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{{draft task}} It is often useful to find the common prefix of a set of strings, that is, the longest initial portion of all strings that are identical.
Given a set of strings, ''R'', for a prefix ''S'', it should hold that: :pref ~ "for all members ''x'' of set ''R'', it holds true that string ''S'' is a prefix of ''x''" :(help here: ''does not express that ''S'' is the longest common prefix of ''x) An example use case for this: given a set of phone numbers, identify a common dialing code. This can be accomplished by first determining the common prefix (if any), and then matching it against know dialing codes (iteratively dropping characters from rhs until a match is found, as the ''lcp'' function may match more than the dialing code).
;Test cases For a function, ''lcp'', accepting a list of strings, the following should hold true (the empty string, , is considered a prefix of all strings): lcp("interspecies","interstellar","interstate") = "inters" lcp("throne","throne") = "throne" lcp("throne","dungeon") = lcp("throne",,"throne") = lcp("cheese") = "cheese" lcp() = lcp() = lcp("prefix","suffix") = lcp("foo","foobar") = "foo"
''Task inspired by this stackoverflow question'': [http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1916218/find-the-longest-common-starting-substring-in-a-set-of-strings Find the longest common starting substring in a set of strings]
;Related tasks: :* [[Abbreviations, simple]] :* [[Abbreviations, easy]] :* [[Longest common prefix]] :* [[Longest increasing subsequence]] :* [[Suffixation of decimal numbers]] :* [[Find common directory path]]
{{Template:Strings}}
Aime
lcp(...)
{
integer n;
record r;
text l;
ucall(r_fix, 1, r, 0);
n = 0;
if (~r) {
l = r.low;
n = prefix(r.high, l);
}
l.cut(0, n);
}
main(void)
{
o_("\"", lcp("interspecies", "interstellar", "interstate"), "\"\n");
o_("\"", lcp("throne", "throne"), "\"\n");
o_("\"", lcp("throne", "dungeon"), "\"\n");
o_("\"", lcp("throne", "", "throne"), "\"\n");
o_("\"", lcp("cheese"), "\"\n");
o_("\"", lcp(""), "\"\n");
o_("\"", lcp(), "\"\n");
o_("\"", lcp("prefix", "suffix"), "\"\n");
o_("\"", lcp("foo", "foobar"), "\"\n");
0;
}
{{Out}}
"inters"
"throne"
""
""
"cheese"
""
""
""
"foo"
ALGOL 68
{{works with|ALGOL 68G|Any - tested with release 2.8.win32}}
# find the longest common prefix of two strings #
PRIO COMMONPREFIX = 1;
OP COMMONPREFIX = ( STRING a, b )STRING:
BEGIN
INT a pos := LWB a; INT a max = UPB a;
INT b pos := LWB b; INT b max = UPB b;
WHILE
IF a pos > a max OR b pos > b max THEN FALSE
ELSE a[ a pos ] = b[ b pos ]
FI
DO
a pos +:= 1; b pos +:= 1
OD;
a[ LWB a : a pos - 1 ]
END # COMMONPREFIX # ;
# get the length of a string #
OP LEN = ( STRING a )INT: ( UPB a + 1 ) - LWB a;
# find the longest common prefix of an array of STRINGs #
OP LONGESTPREFIX = ( []STRING list )STRING:
IF UPB list < LWB list
THEN
# no elements #
""
ELIF UPB list = LWB list
THEN
# only one element #
list[ LWB list ]
ELSE
# more than one element #
STRING prefix := list[ LWB list ] COMMONPREFIX list[ 1 + LWB list ];
FOR pos FROM 2 + LWB list TO UPB list DO
STRING next prefix := list[ pos ] COMMONPREFIX prefix;
IF LEN next prefix < LEN prefix
THEN
# this element has a smaller common prefix #
prefix := next prefix
FI
OD;
prefix
FI ;
# test the LONGESTPREFIX operator #
PROC test prefix = ( []STRING list, STRING expected result )VOID:
BEGIN
STRING prefix = LONGESTPREFIX list;
print( ( "longest common prefix of (" ) );
FOR pos FROM LWB list TO UPB list DO print( ( " """, list[ pos ], """" ) ) OD;
print( ( " ) is: """, prefix, """ "
, IF prefix = expected result THEN "as expected" ELSE "NOT AS EXPECTED" FI
, newline
)
)
END # test prefix # ;
[ 1 : 0 ]STRING empty list; # for recent versions of Algol 68G, can't just put "()" for an empty list #
BEGIN
test prefix( ( "interspecies", "interstellar", "interstate" ), "inters" );
test prefix( ( "throne", "throne" ), "throne" );
test prefix( ( "throne", "dungeon" ), "" );
test prefix( ( "throne", "", "throne" ), "" );
test prefix( ( "cheese" ), "cheese" );
test prefix( ( "" ), "" );
test prefix( empty list, "" );
test prefix( ( "prefix", "suffix" ), "" );
test prefix( ( "foo", "foobar" ), "foo" )
END
{{out}}
longest common prefix of ( "interspecies" "interstellar" "interstate" ) is: "inters" as expected
longest common prefix of ( "throne" "throne" ) is: "throne" as expected
longest common prefix of ( "throne" "dungeon" ) is: "" as expected
longest common prefix of ( "throne" "" "throne" ) is: "" as expected
longest common prefix of ( "cheese" ) is: "cheese" as expected
longest common prefix of ( "" ) is: "" as expected
longest common prefix of ( ) is: "" as expected
longest common prefix of ( "prefix" "suffix" ) is: "" as expected
longest common prefix of ( "foo" "foobar" ) is: "foo" as expected
Arturo
{{trans|D}}
lcp [list]{
ret ""
idx 0
loop true {
thisLetter ""
loop list [word]{
if idx=$(size word) { return ret }
if thisLetter="" { thisLetter $(get $(characters word) idx) }
if thisLetter!=$(get $(characters word) idx) { return ret }
}
ret ret+thisLetter
idx idx+1
}
}
print $(lcp #("interspecies" "interstellar" "interstate"))
print $(lcp #("throne" "throne"))
print $(lcp #("throne" "dungeon"))
print $(lcp #("throne" "" "throne"))
print $(lcp #("cheese"))
print $(lcp #(""))
print $(lcp #("prefix" "suffix"))
print $(lcp #("foo" "foobar"))
{{out}}
inters
throne
cheese
foo
AutoHotkey
lcp(str*){
for k, v in str
w := v, list .= (list ? "`n" : "") v
return RegExReplace(list, "^(.*)\K(\V*\R\1\V*)+$")
}
Examples:
MsgBox % lcp("interspecies","interstellar","interstate")
Outputs:
inters
AWK
# syntax: GAWK -f LONGEST_COMMON_PREFIX.AWK
BEGIN {
words_arr[++n] = "interspecies,interstellar,interstate"
words_arr[++n] = "throne,throne"
words_arr[++n] = "throne,dungeon"
words_arr[++n] = "throne,,throne"
words_arr[++n] = "cheese"
words_arr[++n] = ""
words_arr[++n] = "prefix,suffix"
words_arr[++n] = "foo,foobar"
for (i=1; i<=n; i++) {
str = words_arr[i]
printf("'%s' = '%s'\n",str,lcp(str))
}
exit(0)
}
function lcp(str, arr,hits,i,j,lcp_leng,n,sw_leng) {
n = split(str,arr,",")
if (n == 0) { # null string
return("")
}
if (n == 1) { # only 1 word, then it's the longest
return(str)
}
sw_leng = length(arr[1])
for (i=2; i<=n; i++) { # find shortest word length
if (length(arr[i]) < sw_leng) {
sw_leng = length(arr[i])
}
}
for (i=1; i<=sw_leng; i++) { # find longest common prefix
hits = 0
for (j=1; j<n; j++) {
if (substr(arr[j],i,1) == substr(arr[j+1],i,1)) {
hits++
}
}
if (hits == 0) {
break
}
if (hits + 1 == n) {
lcp_leng++
}
}
return(substr(str,1,lcp_leng))
}
Output:
'interspecies,interstellar,interstate' = 'inters'
'throne,throne' = 'throne'
'throne,dungeon' = ''
'throne,,throne' = ''
'cheese' = 'cheese'
'' = ''
'prefix,suffix' = ''
'foo,foobar' = 'foo'
C
#include<stdarg.h> #include<string.h> #include<stdlib.h> #include<stdio.h> char* lcp(int num,...){ va_list vaList,vaList2; int i,j,len,min; char* dest; char** strings = (char**)malloc(num*sizeof(char*)); va_start(vaList,num); va_start(vaList2,num); for(i=0;i<num;i++){ len = strlen(va_arg(vaList,char*)); strings[i] = (char*)malloc((len + 1)*sizeof(char)); strcpy(strings[i],va_arg(vaList2,char*)); if(i==0) min = len; else if(len<min) min = len; } if(min==0) return ""; for(i=0;i<min;i++){ for(j=1;j<num;j++){ if(strings[j][i]!=strings[0][i]){ if(i==0) return ""; else{ dest = (char*)malloc(i*sizeof(char)); strncpy(dest,strings[0],i-1); return dest; } } } } dest = (char*)malloc((min+1)*sizeof(char)); strncpy(dest,strings[0],min); return dest; } int main(){ printf("\nLongest common prefix : %s",lcp(3,"interspecies","interstellar","interstate")); printf("\nLongest common prefix : %s",lcp(2,"throne","throne")); printf("\nLongest common prefix : %s",lcp(2,"throne","dungeon")); printf("\nLongest common prefix : %s",lcp(3,"throne","","throne")); printf("\nLongest common prefix : %s",lcp(1,"cheese")); printf("\nLongest common prefix : %s",lcp(1,"")); printf("\nLongest common prefix : %s",lcp(0,NULL)); printf("\nLongest common prefix : %s",lcp(2,"prefix","suffix")); printf("\nLongest common prefix : %s",lcp(2,"foo","foobar")); return 0; }
Output:
Longest common prefix : inter
Longest common prefix : throne
Longest common prefix :
Longest common prefix :
Longest common prefix : cheese
Longest common prefix :
Longest common prefix :
Longest common prefix :
Longest common prefix : foo
C++
