MAX_DP do
d *= base
integer digit = floor(d) + zdx
d -= digit
if zdx!=1 then
{digit,res} = b_carry(digit,base,length(res),res,alphabet)
end if
res &= alphabet[digit]
ndp += 1
end while
end if
if neg then res = negate(res,alphabet) end if
return res
end function
-- negative numbers in addition and subtraction
-- (esp. non-balanced) are treated as follows:
-- for -ve a: (-a)+b == b-a; (-a)-b == -(a+b)
-- for -ve b: a+(-b) == a-b; a-(-b) == a+b
-- for a>b: a-b == -(b-a) [avoid running off end]
forward function b_sub(string a, b, alphabet)
function b_add(string a, b, alphabet)
integer base = length(alphabet),
zdx = find('0',alphabet),
carry = 0, da, db, digit
if zdx=1 then
if a[1]='-' then -- (-a)+b == b-a
return b_sub(b,negate(a,alphabet),alphabet)
end if
if b[1]='-' then -- a+(-b) == a-b
return b_sub(a,negate(b,alphabet),alphabet)
end if
end if
integer adt = find('.',a),
bdt = find('.',b)
if adt or bdt then
-- remove the '.'s and zero-pad the shorter as needed
-- (thereafter treat them as two whole integers)
-- eg "1.23"+"4.5" -> "123"+"450" (leaving adt==2)
if adt then adt = length(a)-adt+1; a[-adt..-adt] = "" end if
if bdt then bdt = length(b)-bdt+1; b[-bdt..-bdt] = "" end if
if bdt>adt then
a &= repeat('0',bdt-adt)
adt = bdt
elsif adt>bdt then
b &= repeat('0',adt-bdt)
end if
end if
if length(a)<length(b) then
{a,b} = {b,a} -- ensure b is the shorter
end if
for i=-1 to -length(a) by -1 do
da = iff(i<-length(a)?0:find(a[i],alphabet)-zdx)
db = iff(i<-length(b)?0:find(b[i],alphabet)-zdx)
digit = da + db + carry + zdx
carry = iff(digit>base?+1:iff(digit<1?-1:0))
a[i] = alphabet[digit-carry*base]
if i<-length(b) and carry=0 then exit end if
end for
if carry then
a = alphabet[carry+zdx]&a
end if
if adt then
a[-adt+1..-adt] = "."
end if
a = b_trim(a)
return a
end function
function a_smaller(string a, b, alphabet)
-- return true if a is smaller than b
-- if not balanced then both are +ve
if length(a)!=length(b) then ?9/0 end if -- sanity check
for i=1 to length(a) do
integer da = find(a[i],alphabet),
db = find(b[i],alphabet),
c = compare(a,b)
if c!=0 then return c<0 end if
end for
return false -- (=, which is not <)
end function
function b_sub(string a, b, alphabet)
integer base = length(alphabet),
zdx = find('0',alphabet),
carry = 0, da, db, digit
if zdx=1 then
if a[1]='-' then -- (-a)-b == -(a+b)
return negate(b_add(negate(a,alphabet),b,alphabet),alphabet)
end if
if b[1]='-' then -- a-(-b) == a+b
return b_add(a,negate(b,alphabet),alphabet)
end if
end if
integer adt = find('.',a),
bdt = find('.',b)
if adt or bdt then
-- remove the '.'s and zero-pad the shorter as needed
-- (thereafter treat them as two whole integers)
-- eg "1.23"+"4.5" -> "123"+"450" (leaving adt==2)
if adt then adt = length(a)-adt+1; a[-adt..-adt] = "" end if
if bdt then bdt = length(b)-bdt+1; b[-bdt..-bdt] = "" end if
if bdt>adt then
a &= repeat('0',bdt-adt)
adt = bdt
elsif adt>bdt then
b &= repeat('0',adt-bdt)
end if
end if
bool bNegate = false
if length(a)<length(b)
or (length(a)=length(b) and a_smaller(a,b,alphabet)) then
bNegate = true
{a,b} = {b,a} -- ensure b is the shorter/smaller
end if
for i=-1 to -length(a) by -1 do
da = iff(i<-length(a)?0:find(a[i],alphabet)-zdx)
db = iff(i<-length(b)?0:find(b[i],alphabet)-zdx)
digit = da - (db + carry) + zdx
carry = digit<=0
a[i] = alphabet[digit+carry*base]
if i<-length(b) and carry=0 then exit end if
end for
if carry then
?9/0 -- should have set bNegate above...
