⚠️ Warning: This is a draft ⚠️
This means it might contain formatting issues, incorrect code, conceptual problems, or other severe issues.
If you want to help to improve and eventually enable this page, please fork RosettaGit's repository and open a merge request on GitHub.
{{task}} [[Category:String manipulation]] [[Category: Encodings]]
;Task: Provide a function or mechanism to convert a provided string into URL encoding representation.
In URL encoding, special characters, control characters and extended characters are converted into a percent symbol followed by a two digit hexadecimal code, So a space character encodes into %20 within the string.
For the purposes of this task, every character except 0-9, A-Z and a-z requires conversion, so the following characters all require conversion by default:
- ASCII control codes (Character ranges 00-1F hex (0-31 decimal) and 7F (127 decimal).
- ASCII symbols (Character ranges 32-47 decimal (20-2F hex))
- ASCII symbols (Character ranges 58-64 decimal (3A-40 hex))
- ASCII symbols (Character ranges 91-96 decimal (5B-60 hex))
- ASCII symbols (Character ranges 123-126 decimal (7B-7E hex))
- Extended characters with character codes of 128 decimal (80 hex) and above.
;Example:
The string "
;Variations:
- Lowercase escapes are legal, as in "
http%3a%2f%2ffoo%20bar%2f - Some standards give different rules: RFC 3986, ''Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax'', section 2.3, says that "-.~" should not be encoded. HTML 5, section [http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/association-of-controls-and-forms.html#url-encoded-form-data 4.10.22.5 URL-encoded form data], says to preserve "-.*", and to encode space " " to "+". The options below provide for utilization of an exception string, enabling preservation (non encoding) of particular characters to meet specific standards.
;Options: It is permissible to use an exception string (containing a set of symbols that do not need to be converted). However, this is an optional feature and is not a requirement of this task.
;Related tasks:
- [[URL decoding]]
- [[URL parser]]
Ada
{{libheader|AWS}}
with AWS.URL;
with Ada.Text_IO; use Ada.Text_IO;
procedure Encode is
Normal : constant String := "http://foo bar/";
begin
Put_Line (AWS.URL.Encode (Normal));
end Encode;
{{out}}
http%3A%2F%2Ffoo%20bar%2F
AutoHotkey
MsgBox, % UriEncode("http://foo bar/")
; Modified from http://goo.gl/0a0iJq
UriEncode(Uri)
{
VarSetCapacity(Var, StrPut(Uri, "UTF-8"), 0)
StrPut(Uri, &Var, "UTF-8")
f := A_FormatInteger
SetFormat, IntegerFast, H
While Code := NumGet(Var, A_Index - 1, "UChar")
If (Code >= 0x30 && Code <= 0x39 ; 0-9
|| Code >= 0x41 && Code <= 0x5A ; A-Z
|| Code >= 0x61 && Code <= 0x7A) ; a-z
Res .= Chr(Code)
Else
Res .= "%" . SubStr(Code + 0x100, -1)
SetFormat, IntegerFast, %f%
Return, Res
}
Apex
EncodingUtil.urlEncode('http://foo bar/', 'UTF-8')
http%3A%2F%2Ffoo+bar%2F
AppleScript
{{libheader|AppleScript Toolbox}}
AST URL encode "http://foo bar/"
{{out}}
"http%3A%2F%2Ffoo%20bar%2F"
Arturo
url "http://foo bar/"
print $(encodeUrl url)
{{out}}
http%3A%2F%2Ffoo%20bar%2F
AWK
BEGIN {
for (i = 0; i <= 255; i++)
ord[sprintf("%c", i)] = i
}
# Encode string with application/x-www-form-urlencoded escapes.
function escape(str, c, len, res) {
len = length(str)
res = ""
for (i = 1; i <= len; i++) {
c = substr(str, i, 1);
if (c ~ /[0-9A-Za-z]/)
#if (c ~ /[-._*0-9A-Za-z]/)
res = res c
#else if (c == " ")
# res = res "+"
else
res = res "%" sprintf("%02X", ord[c])
}
return res
}
# Escape every line of input.
{ print escape($0) }
The array ord[] uses idea from [[Character codes#AWK]].
