⚠️ Warning: This is a draft ⚠️
This means it might contain formatting issues, incorrect code, conceptual problems, or other severe issues.
If you want to help to improve and eventually enable this page, please fork RosettaGit's repository and open a merge request on GitHub.
{{task|Data Structures}}Using the link element defined in [[Singly-Linked List (element)]], define a method to insert an element into a [[singly-linked list]] following a given element.
Using this method, insert an element C into a list comprised of elements A->B, following element A.
{{Template:See also lists}}
360 Assembly
The program uses one ASSIST macro (XPRNT) to keep the code as short as possible.
* Singly-linked list - Insert after 01/02/2017
LISTSINA CSECT
USING LISTSINA,R13 base register
B 72(R15) skip savearea
DC 17F'0' savearea
STM R14,R12,12(R13) prolog
ST R13,4(R15) " <-
ST R15,8(R13) " ->
LR R13,R15 " addressability
* Allocate A
GETMAIN RU,LV=12 get storage
USING NODE,R11 make storage addressable
LR R11,R1 "
MVC VAL,=CL8'A' val='A'
MVC NEXT,=A(0)
DROP R11 base no longer needed
ST R11,A A=@A
* Init LIST
ST R11,LIST init LIST with A
* Allocate C
GETMAIN RU,LV=12 get storage
USING NODE,R11 make storage addressable
LR R11,R1 "
MVC VAL,=CL8'C' val='C'
MVC NEXT,=A(0)
DROP R11 base no longer needed
ST R11,C C=@C
* Insert C After A
MVC P1,A
MVC P2,C
LA R1,PARML
BAL R14,INSERTAF
* Allocate B
GETMAIN RU,LV=12 get storage
USING NODE,R11 make storage addressable
LR R11,R1 "
MVC VAL,=CL8'B' val='B'
MVC NEXT,=A(0)
DROP R11 base no longer needed
ST R11,B B=@B
* Insert B After A
MVC P1,A
MVC P2,B
LA R1,PARML
BAL R14,INSERTAF
* List all
L R11,LIST
USING NODE,R11 address node
LOOP C R11,=A(0)
BE ENDLIST
XPRNT VAL,8
L R11,NEXT
B LOOP
ENDLIST DROP R11
FREEMAIN A=A,LV=12 free A
FREEMAIN A=B,LV=12 free B
FREEMAIN A=C,LV=12 free C
RETURN L R13,4(0,R13) epilog
LM R14,R12,12(R13) " restore
XR R15,R15 " rc=0
BR R14 exit
LIST DS A list head
A DS A
B DS A
C DS A
PARML DS 0A
P1 DS A
P2 DS A
INSERTAF CNOP 0,4
L R2,0(R1) @A
L R3,4(R1) @B
USING NODE,R2 ->A
L R4,NEXT @C
DROP R2
USING NODE,R3 ->B
ST R4,NEXT B.NEXT=@C
DROP R3
USING NODE,R2 ->A
ST R3,NEXT A.NEXT=@B
DROP R2
BR R14 return
LTORG all literals
NODE DSECT node (size=12)
VAL DS CL8
NEXT DS A
YREGS
END LISTSINA
{{out}}
A
B
C
ACL2
(defun insert-after (x e xs) (cond ((endp xs) nil) ((equal x (first xs)) (cons (first xs) (cons e (rest xs)))) (t (cons (first xs) (insert-after x e (rest xs))))))
Example:
>(insert-after 'A 'C '(A B))
(A C B)
ActionScript
Insertion method:
package { public class Node { public var data:Object = null; public var link:Node = null; public function insert(node:Node):void { node.link = link; link = node; } } }
Usage:
import Node; var A:Node = new Node(1); var B:Node = new Node(2); var C:Node = new Node(3); A.insert(B); A.insert(C);
Ada
We must create a context clause making the predefined generic procedure Ada.Unchecked_Deallocation visible to this program.
with Ada.Unchecked_Deallocation;
-- Define the link type
procedure Singly_Linked is
type Link;
type Link_Access is access Link;
type Link is record
Data : Integer;
Next : Link_Access := null;
end record;
-- Instantiate the generic deallocator for the link type
procedure Free is new Ada.Unchecked_Deallocation(Link, Link_Access);
-- Define the procedure
procedure Insert_Append(Anchor : Link_Access; Newbie : Link_Access) is
begin
if Anchor /= null and Newbie /= null then
Newbie.Next := Anchor.Next;
Anchor.Next := Newbie;
end if;
end Insert_Append;
-- Create the link elements
A : Link_Access := new Link'(1, null);
B : Link_Access := new Link'(2, null);
C : Link_Access := new Link'(3, null);
-- Execute the program
begin
Insert_Append(A, B);
Insert_Append(A, C);
Free(A);
Free(B);
Free(C);
end Singly_Linked;
ALGOL 68
Linked lists are not built into ALGOL 68 ''per se'', nor any available standard library. However Linked lists are presented in standard text book examples. Or can be manually constructed, eg:
MODE STRINGLIST = STRUCT(STRING value, REF STRINGLIST next);
STRINGLIST list := ("Big",
LOC STRINGLIST := ("fjords",
LOC STRINGLIST := ("vex",
LOC STRINGLIST := ("quick",
LOC STRINGLIST := ("waltz",
LOC STRINGLIST := ("nymph",NIL))))));
PROC insert = (REF STRINGLIST list, node)VOID: (
next OF node := next OF list;
next OF list := node
);
STRINGLIST very := ("VERY", NIL);
# EXAMPLE OF INSERTION #
insert(next OF next OF list, very );
REF STRINGLIST node := list;