end if
if adt then
a[-adt+1..-adt] = "."
end if
a = b_trim(a)
if bNegate then
a = negate(a,alphabet)
end if
return a
end function
function b_mul(string a, b, alphabet)
integer base = length(alphabet),
zdx = find('0',alphabet),
dpa = find('.',a),
dpb = find('.',b),
ndp = 0
if dpa then ndp += length(a)-dpa; a[dpa..dpa] = "" end if
if dpb then ndp += length(b)-dpb; b[dpb..dpb] = "" end if
string pos = a, res = "0"
if zdx!=1 then
-- balanced number systems
string neg = negate(pos,alphabet)
for i=length(b) to 1 by -1 do
integer m = find(b[i],alphabet)-zdx
while m do
res = b_add(res,iff(m<0?neg:pos),alphabet)
m += iff(m<0?+1:-1)
end while
pos &= '0'
neg &= '0'
end for
else
-- non-balanced (normal) number systems
bool negative = false
if a[1]='-' then a = a[2..$]; negative = true end if
if b[1]='-' then b = b[2..$]; negative = not negative end if
for i=length(b) to 1 by -1 do
integer m = find(b[i],alphabet)-zdx
while m>0 do
res = b_add(res,pos,alphabet)
m -= 1
end while
pos &= '0'
end for
if negative then res = negate(res,alphabet) end if
end if
if ndp then
res[-ndp..-ndp-1] = "."
end if
res = b_trim(res)
return res
end function
-- [note 1] not surprisingly, the decimal output is somewhat cleaner/shorter when
-- the decimal string inputs for a and c are used, whereas tests 1/2/5/7
-- (the 3-based ones) look much better with all ternary string inputs.
procedure test(string name, alphabet)
--string a = b2b("523.2391403749428",decimal,alphabet), -- [see note 1]
string a = b2b("+-0++0+.+-0++0+",balancedternary,alphabet),
b = b2b("-436.436",decimal,alphabet),
-- b = b2b("-++-0--.--0+-00+++-",balancedternary,alphabet),
-- c = b2b("65.26748971193416",decimal,alphabet), -- [see note 1]
c = b2b("+-++-.+-++-",balancedternary,alphabet),
d = b_add(b,c,alphabet),
r = b_mul(a,d,alphabet)
printf(1,"%s\n%s\n",{name,repeat('=',length(name))})
printf(1," a = %.16g %s\n",{b2dec(a,alphabet),a})
printf(1," b = %.16g %s\n",{b2dec(b,alphabet),b})
printf(1," c = %.16g %s\n",{b2dec(c,alphabet),c})
-- printf(1," d = %.16g %s\n",{b2dec(d,alphabet),d})
printf(1,"a*(b-c) = %.16g %s\n\n",{b2dec(r,alphabet),r})
end procedure
test("balanced ternary", balancedternary)
test("balanced base 27", balanced_base27)
test("decimal", decimal)
test("binary", binary)
test("ternary", ternary)
test("hexadecimal", hexadecimal)
test("septemvigesimal", septemvigesimal)
The printed decimal output is inherently limited to IEEE 754 precision, hence I deliberately limited output (%.16g) because it is silly to try and go any higher, whereas the output from b_mul() is actually perfectly accurate, see [note 1] above. {{out}}
balanced ternary
### ==========
a = 523.2391403749428 +-0++0+.+-0++0+
b = -436.4359999999999 -++-0--.--0+-00+++-0-+---0-+0++++0--0000+00-+-+--+0-0-00--++0-+00---+0+-+++0+-0----0++