To follow the rules for HTML 5, uncomment the two lines that convert " " to "+", and use the regular expression that preserves "-._*".
BBC BASIC
PRINT FNurlencode("http://foo bar/")
END
DEF FNurlencode(url$)
LOCAL c%, i%
WHILE i% < LEN(url$)
i% += 1
c% = ASCMID$(url$, i%)
IF c%<&30 OR c%>&7A OR c%>&39 AND c%<&41 OR c%>&5A AND c%<&61 THEN
url$ = LEFT$(url$,i%-1) + "%" + RIGHT$("0"+STR$~c%,2) + MID$(url$,i%+1)
ENDIF
ENDWHILE
= url$
{{out}}
http%3A%2F%2Ffoo%20bar%2F
Bracmat
( ( encode
= encoded exceptions octet string
. !arg:(?exceptions.?string)
& :?encoded
& @( !string
: ?
( %@?octet ?
& !encoded
( !octet
: ( ~<0:~>9
| ~<A:~>Z
| ~<a:~>z
)
| @(!exceptions:? !octet ?)
& !octet
| "%" d2x$(asc$!octet)
)
: ?encoded
& ~
)
)
| str$!encoded
)
& out$"without exceptions:
"
& out$(encode$(."http://foo bar/"))
& out$(encode$(."mailto:Ivan"))
& out$(encode$(."Aim <[email protected]>"))
& out$(encode$(."mailto:Irma"))
& out$(encode$(."User <[email protected]>"))
& out$(encode$(."http://foo.bar.com/~user-name/_subdir/*~.html"))
& out$"
with RFC 3986 rules:
"
& out$(encode$("-._~"."http://foo bar/"))
& out$(encode$("-._~"."mailto:Ivan"))
& out$(encode$("-._~"."Aim <[email protected]>"))
& out$(encode$("-._~"."mailto:Irma"))
& out$(encode$("-._~"."User <[email protected]>"))
& out$(encode$("-._~"."http://foo.bar.com/~user-name/_subdir/*~.html"))
);
{{out}}
without exceptions:
http%3A%2F%2Ffoo%20bar%2F
mailto%3AIvan
Aim%20%3Civan%2Eaim%40email%2Ecom%3E
mailto%3AIrma
User%20%3Cirma%2Euser%40mail%2Ecom%3E
http%3A%2F%2Ffoo%2Ebar%2Ecom%2F%7Euser%2Dname%2F%5Fsubdir%2F%2A%7E%2Ehtml
with RFC 3986 rules:
http%3A%2F%2Ffoo%20bar%2F
mailto%3AIvan
Aim%20%3Civan.aim%40email.com%3E
mailto%3AIrma
User%20%3Cirma.user%40mail.com%3E
http%3A%2F%2Ffoo.bar.com%2F~user-name%2F_subdir%2F%2A~.html
C
#include <stdio.h> #include <ctype.h> char rfc3986[256] = {0}; char html5[256] = {0}; /* caller responsible for memory */ void encode(const char *s, char *enc, char *tb) { for (; *s; s++) { if (tb[*s]) sprintf(enc, "%c", tb[*s]); else sprintf(enc, "%%%02X", *s); while (*++enc); } } int main() { const char url[] = "http://foo bar/"; char enc[(strlen(url) * 3) + 1]; int i; for (i = 0; i < 256; i++) { rfc3986[i] = isalnum(i)||i == '~'||i == '-'||i == '.'||i == '_' ? i : 0; html5[i] = isalnum(i)||i == '*'||i == '-'||i == '.'||i == '_' ? i : (i == ' ') ? '+' : 0; } encode(url, enc, rfc3986); puts(enc); return 0; }