WHILE REF STRINGLIST(node) ISNT NIL DO
print((value OF node, space));
node := next OF node
OD;
print((newline))
Output:
Big fjords vex VERY quick waltz nymph
ALGOL W
% inserts a new value after the specified element of a list %
procedure insert( reference(ListI) value list
; integer value newValue
) ;
next(list) := ListI( newValue, next(list) );
% declare a variable to hold a list %
reference(ListI) head;
% create a list of integers %
head := ListI( 1701, ListI( 9000, ListI( 42, ListI( 90210, null ) ) ) );
% insert a new value into the list %
insert( next(head), 4077 );
ARM Assembly
{{works with|as|Raspberry Pi}}
/* ARM assembly Raspberry PI */
/* program insertList.s */
/* Constantes */
.equ STDOUT, 1 @ Linux output console
.equ EXIT, 1 @ Linux syscall
.equ READ, 3
.equ WRITE, 4
.equ NBELEMENTS, 100 @ list size
/*******************************************/
/* Structures */
/********************************************/
/* structure linkedlist*/
.struct 0
llist_next: @ next element
.struct llist_next + 4
llist_value: @ element value
.struct llist_value + 4
llist_fin:
/* Initialized data */
.data
szMessInitListe: .asciz "List initialized.\n"
szCarriageReturn: .asciz "\n"
/* datas error display */
szMessErreur: .asciz "Error detected.\n"
/* datas message display */
szMessResult: .ascii "Element No :"
sNumElement: .space 12,' '
.ascii " value : "
sValue: .space 12,' '
.asciz "\n"
/* UnInitialized data */
.bss
lList1: .skip llist_fin * NBELEMENTS @ list memory place
/* code section */
.text
.global main
main:
ldr r0,iAdrlList1
mov r1,#0 @ list init
str r1,[r0,#llist_next]
ldr r0,iAdrszMessInitListe
bl affichageMess
ldr r0,iAdrlList1
mov r1,#2
bl insertElement @ add element value 2
ldr r0,iAdrlList1
mov r1,#5
bl insertElement @ add element value 5
ldr r3,iAdrlList1
mov r2,#0 @ ident element
1:
ldr r0,[r3,#llist_next] @ end list ?
cmp r0,#0
beq 100f @ yes
add r2,#1
mov r0,r2 @ display No element and value
ldr r1,iAdrsNumElement
bl conversion10S
ldr r0,[r3,#llist_value]
ldr r1,iAdrsValue
bl conversion10S
ldr r0,iAdrszMessResult
bl affichageMess
ldr r3,[r3,#llist_next] @ next element
b 1b @ and loop
100: @ standard end of the program
mov r7, #EXIT @ request to exit program
svc 0 @ perform system call
iAdrszMessInitListe: .int szMessInitListe
iAdrszMessErreur: .int szMessErreur
iAdrszCarriageReturn: .int szCarriageReturn
iAdrlList1: .int lList1
iAdrszMessResult: .int szMessResult
iAdrsNumElement: .int sNumElement
iAdrsValue: .int sValue
/******************************************************************/
/* insert element at end of list */
/******************************************************************/
/* r0 contains the address of the list */
/* r1 contains the value of element */
/* r0 returns address of element or - 1 if error */
insertElement:
push {r1-r3,lr} @ save registers
mov r2,#llist_fin * NBELEMENTS
add r2,r0 @ compute address end list
1: @ start loop
ldr r3,[r0,#llist_next] @ load next pointer
cmp r3,#0 @ = zero
movne r0,r3 @ no -> loop with pointer
bne 1b
add r3,r0,#llist_fin @ yes -> compute next free address
cmp r3,r2 @ > list end
movge r0,#-1 @ yes -> error
bge 100f
str r3,[r0,#llist_next] @ store next address in current pointer
str r1,[r0,#llist_value] @ store element value
mov r1,#0
str r1,[r3,#llist_next] @ init next pointer in next address
100:
pop {r1-r3,lr} @ restaur registers
bx lr @ return
/******************************************************************/
/* display text with size calculation */
/******************************************************************/
/* r0 contains the address of the message */
affichageMess:
push {r0,r1,r2,r7,lr} @ save registers
mov r2,#0 @ counter length */
1: @ loop length calculation
ldrb r1,[r0,r2] @ read octet start position + index
cmp r1,#0 @ if 0 its over
addne r2,r2,#1 @ else add 1 in the length
bne 1b @ and loop
@ so here r2 contains the length of the message
mov r1,r0 @ address message in r1
mov r0,#STDOUT @ code to write to the standard output Linux
mov r7, #WRITE @ code call system "write"
svc #0 @ call system
pop {r0,r1,r2,r7,lr} @ restaur registers
bx lr @ return
/***************************************************/
/* Converting a register to a signed decimal */
/***************************************************/
/* r0 contains value and r1 area address */
conversion10S:
push {r0-r4,lr} @ save registers
mov r2,r1 @ debut zone stockage
mov r3,#'+' @ par defaut le signe est +
cmp r0,#0 @ negative number ?