#include <set> #include <algorithm> #include <string> #include <iostream> #include <vector> #include <numeric> std::set<std::string> createPrefixes ( const std::string & s ) { std::set<std::string> result ; for ( int i = 1 ; i < s.size( ) + 1 ; i++ ) result.insert( s.substr( 0 , i )) ; return result ; } std::set<std::string> findIntersection ( const std::set<std::string> & a , const std::set<std::string> & b ) { std::set<std::string> intersection ; std::set_intersection( a.begin( ) , a.end( ) , b.begin( ) , b.end( ) , std::inserter ( intersection , intersection.begin( ) ) ) ; return intersection ; } std::set<std::string> findCommonPrefixes( const std::vector<std::string> & theStrings ) { std::set<std::string> result ; if ( theStrings.size( ) == 1 ) { result.insert( *(theStrings.begin( ) ) ) ; } if ( theStrings.size( ) > 1 ) { std::vector<std::set<std::string>> prefixCollector ; for ( std::string s : theStrings ) prefixCollector.push_back( createPrefixes ( s ) ) ; std::set<std::string> neutralElement (createPrefixes( *(theStrings.begin( ) ) )) ; result = std::accumulate( prefixCollector.begin( ) , prefixCollector.end( ) , neutralElement , findIntersection ) ; } return result ; } std::string lcp( const std::vector<std::string> & allStrings ) { if ( allStrings.size( ) == 0 ) return "" ; if ( allStrings.size( ) == 1 ) { return allStrings[ 0 ] ; } if ( allStrings.size( ) > 1 ) { std::set<std::string> prefixes( findCommonPrefixes ( allStrings ) ) ; if ( prefixes.empty( ) ) return "" ; else { std::vector<std::string> common ( prefixes.begin( ) , prefixes.end( ) ) ; std::sort( common.begin( ) , common.end( ) , [] ( const std::string & a, const std::string & b ) { return a.length( ) > b.length( ) ; } ) ; return *(common.begin( ) ) ; } } } int main( ) { std::vector<std::string> input { "interspecies" , "interstellar" , "interstate" } ; std::cout << "lcp(\"interspecies\",\"interstellar\",\"interstate\") = " << lcp ( input ) << std::endl ; input.clear( ) ; input.push_back( "throne" ) ; input.push_back ( "throne" ) ; std::cout << "lcp( \"throne\" , \"throne\"" << ") = " << lcp ( input ) << std::endl ; input.clear( ) ; input.push_back( "cheese" ) ; std::cout << "lcp( \"cheese\" ) = " << lcp ( input ) << std::endl ; input.clear( ) ; std::cout << "lcp(\"\") = " << lcp ( input ) << std::endl ; input.push_back( "prefix" ) ; input.push_back( "suffix" ) ; std::cout << "lcp( \"prefix\" , \"suffix\" ) = " << lcp ( input ) << std::endl ; input.clear( ) ; input.push_back( "foo" ) ; input.push_back( "foobar" ) ; std::cout << "lcp( \"foo\" , \"foobar\" ) = " << lcp ( input ) << std::endl ; return 0 ; }
Another more concise version (C++14 for comparing dissimilar containers):
#include <algorithm> #include <string> #include <iostream> #include <vector> std::string lcp( const std::vector<std::string> & allStrings ) { if (allStrings.empty()) return std::string(); const std::string &s0 = allStrings.front(); auto end = s0.cend(); for(auto it=std::next(allStrings.cbegin()); it != allStrings.cend(); it++){ auto loc = std::mismatch(s0.cbegin(), s0.cend(), it->cbegin(), it->cend()); if (std::distance(loc.first, end)>0) end = loc.first; } return std::string(s0.cbegin(), end); } int main( ) { std::vector<std::string> input { "interspecies" , "interstellar" , "interstate" } ; std::cout << "lcp(\"interspecies\",\"interstellar\",\"interstate\") = " << lcp ( input ) << std::endl ; input.clear( ) ; input.push_back( "throne" ) ; input.push_back ( "throne" ) ; std::cout << "lcp( \"throne\" , \"throne\"" << ") = " << lcp ( input ) << std::endl ; input.clear( ) ; input.push_back( "cheese" ) ; std::cout << "lcp( \"cheese\" ) = " << lcp ( input ) << std::endl ; input.clear( ) ; std::cout << "lcp(\"\") = " << lcp ( input ) << std::endl ; input.push_back( "prefix" ) ; input.push_back( "suffix" ) ; std::cout << "lcp( \"prefix\" , \"suffix\" ) = " << lcp ( input ) << std::endl ; input.clear( ) ; input.push_back( "foo" ) ; input.push_back( "foobar" ) ; std::cout << "lcp( \"foo\" , \"foobar\" ) = " << lcp ( input ) << std::endl ; return 0 ; }
{{out}}
lcp("interspecies","interstellar","interstate") = inters
lcp( "throne" , "throne") = throne
lcp( "cheese" ) = cheese
lcp("") =
lcp( "prefix" , "suffix" ) =
lcp( "foo" , "foobar" ) = foo
C#
{{trans|Java}}
using System; namespace LCP { class Program { public static string LongestCommonPrefix(params string[] sa) { if (null == sa) return ""; //special case string ret = ""; int idx = 0; while (true) { char thisLetter = '\0'; foreach (var word in sa) { if (idx == word.Length) { // if we reached the end of a word then we are done return ret; } if (thisLetter == '\0') { // if this is the first word then note the letter we are looking for thisLetter = word[idx]; } if (thisLetter != word[idx]) { return ret; } } // if we haven't said we are done then this position passed ret += thisLetter; idx++; } } static void Main(string[] args) { Console.WriteLine(LongestCommonPrefix("interspecies", "interstellar", "interstate")); Console.WriteLine(LongestCommonPrefix("throne", "throne")); Console.WriteLine(LongestCommonPrefix("throne", "dungeon")); Console.WriteLine(LongestCommonPrefix("throne", "", "throne")); Console.WriteLine(LongestCommonPrefix("cheese")); Console.WriteLine(LongestCommonPrefix("")); Console.WriteLine(LongestCommonPrefix(null)); Console.WriteLine(LongestCommonPrefix("prefix", "suffix")); Console.WriteLine(LongestCommonPrefix("foo", "foobar")); } } }
{{out}}
inters
throne
cheese
foo
D
{{trans|Java}}
import std.stdio; string lcp(string[] list ...) { string ret = ""; int idx; while(true) { char thisLetter = 0; foreach (word; list) { if (idx == word.length) { return ret; } if(thisLetter == 0) { //if this is the first word then note the letter we are looking for thisLetter = word[idx]; } if (thisLetter != word[idx]) { //if this word doesn't match the letter at this position we are done return ret; } } ret ~= thisLetter; //if we haven't said we are done then this position passed idx++; } } void main() { writeln(lcp("interspecies","interstellar","interstate")); writeln(lcp("throne","throne")); writeln(lcp("throne","dungeon")); writeln(lcp("throne","","throne")); writeln(lcp("cheese")); writeln(lcp("")); writeln(lcp("prefix","suffix")); writeln(lcp("foo","foobar")); }
{{out}}
inters
throne
cheese
foo
Dyalect
{{trans|C#}}
func lcp(sa...) {
if sa.len() == 0 || !sa[0] {
return ""
}
var ret = ""
var idx = 0
while true {
var thisLetter = '\0'
for word in sa {
if idx == word.len() {
return ret
}
if thisLetter == '\0' {
thisLetter = word[idx]
}
if thisLetter != word[idx] {
return ret
}
}
ret += thisLetter
idx += 1
}
}
print(lcp("interspecies", "interstellar", "interstate"))
print(lcp("throne", "throne"))
print(lcp("throne", "dungeon"))
print(lcp("throne", "", "throne"))
print(lcp("cheese"))
print(lcp(""))
print(lcp(nil))
print(lcp("prefix", "suffix"))
print(lcp("foo", "foobar"))
{{out}}
inters
throne
cheese
foo
EchoLisp
;; find common prefix of two strings (define (prefix s t ) (for/string ((u s) (v t)) #:break (not (= u v)) u)) (prefix "foo" "foobar") → "foo" ;; fold over a list of strings (define (lcp strings) (if (null? strings) "" (foldl prefix (first strings) (rest strings)))) define lcp-test '( ("interspecies" "interstellar" "interstate") ("throne" "throne") ("throne" "dungeon") ("cheese") ("") () ("prefix" "suffix"))) ;; (for ((t lcp-test)) (writeln t '→ (lcp t))) ("interspecies" "interstellar" "interstate") → "inters" ("throne" "throne") → "throne" ("throne" "dungeon") → "" ("cheese") → "cheese" ("") → "" null → "" ("prefix" "suffix") → ""
Elixir
{{trans|Ruby}}
defmodule RC do def lcp([]), do: "" def lcp(strs) do min = Enum.min(strs) max = Enum.max(strs) index = Enum.find_index(0..String.length(min), fn i -> String.at(min,i) != String.at(max,i) end) if index, do: String.slice(min, 0, index), else: min end end data = [ ["interspecies","interstellar","interstate"], ["throne","throne"], ["throne","dungeon"], ["throne","","throne"], ["cheese"], [""], [], ["prefix","suffix"], ["foo","foobar"] ] Enum.each(data, fn strs -> IO.puts "lcp(#{inspect strs}) = #{inspect RC.lcp(strs)}" end)
{{out}}
lcp(["interspecies", "interstellar", "interstate"]) = "inters"
lcp(["throne", "throne"]) = "throne"
lcp(["throne", "dungeon"]) = ""
lcp(["throne", "", "throne"]) = ""
lcp(["cheese"]) = "cheese"
lcp([""]) = ""
lcp([]) = ""
lcp(["prefix", "suffix"]) = ""
lcp(["foo", "foobar"]) = "foo"
Erlang
A bow to the perversion of the Scala implementation. Not canonical erlang, this.