c = 65.26748971193416 +-++-.+-++-
a*(b-c) = -262510.9026799813 ----000-0+0+.0+0-0-00---00--0-0+--+--00-0++-000++0-000-+0+-----+++-+-0+-+0+0++0+0-++-++0+---00++++
balanced base 27
### ==========
a = 523.2391403749428 AUJ.FLI
b = -436.436 NKQ.YFDFTYSMHVANGXPVXHIZJRJWZD0PBGFJAEBAKOZODLY0ITEHPQLSQSGLFZUINATKCIKUVMWEWJMQ0COTS
c = 65.26748971193416 BK.GF
a*(b-c) = -262510.9026799813 ZVPJ.CWNYQPEENDVDPNJZXKFGCLHKLCX0YIBOMETHFWWBTVUFAH0SEZMTBJDCRRAQIQCAWMKXSTPYUXYPK0LODUO
decimal
### =
a = 523.239140374943 523.239140374942844078646547782350251486053955189757658893461362597165066300868770004
b = -436.436 -436.436
c = 65.26748971193415 65.267489711934156378600823045267489711934156378600823045267489711934156378600823045
a*(b-c) = -262510.9026799814 -262510.90267998140903693918986303277315826215892262734715612833785876513103053772667101895163734826631742752252837097627017862754285047634638652268078676654605120794218
binary
======
a = 523.2391403749427 1000001011.001111010011100001001101101110011000100001011110100101001010100100000111001000111
b = -436.436 -110110100.011011111001110110110010001011010000111001010110000001000001100010010011011101001
c = 65.26748971193416 1000001.01000100011110100011010010101100110001100000111010111111101111001001001101111101
a*(b-c) = -262510.9026799814 -1000000000101101110.111001110001011000001001000001101110011111011100000100000100001000101011100011110010110001010100110111001011101001010000001110110100111110001101000000001111110101
ternary
### =
a = 523.2391403749428 201101.0201101
b = -436.4360000000001 -121011.102202211210021110012111201022222000202102010100101200200110122011122101110212
c = 65.26748971193416 2102.02102
a*(b-c) = -262510.9026799813 -111100002121.2201010011100110022102110002120222120100001221111011202022012121122001201122110221112
hexadecimal
### =====
a = 523.2391403749427 20B.3D384DB9885E94A90723EF9CBCB174B443E45FFC41152FE0293416F15E3AC303A0F3799ED81589C62
b = -436.436 -1B4.6F9DB22D0E5604189374BC6A7EF9DB22D0E5604189374BC6A7EF9DB22D0E5604189374BC6A7EF9DB2
c = 65.26748971193416 41.447A34ACC60EBFBC937D5DC2E5A99CF8A021B641511E8D2B3183AFEF24DF5770B96A673E28086D905
a*(b-c) = -262510.9026799814 -4016E.E7160906E7DC10422DA508321819F4A637E5AEE668ED5163B12FCB17A732442F589975B7F24112B2E8F6E95EAD45803915EE26D20DF323D67CAEEC75D7BED68AA34E02F2B492257D66F028545FB398F60E
septemvigesimal
### =========
a = 523.2391403749428 JA.6C9
b = -436.436 -G4.BKML7C5DJ8Q0KB39AIICH4HACN02OJKGPLOPG2D1MFBQI6LJ33F645JELD7I0Q6FNHG88E9M9GE3QO276
c = 65.26748971193416 2B.76
a*(b-c) = -262510.9026799813 -D92G.OA1C42LM0N8N30HDAFKJNEIFEOB0BHP1DM6ILA9P797KPJ05MCE6OGMO54Q3I3NQ9DGB673C8BC2FQF1N82
multiplication table
Without e notation, with hexadecimal across, septemvigesimal down, and balanced ternary contents!