movlt r3,#'-' @ yes
mvnlt r0,r0 @ number inversion
addlt r0,#1
mov r4,#10 @ length area
1: @ start loop
bl divisionpar10U
add r1,#48 @ digit
strb r1,[r2,r4] @ store digit on area
sub r4,r4,#1 @ previous position
cmp r0,#0 @ stop if quotient = 0
bne 1b
strb r3,[r2,r4] @ store signe
subs r4,r4,#1 @ previous position
blt 100f @ if r4 < 0 -> end
mov r1,#' ' @ space
2:
strb r1,[r2,r4] @store byte space
subs r4,r4,#1 @ previous position
bge 2b @ loop if r4 > 0
100:
pop {r0-r4,lr} @ restaur registers
bx lr
/***************************************************/
/* division par 10 unsigned */
/***************************************************/
/* r0 dividende */
/* r0 quotient */
/* r1 remainder */
divisionpar10U:
push {r2,r3,r4, lr}
mov r4,r0 @ save value
//mov r3,#0xCCCD @ r3 <- magic_number lower raspberry 3
//movt r3,#0xCCCC @ r3 <- magic_number higter raspberry 3
ldr r3,iMagicNumber @ r3 <- magic_number raspberry 1 2
umull r1, r2, r3, r0 @ r1<- Lower32Bits(r1*r0) r2<- Upper32Bits(r1*r0)
mov r0, r2, LSR #3 @ r2 <- r2 >> shift 3
add r2,r0,r0, lsl #2 @ r2 <- r0 * 5
sub r1,r4,r2, lsl #1 @ r1 <- r4 - (r2 * 2) = r4 - (r0 * 10)
pop {r2,r3,r4,lr}
bx lr @ leave function
iMagicNumber: .int 0xCCCCCCCD
AutoHotkey
a = 1
a_next = b
b = 2
b_next = 0
c = 3
insert_after("c", "a")
Listvars
msgbox
return
insert_after(new, old)
{
local temp
temp := %old%_next
%old%_next := new
%new%_next := temp
}
Axe
Lbl INSERT
{r₁+2}ʳ→{r₂+2}ʳ
r₂→{r₁+2}ʳ
r₁
Return
BBC BASIC
{{works with|BBC BASIC for Windows}}
DIM node{pNext%, iData%}
DIM a{} = node{}, b{} = node{}, c{} = node{}
a.pNext% = b{}
a.iData% = 123
b.iData% = 789
c.iData% = 456
PROCinsert(a{}, c{})
END
DEF PROCinsert(here{}, new{})
new.pNext% = here.pNext%
here.pNext% = new{}
ENDPROC
C
Define the method:
void insert_append (link *anchor, link *newlink) { newlink->next = anchor->next; anchor->next = newlink; }
Note that in a production implementation, one should check anchor and newlink to ensure they're valid values. (I.e., not NULL.)
And now on to the code.
Create our links.
link *a, *b, *c; a = malloc(sizeof(link)); b = malloc(sizeof(link)); c = malloc(sizeof(link)); a->data = 1; b->data = 2; c->data = 3;
Prepare our initial list
insert_append (a, b);
Insert element c after element a
insert_append (a, c);
Remember to free the memory once we're done.
free (a);
free (b);
free (c);
C++
This uses the generic version of the link node. Of course, normally this would be just some implementation detail inside some list class, not to be used directly by client code.
template<typename T> void insert_after(link<T>* list_node, link<T>* new_node) { new_node->next = list_node->next; list_node->next = new_node; };
Here's the example code using that method:
The following code creates the links. As numeric values I've just taken the corresponding character values.
link<int> * a = new link<int>('A', new link<int>('B')); link<int>* c = new link<int>('C');
Now insert c after a:
insert_after(a, c);
Finally destroy the list:
while (a) { link<int>* tmp = a; a = a->next; delete tmp; }
C#
Uses the generic version of the node type located [[Singly-linked_list/Element_definition#C#|here]].
Creates nodes and inserts them from the data passed.
(LinkedListNode<T> prev, T value)
{
prev.Next = new Link() { Value = value, Next = prev.Next };
}
static void Main() { //Create A(5)->B(7) var A = new LinkedListNode<int>() { Value = 5 }; InsertAfter(A, 7); //Insert C between A and B InsertAfter(A, 15); }
Clojure
(defn insert-after [new old ls] (cond (empty? ls) ls (= (first ls) old) (cons old (cons new (rest ls))) :else (cons (first ls) (insert-after new old (rest ls)))))
And the test:
(insert-after 'c 'a '(a b))
(a c b)
Common Lisp
For many list manipulations in Common Lisp, there are both destructive and non-destructive versions. insert-after is non-destructive, copying the structure of list up to and including the occurrence of the old-element, and sharing the list structure afterward. ninsert-after may modify the structure of the input list.
(defun insert-after (new-element old-element list &key (test 'eql)) "Return a list like list, but with new-element appearing after the first occurence of old-element. If old-element does not appear in list, then a list returning just new-element is returned." (if (endp list) (list new-element) (do ((head (list (first list)) (cons (first tail) head)) (tail (rest list) (rest tail))) ((or (endp tail) (funcall test old-element (first head))) (nreconc head (cons new-element tail)))))) (defun ninsert-after (new-element old-element list &key (test 'eql)) "Like insert-after, but modifies list in place. If list is empty, a new list containing just new-element is returned." (if (endp list) (list new-element) (do ((prev list next) (next (cdr list) (cdr next))) ((or (null next) (funcall test old-element (car prev))) (rplacd prev (cons new-element next)) list))))
A simpler implementation that traverses the list a bit more can also be written. This takes advantage of the fact that member returns the tail of the list beginning with the first occurrence of an item, and that ldiff copies as much of its list argument as necessary.
(defun simple-insert-after (new-element old-element list &key (test 'eql)) (let ((tail (rest (member old-element list :test test)))) (nconc (ldiff list tail) (cons new-element tail))))
Lastly, here is a recursive version. Case 3 could be optimized by only doing the rplacd operation when the recursive call returns a tail whose first cell is now different compared to that of the previous tail. (I.e. the recursive call has immediately hit case 1 or 2 which allocate new structure.)