C++
using Qt 4.6 as a library
#include <QByteArray> #include <iostream> int main( ) { QByteArray text ( "http://foo bar/" ) ; QByteArray encoded( text.toPercentEncoding( ) ) ; std::cout << encoded.data( ) << '\n' ; return 0 ; }
{{out}}
http%3A%2F%2Ffoo%20bar%2F## C# ```c sharp using System; namespace URLEncode { internal class Program { private static void Main(string[] args) { Console.WriteLine(Encode("http://foo bar/")); } private static string Encode(string uri) { return Uri.EscapeDataString(uri); } } } ``` {{out}} ```txt http%3A%2F%2Ffoo%20bar%2F ``` ## Clojure Using Java's URLEncoder: ```clojure (import 'java.net.URLEncoder) (URLEncoder/encode "http://foo bar/" "UTF-8") ``` {{out}} ```txt "http%3A%2F%2Ffoo+bar%2F" ``` ## ColdFusion ## Common Lisp ```lisp (defun needs-encoding-p (char) (not (digit-char-p char 36))) (defun encode-char (char) (format nil "%~2,'0X" (char-code char))) (defun url-encode (url) (apply #'concatenate 'string (map 'list (lambda (char) (if (needs-encoding-p char) (encode-char char) (string char))) url))) (url-encode "http://foo bar/") ``` {{out}} ```txt "http%3A%2F%2Ffoo%20bar%2F" ``` ## D ```d import std.stdio, std.uri; void main() { writeln(encodeComponent("http://foo bar/")); } ``` ```txt http%3A%2F%2Ffoo%20bar%2F ``` ## Elixir ```elixir iex(1)> URI.encode("http://foo bar/", &URI.char_unreserved?/1) "http%3A%2F%2Ffoo%20bar%2F" ``` ## Erlang Built in,
http_uri:encode/1 accepts lists and binary:
```txt
1> http_uri:encode("http://foo bar/").
"http%3A%2F%2Ffoo%20bar%2F"
```
### Unicode
If you are URL encoding unicode data though http_uri:encode/1 will produce incorrect results:
```txt
1> http_uri:encode("étanchéité d une terrasse").
"étanchéité%20d%20une%20terrasse"
```
You should use the built-in (non-documented) edoc_lib:escape_uri/1 instead:
```txt
1> edoc_lib:escape_uri("étanchéité d une terrasse").
"%c3%a9tanch%c3%a9it%c3%a9%20d%20une%20terrasse"
```
And for binary you will need to take care and use unicode:characters_to_{list,binary}/1:
```txt
1> unicode:characters_to_binary(edoc_lib:escape_uri(unicode:characters_to_list(<<"étanchéité d une terrasse"/utf8>>))).
<<"%c3%a9tanch%c3%a9it%c3%a9%20d%20une%20terrasse">>
```
=={{header|F_Sharp|F#}}==
```fsharp
open System
[: or /. However, we can write our own predicate quotation that tells (url-encode) what characters to exclude.