{{trans|Scala}}
-module(lcp). -export([ main/1 ]). shortest(List,Size) when length(List) =:= 0 -> Size; shortest(List,Size) -> [H|T] = List, if length(H) < Size -> shortest(T, length(H) ); true -> shortest(T, Size ) end. uniq(List, Size ) -> First = string:substr(hd(List),1,Size), Last = string:substr(lists:last(List),1,Size), Ttuples = lists:zip(First, Last), % this is the bit that is like the scala version TheList = lists:takewhile( fun(E) -> case element(1,E) =:= element(2,E) of true -> true; _ -> false end end, Ttuples), Prefix = length(TheList), io:format("Prefix: ~p~n", [string:substr(First,1,Prefix)]). main(List) -> Sorted = lists:sort(List), if length(List) < 2 -> io:format("Prefix empty:$~p~n",[List]); true -> Size = length(hd(List)), uniq(Sorted, shortest(Sorted,Size)) end.
{{out}}
6> Data =
[["interspecies","interstellar","interstate"],
["throne","throne"],
["throne","dungeon"],
["throne",[],"throne"],
["cheese"],
[[]],
[],
["prefix","suffix"],
["foo","foobar"],
["foreign","forsake","forget","forlorn","forgiven"]].
7> [lcp:main(X) || X <- Data].
Prefix: "inters"
Prefix: "throne"
Prefix: []
Prefix: []
Prefix empty:$["cheese"]
Prefix empty:$[[]]
Prefix empty:$[]
Prefix: []
Prefix: "foo"
Prefix: "for"
[ok,ok,ok,ok,ok,ok,ok,ok,ok,ok]
Factor
USING: continuations formatting fry kernel sequences strings ;
IN: rosetta-code.lcp
! Find the longest common prefix of two strings.
: binary-lcp ( str1 str2 -- str3 )
[ SBUF" " clone ] 2dip
'[ _ _ [ over = [ suffix! ] [ drop return ] if ] 2each ]
with-return >string ;
! Reduce a sequence of strings using binary-lcp.
: lcp ( seq -- str )
[ "" ] [ dup first [ binary-lcp ] reduce ] if-empty ;
: lcp-demo ( -- )
{
{ "interspecies" "interstellar" "interstate" }
{ "throne" "throne" }
{ "throne" "dungeon" }
{ "throne" "" "throne" }
{ "cheese" }
{ "" }
{ }
{ "prefix" "suffix" }
{ "foo" "foobar" }
} [ dup lcp "%u lcp = %u\n" printf ] each ;
MAIN: lcp-demo
{{out}}
{ "interspecies" "interstellar" "interstate" } lcp = "inters"
{ "throne" "throne" } lcp = "throne"
{ "throne" "dungeon" } lcp = ""
{ "throne" "" "throne" } lcp = ""
{ "cheese" } lcp = "cheese"
{ "" } lcp = ""
{ } lcp = ""
{ "prefix" "suffix" } lcp = ""
{ "foo" "foobar" } lcp = "foo"
FreeBASIC
' FB 1.05.0 Win64
Function lcp(s() As String) As String
Dim As Integer lb = LBound(s)
Dim As Integer ub = UBound(s)
Dim length As Integer = ub - lb + 1
If length = 0 Then Return "" '' empty array
If length = 1 Then Return s(lb) '' only one element
' find length of smallest string
Dim minLength As Integer = Len(s(lb))
For i As Integer = lb + 1 To ub
If Len(s(i)) < minLength Then minLength = Len(s(i))
If minLength = 0 Then Return "" '' at least one string is empty
Next
Dim prefix As String
Dim isCommon As Boolean
Do
prefix = Left(s(lb), minLength)
isCommon = True
For i As Integer = lb + 1 To ub
If Left(s(i), minLength) <> prefix Then
isCommon = False
Exit For
End If
Next
If isCommon Then Return prefix
minLength -= 1
If minLength = 0 Then Return ""
Loop
End Function
Dim s1(1 To 3) As String = {"interspecies","interstellar","interstate"}
Print "lcp(""interspecies"",""interstellar"",""interstate"") = """; lcp(s1()); """"
Dim s2(1 To 2) As String = {"throne", "throne"}
Print "lcp(""throne"", ""throne"") = """; lcp(s2()); """"
Dim s3(1 To 2) As String = {"throne", "dungeon"}
Print "lcp(""throne"", ""dungeon"") = """; lcp(s3()); """"
Dim s4(1 To 3) As String = {"throne", "", "dungeon"}
Print "lcp(""throne"", """", ""dungeon"") = """; lcp(s4()); """"
Dim s5(1 To 1) As String = {"cheese"}
Print "lcp(""cheese"") = """; lcp(s5()); """"
Dim s6(1 To 1) As String
Print "lcp("""") = """; lcp(s6()); """"
Dim s7() As String
Print "lcp() = """; lcp(s7()); """"
Dim s8(1 To 2) As String = {"prefix", "suffix"}
Print "lcp(""prefix"", ""suffix"") = """; lcp(s8()); """"
Dim s9(1 To 2) As String = {"foo", "foobar"}
Print "lcp(""foo"", ""foobar"") = """; lcp(s9()); """"
Print
Print "Press any key to quit"
Sleep
{{out}}
lcp("interspecies","interstellar","interstate") = "inters"
lcp("throne", "throne") = "throne"
lcp("throne", "dungeon") = ""
lcp("throne", "", "dungeon") = ""
lcp("cheese") = "cheese"
lcp("") = ""
lcp() = ""
lcp("prefix", "suffix") = ""
lcp("foo", "foobar") = "foo"
Go
package main import "fmt" // lcp finds the longest common prefix of the input strings. // It compares by bytes instead of runes (Unicode code points). // It's up to the caller to do Unicode normalization if desired // (e.g. see golang.org/x/text/unicode/norm). func lcp(l []string) string { // Special cases first switch len(l) { case 0: return "" case 1: return l[0] } // LCP of min and max (lexigraphically) // is the LCP of the whole set. min, max := l[0], l[0] for _, s := range l[1:] { switch { case s < min: min = s case s > max: max = s } } for i := 0; i < len(min) && i < len(max); i++ { if min[i] != max[i] { return min[:i] } } // In the case where lengths are not equal but all bytes // are equal, min is the answer ("foo" < "foobar"). return min } // Normally something like this would be a TestLCP function in *_test.go // and use the testing package to report failures. func main() { for _, l := range [][]string{ {"interspecies", "interstellar", "interstate"}, {"throne", "throne"}, {"throne", "dungeon"}, {"throne", "", "throne"}, {"cheese"}, {""}, nil, {"prefix", "suffix"}, {"foo", "foobar"}, } { fmt.Printf("lcp(%q) = %q\n", l, lcp(l)) } }
{{out}}
lcp(["interspecies" "interstellar" "interstate"]) = "inters"
lcp(["throne" "throne"]) = "throne"
lcp(["throne" "dungeon"]) = ""
lcp(["throne" "" "throne"]) = ""
lcp(["cheese"]) = "cheese"
lcp([""]) = ""
lcp([]) = ""
lcp(["prefix" "suffix"]) = ""
lcp(["foo" "foobar"]) = "foo"
Haskell
This even works on infinite strings (that have a finite longest common prefix), due to Haskell's laziness.