(defun insert-after (list new existing &key (test #'eql)) "Insert item new into list, before existing, or at the end if existing is not present. The default comparison test function is EQL. This function destroys the original list and returns the new list." (cond ;; case 1: list is empty: just return list of new ((endp list) (list new)) ;; case 2: existing element is first element of list ((funcall test (car list) existing) `(,(car list) ,new ,@(cdr list))) ;; case 3: recurse: insert the element into the rest of the list, ;; and make that list the new rest. (t (rplacd list (insert-before (cdr list) new existing :test test)) list)))
D
struct SLinkedNode(T) { T data; typeof(this)* next; } void insertAfter(T)(SLinkedNode!T* listNode, SLinkedNode!T* newNode) { newNode.next = listNode.next; listNode.next = newNode; } void main() { alias N = SLinkedNode!char; auto lh = new N('A', new N('B')); auto c = new N('C'); // Inserts C after A, creating the (A C B) list: insertAfter(lh, c); // The GC will collect the memory. }
Delphi
A simple insertion into a one way list. I use a generic pointer for the data that way it can point to any structure, individual variable or whatever. '''NOTE:''' For original versions of Turbo Pascal, substitute the MemAvail Function for the Try Except block as this does not exist in this version of the pascal language. Also, Turbo Pascal doesn't have C++-style comments, therefore those have to be replaced with Pascal style comments, i.e. { ... } or (* ... *).
// Using the same type defs from the one way list example.
Type
// The pointer to the list structure
pOneWayList = ^OneWayList;
// The list structure
OneWayList = record
pData : pointer ;
Next : pOneWayList ;
end;
// I will illustrate a simple function that will return a pointer to the
// new node or it will return NIL. In this example I will always insert
// right, to keep the code clear. Since I am using a function all operations
// for the new node will be conducted on the functions result. This seems
// somewhat counter intuitive, but it is the simplest way to accomplish this.
Function InsertNode(VAR CurrentNode:pOneWayList): pOneWayList
begin
// I try not to introduce different parts of the language, and keep each
// example to just the code required. in this case it is important to use
// a try/except block. In any OS that is multi-threaded and has many apps
// running at the same time, you cannot rely on a call to check memory available
// and then attempting to allocate. In the time between the two, another
// program may have grabbed the memory you were trying to get.
Try
// Try to allocate enough memory for a variable the size of OneWayList
GetMem(Result,SizeOf(OneWayList));
Except
On EOutOfMemoryError do
begin
Result := NIL
exit;
end;
end;
// Initialize the variable.
Result.Next := NIL ;
Reuslt.pdata := NIL ;
// Ok now we will insert to the right.
// Is the Next pointer of CurrentNode Nil? If it is we are just tacking
// on to the end of the list.
if CurrentNode.Next = NIL then
CurrentNode.Next := Result
else
// We are inserting into the middle of this list
Begin
Result.Next := CurrentNode.Next ;
CurrentNode.Next := result ;
end;
end;
E
def insertAfter(head :LinkedList ? (!head.null()),
new :LinkedList ? (new.next().null())) {
new.setNext(head.next())
head.setNext(new)
}
def a := makeLink(1, empty)
def b := makeLink(2, empty)
def c := makeLink(3, empty)
insertAfter(a, b)
insertAfter(a, c)
var x := a
while (!x.null()) {
println(x.value())
x := x.next()
}
EchoLisp
Lists are mutable, and we use the destructive - and dangerous - set-cdr! operator which modifies the 'rest' part of a list or sub-list.
(define (insert-after lst target item) (when (null? lst) (error "cannot insert in" null)) (let [(sub-list (member target lst))] (if sub-list (set-cdr! sub-list (cons item (cdr sub-list))) ; make chirurgy if found (nconc lst item)))) ; else append item (define L '(a b)) (insert-after L 'a 'c) L → (a c b) (insert-after L 'x 'y) L → (a c b y)
Elena
singleton linkHelper
{
insertAfter(Link prev, IntNumber i)
{
prev.Next := new Link(i, prev.Next)
}
}
Erlang
Lists are builtin, but Erlang is single assignment. Here we need mutable link to next element. Mutable in Erlang usually means a process, so:
-module( singly_linked_list ). -export( [append/2, foreach/2, free/1, insert/3, new/1, task/0] ). append( New, Start ) -> Start ! {append, New}. foreach( Fun, Start ) -> Start ! {foreach, Fun}. free( Element ) -> Element ! {free}. insert( New, After, Start ) -> Start ! {insert, New, After}. new( Data ) -> erlang:spawn( fun() -> loop( Data, nonext ) end ). task() -> A = new( a ), B = new( b ), append( B, A ), C = new( c ), insert( C, A, A ), foreach( fun(Data) -> io:fwrite("~p~n", [Data]) end, A ). loop( Data, Next ) -> My_pid = erlang:self(), receive {append, New} -> New_next = loop_append( New, Next ), loop( Data, New_next ); {foreach, Fun} -> catch Fun( Data ), loop_foreach( Fun, Next ), loop( Data, Next ); {free} -> ok; {insert, New, My_pid} -> append( Next, New ), loop( Data, New ); {insert, New, After} -> Next ! {insert, New, After}, loop( Data, Next ) end. loop_append( New, nonext ) -> New; loop_append( New, Next ) -> Next ! {append, New}, Next. loop_foreach( _Fun, nonext ) -> ok; loop_foreach( Fun, Next ) -> Next ! {foreach, Fun}.
{{out}}
4> singly_linked_list:task().
a
c
b
Factor
: list-append ( previous new -- )
[ swap next>> >>next drop ] [ >>next drop ] 2bi ;
SYMBOLS: A B C ;
A <linked-list>
[ C <linked-list> list-append ] keep
[ B <linked-list> list-append ] keep
.