```factor
USING: combinators.short-circuit unicode urls.encoding.private ;
: my-url-encode ( str -- encoded )
[ { [ alpha? ] [ "-._~" member? ] } 1|| ] (url-encode) ;
"http://foo bar/" my-url-encode print
```
{{out}}
```txt
http%3A%2F%2Ffoo%20bar%2F
```
## Free Pascal
```pascal
function urlEncode(data: string): AnsiString;
var
ch: AnsiChar;
begin
Result := '';
for ch in data do begin
if ((Ord(ch) < 65) or (Ord(ch) > 90)) and ((Ord(ch) < 97) or (Ord(ch) > 122)) then begin
Result := Result + '%' + IntToHex(Ord(ch), 2);
end else
Result := Result + ch;
end;
end;
```
## Go
```go
package main
import (
"fmt"
"net/url"
)
func main() {
fmt.Println(url.QueryEscape("http://foo bar/"))
}
```
{{out}}
```txt
http%3A%2F%2Ffoo+bar%2F
```
## Groovy
```groovy
def normal = "http://foo bar/"
def encoded = URLEncoder.encode(normal, "utf-8")
println encoded
```
{{out}}
```txt
http%3A%2F%2Ffoo+bar%2F
```
## Haskell
```Haskell
import qualified Data.Char as Char
import Text.Printf
encode :: Char -> String
encode c
| c == ' ' = "+"
| Char.isAlphaNum c || c `elem` "-._~" = [c]
| otherwise = printf "%%%02X" c
urlEncode :: String -> String
urlEncode = concatMap encode
main :: IO ()
main = putStrLn $ urlEncode "http://foo bar/"
```
{{out}}
```txt
http%3A%2F%2Ffoo+bar%2F
```
=={{header|Icon}} and {{header|Unicon}}==
```Icon
link hexcvt
procedure main()
write("text = ",image(u := "http://foo bar/"))
write("encoded = ",image(ue := encodeURL(u)))
end
procedure encodeURL(s) #: encode data for inclusion in a URL/URI
static en
initial { # build lookup table for everything
en := table()
every en[c := !string(~(&digits++&letters))] := "%"||hexstring(ord(c),2)
every /en[c := !string(&cset)] := c
}
every (c := "") ||:= en[!s] # re-encode everything
return c
end
```
{{libheader|Icon Programming Library}}
[http://www.cs.arizona.edu/icon/library/src/procs/hexcvt.icn hexcvt provides hexstring]
{{out}}
```txt
text = "http://foo bar/"
encoded = "http%3A%2F%2Ffoo%20bar%2F"
```
## J
J has a urlencode in the gethttp package, but this task requires that all non-alphanumeric characters be encoded.
Here's an implementation that does that:
```j
require'strings convert'
urlencode=: rplc&((#~2|_1 47 57 64 90 96 122 I.i.@#)a.;"_1'%',.hfd i.#a.)
```
Example use:
```j
urlencode 'http://foo bar/'
http%3A%2F%2Ffoo%20bar%2F
```
## Java
The built-in URLEncoder in Java converts the space " " into a plus-sign "+" instead of "%20":
```java
import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;
import java.net.URLEncoder;
public class Main
{
public static void main(String[] args) throws UnsupportedEncodingException
{
String normal = "http://foo bar/";
String encoded = URLEncoder.encode(normal, "utf-8");
System.out.println(encoded);
}
}
```
{{out}}
```txt
http%3A%2F%2Ffoo+bar%2F
```
## JavaScript
Confusingly, there are 3 different URI encoding functions in JavaScript: escape(), encodeURI(), and encodeURIComponent(). Each of them encodes a different set of characters. See [http://www.javascripter.net/faq/escape.htm this article] and [http://xkr.us/articles/javascript/encode-compare/ this article] for more information and comparisons.
```javascript
var normal = 'http://foo/bar/';
var encoded = encodeURIComponent(normal);
```
## jq
{{works with| jq | 1.4}}
jq has a built-in function, @uri, for "percent-encoding". It preserves the characters that RFC 3968 mandates
be preserved, but also preserves the following five characters: !'()*
To address the task requirement, therefore, we can first use @uri and then convert the exceptional characters.
(For versions of jq with regex support, this could be done using gsub, but here we perform
the translation directly.)
Note that @uri also converts multibyte characters to multi-triplets, e.g.