import Data.List (intercalate) lcp :: (Eq a) => [[a]] -> [a] lcp = fmap head . takeWhile allEqual . truncTranspose where truncTranspose :: [[a]] -> [[a]] truncTranspose xs | any null xs = [] | otherwise = (head <$> xs) : truncTranspose (tail <$> xs) allEqual :: (Eq a) => [a] -> Bool allEqual (x:xs) = all (== x) xs -- Similar to transpose, but stops on end of shortest list. showPrefix :: [String] -> String showPrefix xs = show xs ++ " -> " ++ show (lcp xs) main :: IO () main = do putStrLn $ intercalate "\n" (showPrefix <$> [ ["interspecies", "interstellar", "interstate"] , ["throne", "throne"] , ["throne", "dungeon"] , ["cheese"] , [""] , ["prefix", "suffix"] , ["foo", "foobar"] ]) putStrLn [] print $ lcp ["abc" ++ repeat 'd', "abcde" ++ repeat 'f'] -- prints
{{Out}}
["interspecies","interstellar","interstate"] -> "inters"
["throne","throne"] -> "throne"
["throne","dungeon"] -> ""
["cheese"] -> "cheese"
[""] -> ""
["prefix","suffix"] -> ""
["foo","foobar"] -> "foo"
"abcd"
J
lcp=: {. {.~ 0 i.~ [: */2 =/\ ]
In other words: compare adjacent strings pair-wise, combine results logically, find first mismatch in any of them, take that many characters from the first of the strings.
Note that we rely on J's handling of edge cases here. In other words: if we have only one string that falls out as the longest prefix, and if we have no strings the result is the empty string.
As the number of adjacent pairs is O(n) where n is the number of strings, this approach could be faster in the limit cases than sorting.
Examples:
lcp 'interspecies','interstellar',:'interstate'
inters
lcp 'throne',:'throne'
throne
lcp 'throne',:'dungeon'
lcp ,:'cheese'
cheese
lcp ,:''
lcp 0 0$''
lcp 'prefix',:'suffix'
Java
{{works with|Java|1.5+}}
public class LCP {
public static String lcp(String... list){
if(list == null) return "";//special case
String ret = "";
int idx = 0;
while(true){
char thisLetter = 0;
for(String word : list){
if(idx == word.length()){ //if we reached the end of a word then we are done
return ret;
}
if(thisLetter == 0){ //if this is the first word then note the letter we are looking for
thisLetter = word.charAt(idx);
}
if(thisLetter != word.charAt(idx)){ //if this word doesn't match the letter at this position we are done
return ret;
}
}
ret += thisLetter;//if we haven't said we are done then this position passed
idx++;
}
}
public static void main(String[] args){
System.out.println(lcp("interspecies","interstellar","interstate"));
System.out.println(lcp("throne","throne"));
System.out.println(lcp("throne","dungeon"));
System.out.println(lcp("throne","","throne"));
System.out.println(lcp("cheese"));
System.out.println(lcp(""));
System.out.println(lcp(null));
System.out.println(lcp("prefix","suffix"));
System.out.println(lcp("foo","foobar"));
}
}
{{out}}
inters
throne
cheese
foo
JavaScript
ES5
(function () { 'use strict'; function lcp() { var lst = [].slice.call(arguments), n = lst.length ? takewhile(same, zip.apply(null, lst)).length : 0; return n ? lst[0].substr(0, n) : ''; } // (a -> Bool) -> [a] -> [a] function takewhile(p, lst) { var x = lst.length ? lst[0] : null; return x !== null && p(x) ? [x].concat(takewhile(p, lst.slice(1))) : []; } // Zip arbitrary number of lists (an imperative implementation) // [[a]] -> [[a]] function zip() { var lngLists = arguments.length, lngMin = Infinity, lstZip = [], arrTuple = [], lngLen, i, j; for (i = lngLists; i--;) { lngLen = arguments[i].length; if (lngLen < lngMin) lngMin = lngLen; } for (i = 0; i < lngMin; i++) { arrTuple = []; for (j = 0; j < lngLists; j++) { arrTuple.push(arguments[j][i]); } lstZip.push(arrTuple); } return lstZip; } // [a] -> Bool function same(lst) { return (lst.reduce(function (a, x) { return a === x ? a : null; }, lst[0])) !== null; } // TESTS return [ lcp("interspecies", "interstellar", "interstate") === "inters", lcp("throne", "throne") === "throne", lcp("throne", "dungeon") === "", lcp("cheese") === "cheese", lcp("") === "", lcp("prefix", "suffix") === "", lcp("foo", "foobar") == "foo" ]; })();
{{Out}}
[true, true, true, true, true, true, true]
We could also, of course, use a functional implementation of a zip for an arbitrary number of arguments (e.g. as below). A good balance is often, however, to functionally compose primitive elements which are themselves iteratively implemented.
The functional composition facilitates refactoring, code reuse, and brisk development, while the imperative implementations can sometimes give significantly better performance in ES5, which does not optimise tail recursion. ( Tail call optimisation is, however, envisaged for ES6 - see https://kangax.github.io/compat-table/es6/ for progress towards its implementation ).
This functionally implemented zip is significantly slower than the iterative version used above:
// Zip arbitrary number of lists (a functional implementation, this time) // Accepts arrays or strings, and returns [[a]] function zip() { var args = [].slice.call(arguments), lngMin = args.reduce(function (a, x) { var n = x.length; return n < a ? n : a; }, Infinity); if (lngMin) { return args.reduce(function (a, v) { return ( typeof v === 'string' ? v.split('') : v ).slice(0, lngMin).map(a ? function (x, i) { return a[i].concat(x); } : function (x) { return [x]; }); }, null) } else return []; }
ES6
(() => { 'use strict'; // lcp :: (Eq a) => [[a]] -> [a] const lcp = xs => { const go = xs => xs.some(isNull) ? ( [] ) : cons( map(head, xs), go(map(tail, xs)) ); return concat(map( head, takeWhile( allSame, go(map(chars, xs)) ) )); }; // TEST --------------------------------------------- // showPrefix :: [String] -> String const showPrefix = xs => concat([show(xs), ' --> ', show(lcp(xs))]); // main :: IO () const main = () => { const strResults = unlines(map( showPrefix, [ ["interspecies", "interstellar", "interstate"], ["throne", "throne"], ["throne", "dungeon"], ["cheese"], [""], ["prefix", "suffix"], ["foo", "foobar"] ] )); return ( // console.log(strResults), strResults ); }; // GENERIC FUNCTIONS -------------------------------- // allSame :: [a] -> Bool const allSame = xs => 0 === xs.length || (() => { const x = xs[0]; return xs.every(y => x === y) })(); // chars :: String -> [Char] const chars = s => s.split(''); // concat :: [[a]] -> [a] // concat :: [String] -> String const concat = xs => 0 < xs.length ? (() => { const unit = 'string' !== typeof xs[0] ? ( [] ) : ''; return unit.concat.apply(unit, xs); })() : []; // cons :: a -> [a] -> [a] const cons = (x, xs) => [x].concat(xs); // head :: [a] -> a const head = xs => xs.length ? xs[0] : undefined; // isNull :: [a] -> Bool // isNull :: String -> Bool const isNull = xs => Array.isArray(xs) || ('string' === typeof xs) ? ( 1 > xs.length ) : undefined; // map :: (a -> b) -> [a] -> [b] const map = (f, xs) => (Array.isArray(xs) ? ( xs ) : xs.split('')).map(f); // show :: a -> String const show = JSON.stringify; // tail :: [a] -> [a] const tail = xs => 0 < xs.length ? xs.slice(1) : []; // takeWhile :: (a -> Bool) -> [a] -> [a] // takeWhile :: (Char -> Bool) -> String -> String const takeWhile = (p, xs) => { const lng = xs.length; return 0 < lng ? xs.slice( 0, until( i => lng === i || !p(xs[i]), i => 1 + i, 0 ) ) : []; }; // unlines :: [String] -> String const unlines = xs => xs.join('\n'); // until :: (a -> Bool) -> (a -> a) -> a -> a const until = (p, f, x) => { let v = x; while (!p(v)) v = f(v); return v; }; // MAIN --- return main(); })();
{{Out}}
["interspecies","interstellar","interstate"] --> "inters"
["throne","throne"] --> "throne"
["throne","dungeon"] --> []
["cheese"] --> "cheese"
[""] --> []
["prefix","suffix"] --> []
["foo","foobar"] --> "foo"
jq
{{works with| jq |1.4}}
See [[#Scala]] for a description of the approach used in this section.