printf(1,"* |")
for j=1 to 12 do
printf(1," #%s %3s |",{atm2b(j,hexadecimal),atm2b(j,balancedternary)})
end for
for i=1 to 27 do
string a = atm2b(i,balancedternary)
printf(1,"\n%-2s|",{atm2b(i,septemvigesimal)})
for j=1 to 12 do
if j>i then
printf(1," |")
else
string b = atm2b(j,balancedternary)
string m = b_mul(a,b,balancedternary)
printf(1," %6s |",{m})
end if
end for
end for
printf(1,"\n")
{{out}}
* | #1 + | #2 +- | #3 +0 | #4 ++ | #5 +-- | #6 +-0 | #7 +-+ | #8 +0- | #9 +00 | #A +0+ | #B ++- | #C ++0 |
1 | + | | | | | | | | | | | |
2 | +- | ++ | | | | | | | | | | |
3 | +0 | +-0 | +00 | | | | | | | | | |
4 | ++ | +0- | ++0 | +--+ | | | | | | | | |
5 | +-- | +0+ | +--0 | +-+- | +0-+ | | | | | | | |
6 | +-0 | ++0 | +-00 | +0-0 | +0+0 | ++00 | | | | | | |
7 | +-+ | +--- | +-+0 | +00+ | ++0- | +---0 | +--++ | | | | | |
8 | +0- | +--+ | +0-0 | ++-- | ++++ | +--+0 | +-0+- | +-+0+ | | | | |
9 | +00 | +-00 | +000 | ++00 | +--00 | +-000 | +-+00 | +0-00 | +0000 | | | |
A | +0+ | +-+- | +0+0 | ++++ | +-0-- | +-+-0 | +0--+ | +000- | +0+00 | ++-0+ | | |
B | ++- | +-++ | ++-0 | +--0- | +-00+ | +-++0 | +00-- | +0+-+ | ++-00 | ++0+- | +++++ | |
C | ++0 | +0-0 | ++00 | +--+0 | +-+-0 | +0-00 | +00+0 | ++--0 | ++000 | ++++0 | +--0-0 | +--+00 |
D | +++ | +00- | +++0 | +-0-+ | +-++- | +00-0 | +0+0+ | ++0-- | +++00 | +---++ | +--+0- | +-0-+0 |
E | +--- | +00+ | +---0 | +-0+- | +0--+ | +00+0 | ++-0- | ++0++ | +---00 | +--+-- | +-0-0+ | +-0+-0 |
F | +--0 | +0+0 | +--00 | +-+-0 | +0-+0 | +0+00 | ++0-0 | ++++0 | +--000 | +-0--0 | +-00+0 | +-+-00 |
G | +--+ | ++-- | +--+0 | +-+0+ | +000- | ++--0 | ++0++ | +---+- | +--+00 | +-00-+ | +-+--- | +-+0+0 |
H | +-0- | ++-+ | +-0-0 | +0--- | +00++ | ++-+0 | ++++- | +--00+ | +-0-00 | +-0+0- | +-+0-+ | +0---0 |
I | +-00 | ++00 | +-000 | +0-00 | +0+00 | ++000 | +---00 | +--+00 | +-0000 | +-+-00 | +-++00 | +0-000 |
J | +-0+ | +++- | +-0+0 | +0-++ | ++--- | +++-0 | +--0-+ | +-0-0- | +-0+00 | +-+00+ | +0--+- | +0-++0 |
K | +-+- | ++++ | +-+-0 | +000- | ++-0+ | ++++0 | +--+-- | +-00-+ | +-+-00 | +-+++- | +0-0++ | +000-0 |
L | +-+0 | +---0 | +-+00 | +00+0 | ++0-0 | +---00 | +--++0 | +-0+-0 | +-+000 | +0--+0 | +00--0 | +00+00 |
M | +-++ | +--0- | +-++0 | +0+-+ | ++0+- | +--0-0 | +-0-0+ | +-+--- | +-++00 | +0-0++ | +0000- | +0+-+0 |
N | +0-- | +--0+ | +0--0 | +0++- | +++-+ | +--0+0 | +-000- | +-+-++ | +0--00 | +00--- | +00+0+ | +0++-0 |
O | +0-0 | +--+0 | +0-00 | ++--0 | ++++0 | +--+00 | +-0+-0 | +-+0+0 | +0-000 | +000-0 | +0+-+0 | ++--00 |
P | +0-+ | +-0-- | +0-+0 | ++-0+ | +---0- | +-0--0 | +-0+++ | +-+++- | +0-+00 | +00+-+ | +0++-- | ++-0+0 |
Q | +00- | +-0-+ | +00-0 | ++0-- | +---++ | +-0-+0 | +-+-+- | +0--0+ | +00-00 | +0+-0- | ++---+ | ++0--0 |
10| +000 | +-000 | +0000 | ++000 | +--000 | +-0000 | +-+000 | +0-000 | +00000 | +0+000 | ++-000 | ++0000 |
[[Category:Arbitrary precision]]