```jq
"á" | @uri
```
produces: "%C3%A1"
```jq
def url_encode:
# The helper function checks whether the input corresponds to one of the characters: !'()*
def recode: . as $c | [33,39,40,41,42] | index($c);
def hex: if . < 10 then 48 + . else 55 + . end;
@uri
| explode
# 37 ==> "%", 50 ==> "2"
| map( if recode then (37, 50, ((. - 32) | hex)) else . end )
| implode;
```
'''Examples:'''
```jq
"http://foo bar/" | @uri
```
produces: "http%3A%2F%2Ffoo%20bar%2F"
```jq
"http://foo bar/" | @uri == url_encode
```
produces: true
To contrast the difference between "@uri" and "url_encode", we compare the characters that are unaltered:
```jq
[range(0;1024) | [.] | implode | if @uri == . then . else empty end] | join(null)
```
produces: "!'()*-.0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ_abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz~"
```jq
[range(0;1024) | [.] | implode | if url_encode == . then . else empty end] | join(null)
```
produces: "-.0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ_abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz~"
## Julia
```Julia
//version 1.0.1
import HTTP.URIs: escapeuri
dcd = "http://foo bar/"
enc = escapeuri(dcd)
println(dcd, " => ", enc)
```
{{out}}
```txt
http://foo bar/ => http%3A%2F%2Ffoo%20bar%2F
```
## Kotlin
```scala
// version 1.1.2
import java.net.URLEncoder
fun main(args: Array"http%3A%2F%2Ffoo%20bar%2F" "http%3A%2F%2Ffoo+bar%2F" "mailto%3A%22Irma%20User%22%20%3Cirma.user%40mail.com%3E" "http%3A%2F%2Ffoo%2Ebar%2Ecom%2F%7Euser%2Dname%2F%5Fsubdir%2F%2A%7E%2Ehtml" "http%3A%2F%2Ffoo.bar.com%2F~user-name%2F_subdir%2F%2A~.html" "http%3A%2F%2Ffoo.bar.com%2F%7Euser-name%2F_subdir%2F*%7E.html"## Maple ```maple URL:-Escape("http://foo bar/"); ``` {{out}} ```txt "http%3A%2F%2Ffoo%20bar%2F" ``` ## Mathematica ```mathematica URLEncoding[url_] := StringReplace[url, x : Except[ Join[CharacterRange["0", "9"], CharacterRange["a", "z"], CharacterRange["A", "Z"]]] :> StringJoin[("%" ~~ #) & /@ IntegerString[ToCharacterCode[x, "UTF8"], 16]]] ``` Example use: ```mathematica URLEncoding["http://foo bar/"] ``` {{out}} ```txt http%3a%2f%2ffoo%20bar%2f ``` =={{header|MATLAB}} / {{header|Octave}}== ```MATLAB function u = urlencoding(s) u = ''; for k = 1:length(s), if isalnum(s(k)) u(end+1) = s(k); else u=[u,'%',dec2hex(s(k)+0)]; end; end end ``` Usage: ```txt octave:3> urlencoding('http://foo bar/') ans = http%3A%2F%2Ffoo%20bar%2F ``` ## NetRexx ```NetRexx /* NetRexx */ options replace format comments java crossref symbols nobinary /* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */ testcase() say say 'RFC3986' testcase('RFC3986') say say 'HTML5' testcase('HTML5') say return /* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */ method encode(url, varn) public static variation = varn.upper opts = '' opts['RFC3986'] = '-._~' opts['HTML5'] = '-._*' rp = '' loop while url.length > 0 parse url tc +1 url select when tc.datatype('A') then do rp = rp || tc end when tc == ' ' then do if variation = 'HTML5' then rp = rp || '+' else rp = rp || '%' || tc.c2x end otherwise do if opts[variation].pos(tc) > 0 then do rp = rp || tc end else do rp = rp || '%' || tc.c2x end end end end return rp /* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */ method testcase(variation = '') public static url = [ - 'http://foo bar/' - , 'mailto:"Ivan Aim"
CFURLCreateStringByAddingPercentEscapes() provides more options.