# If your jq includes until/2
# then feel free to omit the following definition:
def until(cond; next):
def _until: if cond then . else (next|_until) end; _until;
def longest_common_prefix:
if length == 0 then "" # by convention
elif length == 1 then .[0] # for speed
else sort
| if .[0] == "" then "" # for speed
else .[0] as $first
| .[length-1] as $last
| ([$first, $last] | map(length) | min) as $n
| 0 | until( . == $n or $first[.:.+1] != $last[.:.+1]; .+1)
| $first[0:.]
end
end;
'''Test Cases'''
def check(ans): longest_common_prefix == ans;
(["interspecies","interstellar","interstate"] | check("inters")) and
(["throne","throne"] | check("throne")) and
(["throne","dungeon"] | check("")) and
(["throne", "", "throne"] | check("")) and
(["cheese"] | check("cheese")) and
([""] | check("")) and
([] | check("")) and
(["prefix","suffix"] | check("")) and
(["foo","foobar"] | check("foo"))
{{out}}
$ jq -n -f longest_common_prefix.jq true
Julia
{{works with|Julia|0.6}}
function lcp(str::AbstractString...) r = IOBuffer() str = [str...] if !isempty(str) i = 1 while all(i ≤ length(s) for s in str) && all(s == str[1][i] for s in getindex.(str, i)) print(r, str[1][i]) i += 1 end end return String(r) end @show lcp("interspecies", "interstellar", "interstate") @show lcp("throne","throne") @show lcp("throne","dungeon") @show lcp("throne", "", "throne") @show lcp("cheese") @show lcp("") @show lcp() @show lcp("prefix","suffix") @show lcp("foo","foobar")
{{out}}
lcp("interspecies", "interstellar", "interstate") = "inters"
lcp("throne", "throne") = "throne"
lcp("throne", "dungeon") = ""
lcp("throne", "", "throne") = ""
lcp("cheese") = "cheese"
lcp("") = ""
lcp() = ""
lcp("prefix", "suffix") = ""
lcp("foo", "foobar") = "foo"
Kotlin
// version 1.0.6 fun lcp(vararg sa: String): String { if (sa.isEmpty()) return "" if (sa.size == 1) return sa[0] val minLength = sa.map { it.length }.min()!! var oldPrefix = "" var newPrefix: String for (i in 1 .. minLength) { newPrefix = sa[0].substring(0, i) for (j in 1 until sa.size) if (!sa[j].startsWith(newPrefix)) return oldPrefix oldPrefix = newPrefix } return oldPrefix } fun main(args: Array<String>) { println("The longest common prefixes of the following collections of strings are:\n") println("""["interspecies","interstellar","interstate"] = "${lcp("interspecies", "interstellar", "interstate")}"""") println("""["throne","throne"] = "${lcp("throne", "throne")}"""") println("""["throne","dungeon"] = "${lcp("throne", "dungeon")}"""") println("""["throne","","throne"] = "${lcp("throne", "", "throne")}"""") println("""["cheese"] = "${lcp("cheese")}"""") println("""[""] = "${lcp("")}"""") println("""[] = "${lcp()}"""") println("""["prefix","suffix"] = "${lcp("prefix", "suffix")}"""") println("""["foo","foobar"] = "${lcp("foo", "foobar")}"""") }
{{out}}
The longest common prefixes of the following collections of strings are:
["interspecies","interstellar","interstate"] = "inters"
["throne","throne"] = "throne"
["throne","dungeon"] = ""
["throne","","throne"] = ""
["cheese"] = "cheese"
[""] = ""
[] = ""
["prefix","suffix"] = ""
["foo","foobar"] = "foo"
Lua
function lcp (strList) local shortest, prefix, first = math.huge, "" for _, str in pairs(strList) do if str:len() < shortest then shortest = str:len() end end for strPos = 1, shortest do if strList[1] then first = strList[1]:sub(strPos, strPos) else return prefix end for listPos = 2, #strList do if strList[listPos]:sub(strPos, strPos) ~= first then return prefix end end prefix = prefix .. first end return prefix end local testCases, pre = { {"interspecies", "interstellar", "interstate"}, {"throne", "throne"}, {"throne", "dungeon"}, {"throne", "", "throne"}, {"cheese"}, {""}, {nil}, {"prefix", "suffix"}, {"foo", "foobar"} } for _, stringList in pairs(testCases) do pre = lcp(stringList) if pre == "" then print(string.char(238)) else print(pre) end end
{{out}}
inters
throne
ε
ε
cheese
ε
ε
ε
foo
Maple
lcp := proc(arr)
local A:
if (arr = []) then return "": end if:
A := sort(arr):
return (A[1][1..(StringTools:-CommonPrefix(A[1],A[-1]))]):
end proc:
'''Test Cases'''
lcp(["interspecies","interstellar","interstate"]);
lcp(["throne","throne"]);
lcp(["throne","dungeon"]);
lcp(["throne","","dungeon"]);
lcp(["cheese"]);
lcp([""]);
lcp([]);
lcp(["prefix","suffix"]);
lcp(["foo","foobar"]);
{{out}}
inters
throne
""
""
cheese
""
""
""
foo
MiniScript
We find the shortest and longest strings (without sorting, which makes the code slightly longer but much more efficient), and then just compare those.
lcp = function(strList)
if not strList then return null
// find the shortest and longest strings (without sorting!)
shortest = strList[0]
longest = strList[0]
for s in strList
if s.len < shortest.len then shortest = s
if s.len > longest.len then longest = s
end for
if shortest.len < 1 then return ""
// now find how much of the shortest matches the longest
for i in range(0, shortest.len-1)
if shortest[i] != longest[i] then return shortest[:i]
end for
return shortest
end function
print lcp(["interspecies","interstellar","interstate"])
print lcp(["throne","throne"])
print lcp(["throne","dungeon"])
print lcp(["throne", "", "throne"])
print lcp(["cheese"])
print lcp([])
print lcp(["foo","foobar"])
{{out}}
inters
throne
cheese
null
foo
=={{header|Modula-2}}== {{trans|C#}}
MODULE LCP;
FROM Terminal IMPORT WriteString,WriteLn,ReadChar;
TYPE String = ARRAY[0..15] OF CHAR;
PROCEDURE Length(str : String) : CARDINAL;
VAR len : CARDINAL;
BEGIN
len := 0;
WHILE str[len] # 0C DO
INC(len)
END;
RETURN len
END Length;
PROCEDURE LongestCommonPrefix(params : ARRAY OF String) : String;
VAR
ret : String;
idx,widx : CARDINAL;
thisLetter : CHAR;
BEGIN
ret := "";
idx := 0;
LOOP
thisLetter := 0C;
FOR widx:=0 TO HIGH(params) DO
IF idx = Length(params[widx]) THEN
(* if we reached the end of a word then we are done *)
RETURN ret
END;
IF thisLetter = 0C THEN
(* if this is the first word then note the letter we are looking for *)
thisLetter := params[widx][idx]
END;
IF thisLetter # params[widx][idx] THEN
RETURN ret
END
END;
(* if we haven't said we are done then this position passed *)
ret[idx] := thisLetter;
INC(idx);
ret[idx] := 0C
END;
RETURN ret
END LongestCommonPrefix;
(* Main *)
TYPE
AS3 = ARRAY[0..2] OF String;
AS2 = ARRAY[0..1] OF String;
AS1 = ARRAY[0..0] OF String;
BEGIN
WriteString(LongestCommonPrefix(AS3{"interspecies", "interstellar", "interstate"}));
WriteLn;
WriteString(LongestCommonPrefix(AS2{"throne", "throne"}));
WriteLn;
WriteString(LongestCommonPrefix(AS2{"throne", "dungeon"}));
WriteLn;
WriteString(LongestCommonPrefix(AS3{"throne", "", "throne"}));
WriteLn;
WriteString(LongestCommonPrefix(AS1{"cheese"}));
WriteLn;
WriteString(LongestCommonPrefix(AS1{""}));
WriteLn;
WriteString(LongestCommonPrefix(AS2{"prefix", "suffix"}));
WriteLn;
WriteString(LongestCommonPrefix(AS2{"foo", "foobar"}));
WriteLn;
ReadChar
END LCP.