Output:
T{ linked-list
{ data A }
{ next
T{ linked-list
{ data B }
{ next T{ linked-list { data C } } }
}
}
}
Fantom
Extending Node class from [[Singly-Linked_List_(element)]]:
class Node
{
const Int value
Node? successor // can be null, for end of series
new make (Int value, Node? successor := null)
{
this.value = value
this.successor = successor
}
// insert method for this problem
public Void insert (Node newNode)
{
newNode.successor = this.successor
this.successor = newNode
}
}
// simple class to test putting 'c' between 'a' and 'b'
class Main
{
public static Void main ()
{
c := Node (2)
b := Node (3)
a := Node (1, b)
a.insert (c)
echo (a.value)
echo (a.successor.value)
echo (a.successor.successor.value)
}
}
Output:
1
2
3
Forth
Using the linked list concept described in the [[Singly-Linked_List_(element)]] topic:
\ Create the list and some list elements
create A 0 , char A ,
create B 0 , char B ,
create C 0 , char C ,
Now insert b after a and c after b, giving a->b->c
B A chain
C B chain
Here is an abbreviated version of the definition of 'chain' from the other article:
: chain ( a b -- ) 2dup @ swap ! ! ;
Fortran
In ISO Fortran 95 or later:
elemental subroutine addAfter(nodeBefore,value)
type (node), intent(inout) :: nodeBefore
real, intent(in) :: value
type (node), pointer :: newNode
allocate(newNode)
newNode%data = value
newNode%next => nodeBefore%next
nodeBefore%next => newNode
end subroutine addAfter
Go
package main import "fmt" type Ele struct { Data interface{} Next *Ele } func (e *Ele) insert(data interface{}) { if e == nil { panic("attept to modify nil") } e.Next = &Ele{data, e.Next} } func (e *Ele) printList() { if e == nil { fmt.Println(nil) return } fmt.Printf("(%v", e.Data) for { e = e.Next if e == nil { fmt.Println(")") return } fmt.Print(" ", e.Data) } } func main() { h := &Ele{"A", &Ele{"B", nil}} h.printList() h.insert("C") h.printList() }
Output:
(A B)
(A C B)
Groovy
Solution (uses ListNode from [[Singly-Linked List (element)#Groovy]]):
class NodeList { private enum Flag { FRONT } private ListNode head void insert(value, insertionPoint=Flag.FRONT) { if (insertionPoint == Flag.FRONT) { head = new ListNode(payload: value, next: head) } else { def node = head while (node.payload != insertionPoint) { node = node.next if (node == null) { throw new IllegalArgumentException( "Insertion point ${afterValue} not already contained in list") } } node.next = new ListNode(payload:value, next:node.next) } } String toString() { "${head}" } }
Test:
def list = new NodeList() list.insert('B') list.insert('A') println list list.insert('C', 'A') println list
Output:
A -> B -> null
A -> C -> B -> null
Haskell
This kind of list manipulation is [[unidiomatic]] Haskell. But you can try the following:
insertAfter a b (c:cs) | a==c = a : b : cs | otherwise = c : insertAfter a b cs insertAfter _ _ [] = error "Can't insert"
==Icon and Unicon==
The Icon solution works for both Icon and Unicon, but Unicon permits a class-based solution.
=
Icon
=
record Node (value, successor)
procedure insert_node (node, newNode)
newNode.successor := node.successor
node.successor := newNode
end
=
Unicon
=
class Node (value, successor)
method insert (node)
node.successor := self.successor
self.successor := node
end
initially (value, successor)
self.value := value
self.successor := successor
end
J
list=: 1 65,:_ 66
A=:0 NB. reference into list
B=:1 NB. reference into list
insertAfter=: monad define
'localListName localListNode localNewValue'=. y
localListValue=: ".localListName
localOldLinkRef=: <localListNode,0
localNewLinkRef=: #localListValue
localNewNode=: (localOldLinkRef { localListValue), localNewValue
(localListName)=: (localNewLinkRef localOldLinkRef} localListValue), localNewNode
)
With these definitions:
insertAfter 'list';A;67
updates the list inserting the value for C after the value for A.
That said, note that the underlying mechanism is rather silly, for J. Linked lists are only interesting in J for illustrative purposes, and should not be used in code that anyone cares about. I have supplied a correspondingly verbose implementation.
Java
Extending [[Singly-Linked_List_(element)#Java]]
void insertNode(Node<T> anchor_node, Node<T> new_node) { new_node.next = anchor_node.next; anchor_node.next = new_node; }
{{works with|Java|1.5+}} Java allows the use of generics to allow the data type to be determined at compile time. This will only work on reference types, not primitive types like int or float (wrapper classes like Integer and Float are available).