{{out}}
inters
throne
cheese
foo
==ooRexx== {{trans|REXX}}
Call assert lcp(.list~of("interspecies","interstellar","interstate")),"inters"
Call assert lcp(.list~of("throne","throne")),"throne"
Call assert lcp(.list~of("throne","dungeon")),""
Call assert lcp(.list~of("cheese")),"cheese"
Call assert lcp(.list~of("",""))
Call assert lcp(.list~of("prefix","suffix")),""
Call assert lcp(.list~of("a","b","c",'aaa')),""
Exit
assert:
If arg(1)==arg(2) Then tag='ok'
Else tag='??'
Say tag 'lcp="'arg(1)'"'
Say ''
Return
lcp:
Use Arg l
a=l~makearray()
s=l~makearray()~makestring((LINE),',')
say 'lcp('s')'
an=a~dimension(1)
If an=1 Then
Return a[1]
s=lcp2(a[1],a[2])
Do i=3 To an While s<>''
s=lcp2(s,a[i])
End
Return s
lcp2:
Do i=1 To min(length(arg(1)),length(arg(2)))
If substr(arg(1),i,1)<>substr(arg(2),i,1) Then
Leave
End
Return left(arg(1),i-1)
{{out}}
lcp(interspecies,interstellar,interstate)
ok lcp="inters"
lcp(throne,throne)
ok lcp="throne"
lcp(throne,dungeon)
ok lcp=""
lcp(cheese)
ok lcp="cheese"
lcp(,)
ok lcp=""
lcp(prefix,suffix)
ok lcp=""
lcp(a,b,c,aaa)
ok lcp=""
Perl
If the strings are known not to contain null-bytes, we can let the regex backtracking engine find the longest common prefix like this:
sub lcp { (join("\0", @_) =~ /^ ([^\0]*) [^\0]* (?:\0 \1 [^\0]*)* $/sx)[0]; }
Testing:
use Test::More; plan tests => 8; is lcp("interspecies","interstellar","interstate"), "inters"; is lcp("throne","throne"), "throne"; is lcp("throne","dungeon"), ""; is lcp("cheese"), "cheese"; is lcp(""), ""; is lcp(), ""; is lcp("prefix","suffix"), ""; is lcp("foo","foobar"), "foo";
{{out}} As in the Perl 6 example.
Perl 6
{{works with|rakudo|2015-11-28}} This should work on infinite strings (if and when we get them), since .ords is lazy. In any case, it does just about the minimal work by evaluating all strings lazily in parallel. A few explanations of the juicy bits: @s is the list of strings, and the hyper operator » applies the .ords to each of those strings, producing a list of lists. The | operator inserts each of those sublists as an argument into an argument list so that we can use a reduction operator across the list of lists, which makes sense if the operator in question knows how to deal with list arguments. In this case we use the Z ('zip') metaoperator with eqv as a base operator, which runs eqv across all the lists in parallel for each position, and will fail if not all the lists have the same ordinal value at that position, or if any of the strings run out of characters. Then we count up the leading matching positions and carve up one of the strings to that length.
multi lcp() { '' }
multi lcp($s) { ~$s }
multi lcp(*@s) { substr @s[0], 0, [+] [\and] [Zeqv] |@s».ords }
use Test;
plan 8;
is lcp("interspecies","interstellar","interstate"), "inters";
is lcp("throne","throne"), "throne";
is lcp("throne","dungeon"), '';
is lcp("cheese"), "cheese";
is lcp(''), '';
is lcp(), '';
is lcp("prefix","suffix"), '';
is lcp("foo","foobar"), 'foo';
{{out}}
1..8
ok 1 -
ok 2 -
ok 3 -
ok 4 -
ok 5 -
ok 6 -
ok 7 -
ok 8 -
Phix
function lcp(sequence strings)
string res = ""
if length(strings) then
res = strings[1]
for i=2 to length(strings) do
string si = strings[i]
for j=1 to length(res) do
if j>length(si) or res[j]!=si[j] then
res = res[1..j-1]
exit
end if
end for
if length(res)=0 then exit end if
end for
end if
return res
end function
constant tests = {{"interspecies", "interstellar", "interstate"},
{"throne", "throne"},
{"throne", "dungeon"},
{"throne", "", "throne"},
{"cheese"},
{""},
{},
{"prefix", "suffix"},
{"foo", "foobar"}
}
for i=1 to length(tests) do
?lcp(tests[i])
end for
{{out}}
"inters"
"throne"
""
""
"cheese"
""
""
""
"foo"
PL/I
{{trans|REXX}}
*process source xref attributes or(!);
(subrg):
lcpt: Proc Options(main);
Call assert(lcp('interspecies interstellar interstate'),'inters');
Call assert(lcp('throne throne'),'throne');
Call assert(lcp('throne dungeon'),'');
Call assert(lcp('cheese'),'cheese');
Call assert(lcp(' '),' ');
Call assert(lcp('prefix suffix'),'');
Call assert(lcp('a b c aaa'),'');
assert: Proc(result,expected);
Dcl (result,expected) Char(*) Var;
Dcl tag Char(2) Init('ok');
If result^=expected Then tag='??';
Put Edit(tag,' lcp="',result,'"','')(Skip,4(a));
End;
lcp: Proc(string) Returns(Char(50) Var);
Dcl string Char(*);
Dcl xstring Char(50) Var;
Dcl bn Bin Fixed(31) Init(0);
Dcl bp(20) Bin Fixed(31);
Dcl s Char(50) Var;
Dcl i Bin Fixed(31);
xstring=string!!' ';
Put Edit('"'!!string!!'"')(Skip,a);
Do i=2 To length(xstring);
If substr(xstring,i,1)=' ' Then Do;
bn+=1;
bp(bn)=i;
End;
End;
If bn=1 Then Return(substr(string,1,bp(1)-1));
s=lcp2(substr(string,1,bp(1)-1),substr(string,bp(1)+1,bp(2)-bp(1)));
Do i=3 To bn While(s^='');
s=lcp2(s,substr(string,bp(i-1)+1,bp(i)-bp(i-1)));
End;
Return(s);
End;
lcp2: Proc(u,v) Returns(Char(50) Var);
Dcl (u,v) Char(*);
Dcl s Char(50) Var;
Dcl i Bin Fixed(31);
Do i=1 To min(length(u),length(v));
If substr(u,i,1)^=substr(v,i,1) Then
Leave;
End;
Return(left(u,i-1));
End;
End;
{{out}}
"interspecies interstellar interstate"
ok lcp="inters"
"throne throne"
ok lcp="throne"
"throne dungeon"
ok lcp=""
"cheese"
ok lcp="cheese"
" "
ok lcp=" "
"prefix suffix"
ok lcp=""
"a b c aaa"
ok lcp=""
PowerShell
function lcp ($arr) { if($arr){ $arr = $arr | sort {$_.length} | select -unique if(1 -lt $arr.count) { $lim, $i, $test = $arr[0].length, 0, $true while (($i -lt $lim) -and $test) { $test = ($arr | group {$_[$i]}).Name.Count -eq 1 if ($test) {$i += 1} } $arr[0].substring(0,$i) } else {$arr} } else{''} } function show($arr) { function quote($str) {"`"$str`""} "lcp @($(($arr | foreach{quote $_}) -join ', ')) = $(lcp $arr)" } show @("interspecies","interstellar","interstate") show @("throne","throne") show @("throne","dungeon") show @("throne", "","throne") show @("cheese") show @("") show @() show @("prefix","suffix") show @("foo","foobar")
Output:
lcp @("interspecies", "interstellar", "interstate") = inters
lcp @("throne", "throne") = throne
lcp @("throne", "dungeon") =
lcp @("throne", "", "throne") =
lcp @("cheese") = cheese
lcp @("") =
lcp @() =
lcp @("prefix", "suffix") =
lcp @("foo", "foobar") = foo
Python
Note: this makes use of the error in os.path.commonprefix where it computes the longest common prefix regardless of directory separators rather than [[Find common directory path#Python|finding the common directory path]].
import os.path def lcp(*s): return os.path.commonprefix(s) assert lcp("interspecies","interstellar","interstate") == "inters" assert lcp("throne","throne") == "throne" assert lcp("throne","dungeon") == "" assert lcp("cheese") == "cheese" assert lcp("") == "" assert lcp("prefix","suffix") == "" assert lcp("foo","foobar") == "foo"
Python: Functional
To see if all the n'th characters are the same I compare the min and max characters in the lambda function.
from itertools import takewhile def lcp(*s): return ''.join(ch[0] for ch in takewhile(lambda x: min(x) == max(x), zip(*s))) assert lcp("interspecies","interstellar","interstate") == "inters" assert lcp("throne","throne") == "throne" assert lcp("throne","dungeon") == "" assert lcp("cheese") == "cheese" assert lcp("") == "" assert lcp("prefix","suffix") == "" assert lcp("foo","foobar") == "foo"
The above runs without output.