JavaScript
Extending [[Singly-Linked_List_(element)#JavaScript]]
LinkedList.prototype.insertAfter = function(searchValue, nodeToInsert) { if (this._value == searchValue) { nodeToInsert.next(this.next()); this.next(nodeToInsert); } else if (this.next() == null) throw new Error(0, "value '" + searchValue + "' not found in linked list.") else this.next().insertAfter(searchValue, nodeToInsert); } var list = createLinkedListFromArray(['A','B']); list.insertAfter('A', new LinkedList('C', null));
Julia
{{works with|Julia|0.6}} See the LinkedList implemented at [[Singly-linked_list/Element_definition#Julia]].
function Base.insert!(ll::LinkedList{T}, index::Integer, item::T) where T if index == 1 if isempty(ll) return push!(ll, item) else ll.head = Node{T}(item, ll.head) end else nd = ll.head while index > 2 if nd.next isa EmptyNode throw(BoundsError()) else nd = nd.next index -= 1 end end nd.next = Node{T}(item, nd.next) end return ll end
Kotlin
// version 1.1.2 class Node<T: Number>(var data: T, var next: Node<T>? = null) { override fun toString(): String { val sb = StringBuilder(this.data.toString()) var node = this.next while (node != null) { sb.append(" -> ", node.data.toString()) node = node.next } return sb.toString() } } fun <T: Number> insertAfter(prev: Node<T>, new: Node<T>) { new.next = prev.next prev.next = new } fun main(args: Array<String>) { val b = Node(3) val a = Node(1, b) println("Before insertion : $a") val c = Node(2) insertAfter(a, c) println("After insertion : $a") }
{{out}}
Before insertion : 1 -> 3
After insertion : 1 -> 2 -> 3
Logo
to insert :after :list :value
localmake "tail member :after :list
if not empty? :tail [.setbf :tail fput :value bf :tail]
output :list
end
show insert 5 [3 5 1 8] 2
[3 5 2 1 8]
Mathematica
Append[{a, b}, c]
->{a, b, c}
=={{header|Modula-3}}==
MODULE SinglyLinkedList EXPORTS Main;
TYPE
Link = REF LinkRcd;
LinkRcd = RECORD
Next: Link;
Data: INTEGER
END;
PROCEDURE InsertAppend(anchor, next: Link) =
BEGIN
IF anchor # NIL AND next # NIL THEN
next.Next := anchor.Next;
anchor.Next := next
END
END InsertAppend;
VAR
a: Link := NEW(Link, Next := NIL, Data := 1);
b: Link := NEW(Link, Next := NIL, Data := 2);
c: Link := NEW(Link, Next := NIL, Data := 3);
BEGIN
InsertAppend(a, b);
InsertAppend(a, c)
END SinglyLinkedList.
Nim
type Node[T] = ref object next: Node[T] data: T proc newNode[T](data: T): Node[T] = Node[T](data: data) var a = newNode 12 var b = newNode 13 var c = newNode 14 proc insertAppend(a, n: var Node) = n.next = a.next a.next = n a.insertAppend(b) b.insertAppend(c)
OCaml
This kind of list manipulation is unidiomatic OCaml. But you can try the following:
let rec insert_after a b = function c :: cs when a = c -> a :: b :: cs | c :: cs -> c :: insert_after a b cs | [] -> raise Not_found
Oforth
Method forEachNext is defined in order to traverse the LinkedList. This method is used by println (as a LinkedLIst is defined as a subclass of Collection).
Collection Class new: LinkedList(data, mutable next)
LinkedList method: initialize := next := data ;
LinkedList method: data @data ;
LinkedList method: next @next ;
LinkedList method: add(e) e @next LinkedList new := next ;
LinkedList method: forEachNext
dup ifNull: [ drop self ]
dup 1 ifEq: [ drop false return ]
dup next dup ifNull: [ drop 1 ]
swap data true ;
: testLink LinkedList new($A, null) dup add($B) dup add($C) ;
testLink println
{{out}}
[A, C, B]
ooRexx
See [[Singly-linked_list/Element_definition#ooRexx|Single-linked list/Element definition]] for full class definition.
list = .linkedlist~new
index = list~insert("abc") -- insert a first item, keeping the index
list~insert("def") -- adds to the end
list~insert("123", .nil) -- adds to the begining
list~insert("456", index) -- inserts between "abc" and "def"
list~remove(index) -- removes "abc"
Pascal
Note: This code uses only Standard Pascal features. For code using features only available in modern Pascal versions, see above under "[Delphi / Object Pascal / >>Turbo Pascal<<]"
Since Standard Pascal doesn't know a generic pointer type, and also no generic types, one has to settle for a specific data type for the linked list. Since the task mentions node names "A", "B", "C", here a char is chosen. Of course any data type (including pointers to a specific data type) could have been used here.
type pCharNode = ^CharNode; CharNode = record data: char; next: pCharNode; end; (* This procedure inserts a node (newnode) directly after another node which is assumed to already be in a list. It does not allocate a new node, but takes an already allocated node, thus allowing to use it (together with a procedure to remove a node from a list) for splicing a node from one list to another. *) procedure InsertAfter(listnode, newnode: pCharNode); begin newnode^.next := listnode^.next; listnode^.next := newnode; end;
Usage example:
var A, B: pCharNode; begin (* build the two-component list A->C manually *) new(A); A^.data := 'A'; new(A^.next); A^.next^.data := 'C'; A^.next^.next := nil; (* create the node to be inserted. The initialization of B^.next isn't strictly necessary (it gets overwritten anyway), but it's good style not to leave any values undefined. *) new(B); node^.data := 'B'; node^.next := nil; (* call the above procedure to insert node B after node A *) InsertAfter(A, B); (* delete the list *) while A <> nil do begin B := A; A := A^.next; dispose(B); end end.
Perl
If you don't really need the constant-time insertion property of singly linked lists, just use an array. You can traverse and splice it any way.
my @l = ($A, $B); push @l, $C, splice @l, 1;
However, if you really need a linked list, or all you got is an algorithm in a foreign language, you can use references to accomplish the translation.
sub insert_after { # first argument: node to insert after # second argument: node to insert $_[1]{next} = $_[0]{next}; $_[0]{next} = $_[1]; } my %B = ( data => 3, next => undef, # not a circular list ); my %A = ( data => 1, next => \%B, ); my %C = ( data => 2, ); insert_after \%A, \%C;
Note that you don't have to name your new nodes. The following works just as well:
insert_after \%A, { data => 2 };
Note the curly braces instead of round parentheses.