;Alternative Functional: An alternative solution that takes advantage of the observation that the longest common prefix of a set of strings must be the same as the longest common prefix of the lexicographically minimal string and the lexicographically maximal string, since moving away lexicographically can only shorten the common prefix, never lengthening it. Finding the min and max could do a lot of unnecessary work though, if the strings are long and the common prefix is short.
from itertools import takewhile def lcp(*s): return ''.join(a for a,b in takewhile(lambda x: x[0] == x[1], zip(min(s), max(s))))
Or, defined in terms of a generic '''transpose''' function:
from itertools import (takewhile) # lcp :: [String] -> String def lcp(xs): return ''.join( x[0] for x in takewhile(allSame, transpose(xs)) ) # TEST -------------------------------------------------- # main :: IO () def main(): def showPrefix(xs): return ''.join( ['[' + ', '.join(xs), '] -> ', lcp(xs)] ) print (*list(map(showPrefix, [ ["interspecies", "interstellar", "interstate"], ["throne", "throne"], ["throne", "dungeon"], ["cheese"], [""], ["prefix", "suffix"], ["foo", "foobar"]])), sep='\n' ) # GENERIC FUNCTIONS ------------------------------------- # allSame :: [a] -> Bool def allSame(xs): if 0 < len(xs): x = xs[0] return all(map(lambda y: x == y, xs)) else: return True # transpose :: [[a]] -> [[a]] def transpose(xs): return map(list, zip(*xs)) # TEST --- if __name__ == '__main__': main()
{{Out}}
[interspecies, interstellar, interstate] -> inters
[throne, throne] -> throne
[throne, dungeon] ->
[cheese] -> cheese
[] ->
[prefix, suffix] ->
[foo, foobar] -> foo
Racket
Note that there are three cases to the match, because zip needs at least one list, and char=? needs at least 2 characters to compare.
(define ε "") (define lcp (match-lambda* [(list) ε] [(list a) a] [ss (list->string (reverse (let/ec k (fold (lambda (a d) (if (apply char=? a) (cons (car a) d) (k d))) null (apply zip (map string->list ss))))))]))
(module+ test (require tests/eli-tester) (test (lcp "interspecies" "interstellar" "interstate") => "inters" (lcp "throne" "throne") => "throne" (lcp "throne" "dungeon") => "" (lcp "cheese") => "cheese" (lcp ε) => ε (lcp) => ε (lcp "prefix" "suffix") => ε))
All tests pass.
## REXX
### version 1
```rexx
/* REXX */
Call assert lcp("interspecies","interstellar","interstate"),"inters"
Call assert lcp("throne","throne"),"throne"
Call assert lcp("throne","dungeon"),""
Call assert lcp("cheese"),"cheese"
Call assert lcp("","")
Call assert lcp("prefix","suffix"),""
Call assert lcp("a","b","c",'aaa'),""
Call assert lcp("foo",'foobar'),"foo"
Call assert lcp("ab","","abc"),""
Exit
assert:
If arg(1)==arg(2) Then tag='ok'
Else tag='??'
Say tag 'lcp="'arg(1)'"'
Say ''
Return
lcp: Procedure
ol='test lcp('
Do i=1 To arg()
ol=ol||""""arg(i)""""
If i<arg() Then ol=ol','
Else ol=ol')'
End
Say ol
If arg()=1 Then
Return arg(1)
s=lcp2(arg(1),arg(2))
Do i=3 To arg() While s<>''
s=lcp2(s,arg(i))
End
Return s
lcp2: Procedure
Do i=1 To min(length(arg(1)),length(arg(2)))
If substr(arg(1),i,1)<>substr(arg(2),i,1) Then
Leave
End
Return left(arg(1),i-1)
{{out}}
test lcp("interspecies","interstellar","interstate")
ok lcp="inters"
test lcp("throne","throne")
ok lcp="throne"
test lcp("throne","dungeon")
ok lcp=""
test lcp("cheese")
ok lcp="cheese"
test lcp("","")
ok lcp=""
test lcp("prefix","suffix")
ok lcp=""
test lcp("a","b","c","aaa")
ok lcp=""
test lcp("foo","foobar") ok lcp="foo"
test lcp("ab","","abc") ok lcp=""
version 2
This REXX version makes use of the '''compare''' BIF.
/*REXX program computes the longest common prefix (LCP) of any number of strings.*/
say LCP('interspecies', "interstellar", 'interstate')
say LCP('throne', "throne") /*2 strings, they are exactly the same.*/
say LCP('throne', "dungeon") /*2 completely different strings. */
say LCP('throne', '', "throne") /*3 strings, the middle string is null.*/
say LCP('cheese') /*just a single cheesy argument. */
say LCP('') /*just a single null argument. */
say LCP() /*no arguments are specified at all. */
say LCP('prefix', "suffix") /*two mostly different strings. */
say LCP('foo', "foobar") /*two mostly similar strings. */
say LCP('a', "b", 'c', "aaa") /*four strings, mostly different. */
exit /*stick a fork in it, we're all done. */
/*──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
LCP: @=arg(1); m=length(@); #=arg(); say copies('▒', 50)
do i=1 for #; say '────────────── string' i":" arg(i)
end /*i*/
do j=2 to #; x=arg(j); t=compare(@, x) /*compare to next.*/
if t==1 | x=='' then do; @=; leave; end /*mismatch of strs*/
if t==0 & @==x then t=length(@) + 1 /*both are equal. */
if t>=m then iterate /*not longest str.*/
m=t-1; @=left(@, max(0, m)) /*define maximum. */
end /*j*/
return ' longest common prefix=' @ /*return answer. */
'''output''' when using the default inputs:
▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒
────────────── string 1: interspecies
────────────── string 2: interstellar
────────────── string 3: interstate
longest common prefix= inters
▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒
────────────── string 1: throne
────────────── string 2: throne
longest common prefix= throne
▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒
────────────── string 1: throne
────────────── string 2: dungeon
longest common prefix=
▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒
────────────── string 1: throne
────────────── string 2:
────────────── string 3: throne
longest common prefix=
▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒
────────────── string 1: cheese
longest common prefix= cheese
▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒
────────────── string 1:
longest common prefix=
▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒
longest common prefix=
▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒
────────────── string 1: prefix
────────────── string 2: suffix
longest common prefix=
▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒
────────────── string 1: foo
────────────── string 2: foobar
longest common prefix= foo
▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒
────────────── string 1: a
────────────── string 2: b
────────────── string 3: c
────────────── string 4: aaa
longest common prefix=
version 3
This REXX version explicitly shows ''null'' values and the number of strings specified.
/*REXX program computes the longest common prefix (LCP) of any number of strings.*/
say LCP('interspecies', "interstellar", 'interstate')
say LCP('throne', "throne") /*2 strings, they are exactly the same.*/
say LCP('throne', "dungeon") /*2 completely different strings. */
say LCP('throne', '', "throne") /*3 strings, the middle string is null.*/
say LCP('cheese') /*just a single cheesy argument. */
say LCP('') /*just a single null argument. */
say LCP() /*no arguments are specified at all. */
say LCP('prefix', "suffix") /*two mostly different strings. */
say LCP('foo', "foobar") /*two mostly similar strings. */
say LCP('a', "b", 'c', "aaa") /*four strings, mostly different. */
exit /*stick a fork in it, we're all done. */
/*──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
LCP: @=arg(1); m=length(@); #=arg(); say copies('▒', 60)
say '────────────── number of strings specified:' #
do i=1 for #; say '────────────── string' i":" showNull(arg(i))
end /*i*/
do j=2 to #; x=arg(j); t=compare(@,x) /*compare to next.*/
if t==1 | x=='' then do; @=; leave; end /*mismatch of strs*/
if t==0 & @==x then t=length(@) + 1 /*both are equal. */
if t>=m then iterate /*not longest str.*/
m=t-1; @=left(@, max(0, m)) /*define maximum. */
end /*j*/
return ' longest common prefix=' @ /*return answer. */
/*──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
showNull: procedure; parse arg z; if z=='' then z="«null»"; return z
'''output''' when using the default inputs:
▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒
────────────── number of strings specified: 3
────────────── string 1: interspecies
────────────── string 2: interstellar
────────────── string 3: interstate
longest common prefix= inters
▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒
────────────── number of strings specified: 2
────────────── string 1: throne
────────────── string 2: throne
longest common prefix= throne
▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒
────────────── number of strings specified: 2
────────────── string 1: throne
────────────── string 2: dungeon
longest common prefix= «null»
▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒
────────────── number of strings specified: 3
────────────── string 1: throne
────────────── string 2: «null»
────────────── string 3: throne
longest common prefix= «null»
▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒
────────────── number of strings specified: 1
────────────── string 1: cheese
longest common prefix= cheese
▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒
────────────── number of strings specified: 1
────────────── string 1: «null»
longest common prefix= «null»
▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒
────────────── number of strings specified: 0
longest common prefix= «null»
▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒
────────────── number of strings specified: 2
────────────── string 1: prefix
────────────── string 2: suffix
longest common prefix= «null»
▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒
────────────── number of strings specified: 2
────────────── string 1: foo
────────────── string 2: foobar
longest common prefix= foo
▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒
────────────── number of strings specified: 4
────────────── string 1: a
────────────── string 2: b
────────────── string 3: c
────────────── string 4: aaa
longest common prefix= «null»
Ring
# Project : Longest common prefix
aList1 = ["interspecies","interstellar","interstate"]
aList2 = list(len(aList1))
flag = 1
comp=""
for n=1 to len(aList1[1])
aList2 = list(len(aList1))
flag=1
for m=1 to len(aList1)
aList2[m] = left(aList1[m], n )
compare = left(aList1[1], n )
next
for p=1 to len(aList1)
if aList2[p] != compare
flag = 0
exit
ok
next
if flag=1
if len(compare) > comp
comp=compare
ok
ok
next
if comp=""
see "none"
else
see comp + nl
ok
Output:
inters
Ruby
def lcp(*strs) return "" if strs.empty? min, max = strs.minmax idx = min.size.times{|i| break i if min[i] != max[i]} min[0...idx] end data = [ ["interspecies","interstellar","interstate"], ["throne","throne"], ["throne","dungeon"], ["throne","","throne"], ["cheese"], [""], [], ["prefix","suffix"], ["foo","foobar"] ] data.each do |set| puts "lcp(#{set.inspect[1..-2]}) = #{lcp(*set).inspect}" end
{{out}}
lcp("interspecies", "interstellar", "interstate") = "inters"
lcp("throne", "throne") = "throne"
lcp("throne", "dungeon") = ""
lcp("throne", "", "throne") = ""
lcp("cheese") = "cheese"
lcp("") = ""
lcp() = ""
lcp("prefix", "suffix") = ""
lcp("foo", "foobar") = "foo"
Rust
Rust String by default is utf-8 encoded. Since utf-8 is variable width, indexing in constant time is not possible. This example therefore uses byte strings (slices of u8) for the strings. The implementation shown here is similar to the Java implementation.