It is straightforward to extend the function to take an arbitrary number of list nodes to insert:
sub insert_after { my $node = $_[0]; my $next = $node->{next}; shift; while (defined $_[0]) { $node->{next} = $_[0]; $node = $node->{next}; shift; } $node->{next} = $next; }
With this, it's rather easy to build a list:
my %list = ( data => 'A' ); insert_after \%list, { data => 'B' }, { data => 'C' };
List handling is simplified if the variables themselves contain references. For example:
my $list2; # create a new list ('A'. 'B', 'C') and store it in $list2 insert_after $list2 = { data => 'A' }, { data => 'B' }, { data => 'C' }; # append two new nodes ('D', 'E') after the first element insert_after $list2, { data => 'A2' }, { data => 'A3' }; # append new nodes ('A2a', 'A2b') after the second element (which now is 'A2') insert_after $list2->{next}, { data => 'A2a' }, { data => 'A2b' };
Perl 6
Extending class Cell from [[Singly-linked_list/Element_definition#Perl_6]]:
method insert ($value) {
$.next = Cell.new(:$value, :$.next)
}
Phix
See also [[Singly-linked_list/Traversal#Phix|Traversal]] and [[Singly-linked_list/Element_removal#Phix|Removal]].
enum NEXT,DATA
constant empty_sll = {{1}}
sequence sll = empty_sll
procedure insert_after(object data, integer pos=length(sll))
sll = append(sll,{sll[pos][NEXT],data})
sll[pos][NEXT] = length(sll)
end procedure
insert_after("ONE")
insert_after("TWO")
insert_after("THREE")
?sll
{{out}}
{{2},{3,"ONE"},{4,"TWO"},{1,"THREE"}}
PicoLisp
Destructive operation
(de insertAfter (Item Lst New)
(when (member Item Lst)
(con @ (cons New (cdr @))) )
Lst )
Non-destructive operation
(de insertAfter (Item Lst New)
(if (index Item Lst)
(conc (cut @ 'Lst) (cons New Lst))
Lst ) )
Output in both cases:
: (insertAfter 'A '(A B) 'C)
-> (A C B)
: (insertAfter 'A '(X Y Z A B D E) 'C)
-> (X Y Z A C B D E)
PL/I
/* Let H be a pointer to a node in a one-way-linked list. */
/* Insert an element, whose value is given by variable V, following that node. */
allocate node set (Q);
node.p = H; /* The new node now points at the list where we want to insert it. */
node.value = V;
H->p = Q; /* Break the list at H, and point it at the new node. */
Pop11
In Pop11 one normally uses built-in lists:
define insert_into_list(anchor, x);
cons(x, back(anchor)) -> back(anchor);
enddefine;
;;; Build inital list
lvars l1 = cons("a", []);
insert_into_list(l1, "b");
;;; insert c
insert_into_list(l1, "c");
If one wants one can use user-defined list node (for convenience we repeat definition of list node):
uses objectclass;
define :class ListNode;
slot value = [];
slot next = [];
enddefine;
define insert_into_List(anchor, x);
consListNode(x, next(anchor)) -> next(anchor);
enddefine;
;;; Build inital list
lvars l2 = consListNode("a", []);
insert_into_List(l2, "b");
;;; insert c
insert_into_List(l2, "c");
Note that user-defined case differs from built-in case only because of names.
PureBasic
Procedure insertAfter(Value, *node.MyData = #Null)
Protected *newNode.MyData = AllocateMemory(SizeOf(MyData))
If *newNode
If *node
*newNode\next = *node\next
*node\next = *newNode
EndIf
*newNode\Value = Value
EndIf
ProcedureReturn *newNode ;return pointer to newnode
EndProcedure
Define *SL_List.MyData, a = 1, b = 2, c = 3
*SL_List = insertAfter(a) ;start the list
insertAfter(b, *SL_List) ;insert after head of list
insertAfter(c, *SL_List) ;insert after head of list and before tail
Python
def chain_insert(lst, at, item): while lst is not None: if lst[0] == at: lst[1] = [item, lst[1]] return else: lst = lst[1] raise ValueError(str(at) + " not found") chain = ['A', ['B', None]] chain_insert(chain, 'A', 'C') print chain
Output:
['A', ['C', ['B', None]]]
Racket
#lang racket
;; insert b after a in a mutable list (assumes that a is in the input list)
(define (insert-after! list a b)
(if (equal? (mcar list) a)
(set-mcdr! list (mcons b (mcdr list)))
(insert-after! (mcdr list) a b)))
(define l (mcons 1 (mcons 2 (mcons 3 '()))))
(insert-after! l 2 2.5)
l ; -> (mcons 1 (mcons 2 (mcons 2.5 (mcons 3))))
REXX
/*REXX program demonstrates how to create and show a single-linked list.*/
@.=0 /*define a null linked list. */
call set@ 3 /*linked list: 12 Proth primes. */
call set@ 5
call set@ 13
call set@ 17
call set@ 41
call set@ 97
call set@ 113
call set@ 193
call set@ 241
call set@ 257
call set@ 353
call set@ 449
call list@
after = 97 /* ◄──── REXX code to do insert. */
newVal=100 /* ◄──── " " " " " */
#[email protected] /* ◄──── " " " " " */
call ins@ #,newVal /* ◄──── " " " " " */
say
say 'a new value of' newval "has been inserted after element value:" after
call list@
exit /*stick a fork in it, we're done.*/
/*──────────────────────────────────INS@ subroutine─────────────────────*/
ins@: procedure expose @.; parse arg #,y
@._last=@._last+1 /*bump number of list elements. */
_=@._last
@._._value=y /*define new value list element. */
@._._next=@.#._next
@.#._next=_
@..y=_ /*set a locator pointer to self. */
@.max_width=max(@.max_width,length(y)) /*set maximum width of any value.*/
return /*return to invoker of this sub. */
/*──────────────────────────────────LIST@ subroutine────────────────────*/
list@: say; w=max(7, @.max_width ) /*use the max width of nums or 7.*/
say center('item',6) center('value',w) center('next',6)
say center('' ,6,'─') center('' ,w,'─') center('' ,6,'─')
p=1
do j=1 until p==0 /*show all entries of linked list*/
say right(j,6) right(@.p._value,w) right(@.p._next,6)
[email protected]._next
end /*j*/
return
/*──────────────────────────────────SET@ subroutine─────────────────────*/
set@: procedure expose @.; parse arg y /*get element to be added to list*/
_=@._last /*set the previous last element. */
n=_+1 /*bump last ptr in linked list. */
@._._next=n /*set the next pointer value. */
@._last=n /*define next item in linked list*/
@.n._value=y /*set item to the value specified*/
@.n._next=0 /*set the next pointer value. */
@..y=n /*set a locator pointer to self. */
@.max_width=max(@.max_width,length(y)) /*set maximum width of any value.*/
return /*return to invoker of this sub. */
'''output'''
item value next
────── ─────── ──────
1 3 2
2 5 3
3 13 4
4 17 5
5 41 6
6 97 7
7 113 8
8 193 9
9 241 10
10 257 11
11 353 12
12 449 0
a new value of 100 has been inserted after element value: 97
item value next
────── ─────── ──────
1 3 2
2 5 3
3 13 4
4 17 5
5 41 6
6 97 13
7 100 7
8 113 8
9 193 9
10 241 10
11 257 11
12 353 12
13 449 0
Ruby
class ListNode def insert_after(search_value, new_value) if search_value == value self.succ = self.class.new(new_value, succ) elsif self.succ.nil? raise StandardError, "value #{search_value} not found in list" else self.succ.insert_after(search_value, new_value) end end end list = ListNode.new(:a, ListNode.new(:b)) list.insert_after(:a, :c)
Rust
Extending [[Singly-Linked List (element)#Rust]]. Please see that page for the Linked List struct declarations.
{
pub fn new() -> Self {
List { head: None }
}
pub fn push(&mut self, elem: T) {
let new_node = Box::new(Node {
elem: elem,
next: self.head.take(),
});
self.head = Some(new_node);
}
Scala
In Scala (and functional programming) we create a new list instead of modifying existing one.
/* Here is a basic list definition sealed trait List[+A] case class Cons[+A](head: A, tail: List[A]) extends List[A] case object Nil extends List[Nothing] */ object List { def add[A](as: List[A], a: A): List[A] = Cons(a, as) }
Scheme
Non-mutating:
(define (insert-after a b lst)
(if (null? lst)
lst ; This should be an error, but we will just return the list untouched
(let ((c (car lst))
(cs (cdr lst)))
(if (equal? a c)
(cons a (cons b cs))
(cons c (insert-after a b cs))))))
Mutating:
(define (insert-after! a b lst)
(let ((pos (member a lst)))
(if pos
(set-cdr! pos (cons b (cdr pos))))))
Sidef
func insert_after(a,b) { b{:next} = a{:next}; a{:next} = b; } var B = Hash.new( data => 3, next => nil, # not a circular list ); var A = Hash.new( data => 1, next => B, ); var C = Hash.new( data => 2, ); insert_after(A, C);
Stata
See [[Singly-linked list/Element definition#Stata]].
Tcl
This task is extremely against the nature of the Tool Command Language. There are built-in lists, which are first-class citizens. The command linsert for inserting in such a list is already there, but it returns a new list instead of modifying an existing one. To emulate this, the name of the list (instead of its value) has to be handed over to the procedure and the procedure has to be given access to the variable using the upvar construction.
Additionally, the inserting point is usually given by the index of the element, which is to follow the new element, so the insertion always happens before. Since references and pointers don't exist in Tcl, using an existing element (which can only be a value) to determine the position of insertion, is not a good idea, because any value may appear several times in the list.
No error checking is included.
proc insertIntoList {existingList predecessor newElement} { upvar $existingList exList set exList [linsert $exList [expr [lsearch -exact $exList $predecessor] + 1] $newElement] } set list {A B} insertIntoList list A C puts $list
{{out}}
A C B
X86 Assembly
; x86_64 Linux NASM
; Linked_List_Insert.asm
%ifndef INSERT
%define INSERT
%include "Linked_List_Definition.asm" ; see LL def task
%include "Heap_Alloc.asm" ; see memory allocation task
section .text
; rdi - link to insert after
; rsi - value that the new link will hold
Insert_After:
push rdi
push rsi
mov rdi, linkSize
call alloc
cmp rax, 0
je Memory_Allocation_Failure_Exception
pop rdi
mov dword [rax + value], edi
pop rdi
mov rsi, qword [rdi + next]
mov qword [rax + next], rsi
mov qword [rdi + next], rax
ret
%endif
zkl
In place:
L("a","b","c").insert(1,"foo") //-->L("a","foo","b","c")
a:=L("a","b","c"); a.insert(a.find("b"),"foo") //-->L("a","foo","b","c")
Create a new list:
a:=ROList("a","b","c");
n:=a.index("b"); a[0,n].append("foo").extend(a[n,*]) //-->ROList("a","foo","b","c")