fn main() { let strs: [&[&[u8]]; 7] = [ &[b"interspecies", b"interstellar", b"interstate"], &[b"throne", b"throne"], &[b"throne", b"dungeon"], &[b"cheese"], &[b""], &[b"prefix", b"suffix"], &[b"foo", b"foobar"], ]; strs.iter().for_each(|list| match lcp(list) { Some(prefix) => println!("{}", String::from_utf8_lossy(&prefix)), None => println!(), }); } fn lcp(list: &[&[u8]]) -> Option<Vec<u8>> { if list.is_empty() { return None; } let mut ret = Vec::new(); let mut i = 0; loop { let mut c = None; for word in list { if i == word.len() { return Some(ret); } match c { None => { c = Some(word[i]); } Some(letter) if letter != word[i] => return Some(ret), _ => continue, } } if let Some(letter) = c { ret.push(letter); } i += 1; } }
'''Output:'''
inters
throne
cheese
foo
Scala
Take the first and last of the set of sorted strings; zip the two strings into a sequence of tuples ('view' makes this happen laziliy, on demand), until the two characters in the tuple differ, at which point, unzip the sequence into two character sequences; finally, arbitarily take one of these sequences (they are identical) and convert back to a string
"interspecies" \ / i, n, t, e, r, s \
> zip takeWhile: (i,i), (n,n), (t,t), (e,e), (r,r), (s,s) unzip < > "inters"
"intesteller" / \ i, n, t, e, r, s
class TestLCP extends FunSuite { test("shared start") { assert(lcp("interspecies","interstellar","interstate") === "inters") assert(lcp("throne","throne") === "throne") assert(lcp("throne","dungeon").isEmpty) assert(lcp("cheese") === "cheese") assert(lcp("").isEmpty) assert(lcp(Nil :_*).isEmpty) assert(lcp("prefix","suffix").isEmpty) } def lcp(list: String*) = list.foldLeft("")((_,_) => (list.min.view,list.max.view).zipped.takeWhile(v => v._1 == v._2).unzip._1.mkString) }
Sidef
# Finds the first point where the tree bifurcates func find_common_prefix(hash, acc) { if (hash.len == 1) { var pair = hash.to_a[0] return __FUNC__(pair.value, acc+pair.key) } return acc } # Creates a tree like: {a => {b => {c => {}}}} func lcp(*strings) { var hash = Hash() for str in (strings.sort_by{.len}) { var ref = hash str.is_empty && return '' for char in str { if (ref.contains(char)) { ref = ref{char} ref.len == 0 && break } else { ref = (ref{char} = Hash()) } } } return find_common_prefix(hash, '') }
Demonstration:
var data = [ ["interspecies","interstellar","interstate"], ["throne","throne"], ["throne","dungeon"], ["throne","","throne"], ["cheese"], [""], [], ["prefix","suffix"], ["foo","foobar"] ]; data.each { |set| say "lcp(#{set.dump.substr(1,-1)}) = #{lcp(set...).dump}"; };
{{out}}
lcp("interspecies", "interstellar", "interstate") = "inters"
lcp("throne", "throne") = "throne"
lcp("throne", "dungeon") = ""
lcp("throne", "", "throne") = ""
lcp("cheese") = "cheese"
lcp("") = ""
lcp() = ""
lcp("prefix", "suffix") = ""
lcp("foo", "foobar") = "foo"
VBScript
Function lcp(s)
'declare an array
str = Split(s,",")
'indentify the length of the shortest word in the array
For i = 0 To UBound(str)
If i = 0 Then
l = Len(str(i))
ElseIf Len(str(i)) < l Then
l = Len(str(i))
End If
Next
'check prefixes and increment index
idx = 0
For j = 1 To l
For k = 0 To UBound(str)
If UBound(str) = 0 Then
idx = Len(str(0))
Else
If k = 0 Then
tstr = Mid(str(k),j,1)
ElseIf k <> UBound(str) Then
If Mid(str(k),j,1) <> tstr Then
Exit For
End If
Else
If Mid(str(k),j,1) <> tstr Then
Exit For
Else
idx = idx + 1
End If
End If
End If
Next
If idx = 0 Then
Exit For
End If
Next
'return lcp
If idx = 0 Then
lcp = "No Matching Prefix"
Else
lcp = Mid(str(0),1,idx)
End If
End Function
'Calling the function for test cases.
test = Array("interspecies,interstellar,interstate","throne,throne","throne,dungeon","cheese",_
"","prefix,suffix")
For n = 0 To UBound(test)
WScript.StdOut.Write "Test case " & n & " " & test(n) & " = " & lcp(test(n))
WScript.StdOut.WriteLine
Next
{{out}}
Test case 0 interspecies,interstellar,interstate = inters
Test case 1 throne,throne = throne
Test case 2 throne,dungeon = No Matching Prefix
Test case 3 cheese = cheese
Test case 4 = No Matching Prefix
Test case 5 prefix,suffix = No Matching Prefix
Tcl
Since [http://www.tcl.tk/cgi-bin/tct/tip/195.html TIP#195] this has been present as a core command:
% namespace import ::tcl::prefix % prefix longest {interstellar interspecies interstate integer} "" inte
zkl
The string method prefix returns the number of common prefix characters.
fcn lcp(s,strings){ s[0,s.prefix(vm.pasteArgs(1))] }
Or, without using prefix: {{trans|Scala}}
fcn lcp(strings){
vm.arglist.reduce(fcn(prefix,s){ Utils.Helpers.zipW(prefix,s) // lazy zip
.pump(String,fcn([(a,b)]){ a==b and a or Void.Stop })
})
}
tester:=TheVault.Test.UnitTester.UnitTester();
tester.testRun(lcp.fp("interspecies","interstellar","interstate"),Void,"inters",__LINE__);
tester.testRun(lcp.fp("throne","throne"),Void,"throne",__LINE__);
tester.testRun(lcp.fp("throne","dungeon"),Void,"",__LINE__);
tester.testRun(lcp.fp("cheese"),Void,"cheese",__LINE__);
tester.testRun(lcp.fp(""),Void,"",__LINE__);
tester.testRun(lcp.fp("prefix","suffix"),Void,"",__LINE__);
tester.stats();
The fp (partial application) method is used to delay running lcp until the tester actually tests. {{out}}
### ================== Unit Test 1 ==================
Test 1 passed!
### ================== Unit Test 2 ==================
Test 2 passed!
### ================== Unit Test 3 ==================
Test 3 passed!
### ================== Unit Test 4 ==================
Test 4 passed!
### ================== Unit Test 5 ==================
Test 5 passed!
### ================== Unit Test 6 ==================
Test 6 passed!
6 tests completed.
Passed test(s): 6 (of 6)