{{works with|Mac OS X|10.9+}}
{{works with|iOS|7+}}
```objc
NSString *normal = @"http://foo bar/";
NSString *encoded = [normal stringByAddingPercentEncodingWithAllowedCharacters:[NSCharacterSet alphanumericCharacterSet]];
NSLog(@"%@", encoded);
```
For encoding for various parts of the URL, the allowed character sets [NSCharacterSet URLUserAllowedCharacterSet], [NSCharacterSet URLPasswordAllowedCharacterSet], [NSCharacterSet URLHostAllowedCharacterSet], [NSCharacterSet URLPathAllowedCharacterSet], [NSCharacterSet URLQueryAllowedCharacterSet], or [NSCharacterSet URLFragmentAllowedCharacterSet] are provided.
## OCaml
Using the library [http://projects.camlcity.org/projects/ocamlnet.html ocamlnet] from the interactive loop:
```ocaml
$ ocaml
# #use "topfind";;
# #require "netstring";;
# Netencoding.Url.encode "http://foo bar/" ;;
- : string = "http%3A%2F%2Ffoo+bar%2F"
```
## ooRexx
The solution shown at [[#REXX|Rexx]] (version 1) is a valid ooRexx program.
version 2 uses constructs not supported by ooRexx:
url.=; and $ as variable symbol
## Perl
```perl
sub urlencode {
my $s = shift;
$s =~ s/([^-A-Za-z0-9_.!~*'() ])/sprintf("%%%02X", ord($1))/eg;
$s =~ tr/ /+/;
return $s;
}
print urlencode('http://foo bar/')."\n";
```
{{out}}
```txt
http%3A%2F%2Ffoo+bar%2F
```
```perl
use URI::Escape;
my $s = 'http://foo/bar/';
print uri_escape($s);
```
Use standard CGI module:
```perl
use 5.10.0;
use CGI;
my $s = 'http://foo/bar/';
say $s = CGI::escape($s);
say $s = CGI::unescape($s);
```
## Perl 6
```perl6
my $url = 'http://foo bar/';
say $url.subst(/<-alnum>/, *.ord.fmt("%%%02X"), :g);
```
{{out}}
```txt
http%3A%2F%2Ffoo%20bar%2F
```
## Phix
```Phix
--
-- demo\rosetta\encode_url.exw
--
### =====================
--
function nib(integer b)
return b+iff(b<=9?'0':'A'-10)
end function
function encode_url(string s, string exclusions="", integer spaceplus=0)
string res = ""
for i=1 to length(s) do
integer ch = s[i]
if ch=' ' and spaceplus then
ch = '+'
elsif not find(ch,exclusions)
and (ch<'0'
or (ch>'9' and ch<'A')
or (ch>'Z' and ch<'a')
or ch>'z') then
res &= '%'
res &= nib(floor(ch/#10))
ch = nib(and_bits(ch,#0F))
end if
res &= ch
end for
return res
end function
printf(1,"%s\n",{encode_url("http://foo bar/")})
```
{{Out}}
```txt
http%3A%2F%2Ffoo%20bar%2F
```
## PHP
```php
```
There is also urlencode(), which also encodes spaces as "+" signs
## PicoLisp
```PicoLisp
(de urlEncodeTooMuch (Str)
(pack
(mapcar
'((C)
(if (or (>= "9" C "0") (>= "Z" (uppc C) "A"))
C
(list '% (hex (char C))) ) )
(chop Str) ) ) )
```
Test:
```txt
: (urlEncodeTooMuch "http://foo bar/")
-> "http%3A%2F%2Ffoo%20bar%2F"
```
## Powershell
```Powershell
[uri]::EscapeDataString('http://foo bar/')
http%3A%2F%2Ffoo%20bar%2F
```
## PureBasic
```PureBasic
URL$ = URLEncoder("http://foo bar/")
```
## Python
```python
import urllib
s = 'http://foo/bar/'
s = urllib.quote(s)
```
There is also urllib.quote_plus(), which also encodes spaces as "+" signs
## R
R has a built-in
```R
URLencode("http://foo bar/")
```
function, but it doesn't fully follow RFC guidelines, so we have to use another R package to accomplish the task:
```R
library(RCurl)
curlEscape("http://foo bar/")
```
## Racket
```racket
#lang racket
(require net/uri-codec)
(uri-encode "http://foo bar/")
```
## REALbasic
Using the built-in encoding method, which doesn't permit exceptions:
```vb
Dim URL As String = "http://foo bar/"
URL = EncodeURLComponent(URL)
Print(URL)
```
With optional exceptions. A "ParamArray" is an array of zero or more additional arguments passed by the caller:
```vb
Function URLEncode(Data As String, ParamArray Exceptions() As String) As String
Dim buf As String
For i As Integer = 1 To Data.Len
Dim char As String = Data.Mid(i, 1)
Select Case Asc(char)
Case 48 To 57, 65 To 90, 97 To 122, 45, 46, 95
buf = buf + char
Else
If Exceptions.IndexOf(char) > -1 Then
buf = buf + char
Else
buf = buf + "%" + Left(Hex(Asc(char)) + "00", 2)
End If
End Select
Next
Return buf
End Function
'usage
Dim s As String = URLEncode("http://foo bar/") ' no exceptions
Dim t As String = URLEncode("http://foo bar/", "!", "?", ",") ' with exceptions
```
## REXX
### version 1
```REXX
/* Rexx */
do
call testcase
say
say RFC3986
call testcase RFC3986
say
say HTML5
call testcase HTML5
say
return
end
exit
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
encode:
procedure
do
parse arg url, varn .
parse upper var varn variation
drop RFC3986 HTML5
opts. = ''
opts.RFC3986 = '-._~'
opts.HTML5 = '-._*'
rp = ''
do while length(url) > 0
parse var url tc +1 url
select
when datatype(tc, 'A') then do
rp = rp || tc
end
when tc == ' ' then do
if variation = HTML5 then
rp = rp || '+'
else
rp = rp || '%' || c2x(tc)
end
otherwise do
if pos(tc, opts.variation) > 0 then do
rp = rp || tc
end
else do
rp = rp || '%' || c2x(tc)
end
end
end
end
return rp
end
exit
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
testcase:
procedure
do
parse arg variation
X = 0
url. = ''
X = X + 1; url.0 = X; url.X = 'http://foo bar/'
X = X + 1; url.0 = X; url.X = 'mailto:"Ivan Aim" CGI.escape encodes all characters except '-.0-9A-Z_a-z'.
```ruby
require 'cgi'
puts CGI.escape("http://foo bar/").gsub("+", "%20")
# => "http%3A%2F%2Ffoo%20bar%2F"
```
Programs should not call URI.escape (alias URI.encode), because it fails to encode some characters. URI.escape is [http://www.ruby-forum.com/topic/207489 obsolete] since Ruby 1.9.2.
URI.encode_www_form_component is a new method from Ruby 1.9.2. It obeys HTML 5 and encodes all characters except '-.0-9A-Z_a-z' and '*'.
{{works with|Ruby|1.9.2}}
```ruby
require 'uri'
puts URI.encode_www_form_component("http://foo bar/").gsub("+", "%20")
# => "http%3A%2F%2Ffoo%20bar%2F"
```
## Run BASIC
```runbasic
urlIn$ = "http://foo bar/"
for i = 1 to len(urlIn$)
a$ = mid$(urlIn$,i,1)
if (a$ >= "0" and a$ <= "9") _
or (a$ >= "A" and a$ <= "Z") _
or (a$ >= "a" and a$ <= "z") then url$ = url$ + a$ else url$ = url$ + "%"+dechex$(asc(a$))
next i
print urlIn$;" -> ";url$
```
```txt
http://foo bar/ -> http%3A%2F%2Ffoo%20bar%2F
```
## Rust
```Rust
const INPUT: &str = "http://foo bar/";
const MAX_CHAR_VAL: u32 = std::char::MAX as u32;
fn main() {
let mut buff = [0; 4];
println!("{}", INPUT.chars()
.map(|ch| {
match ch as u32 {
0 ..= 47 | 58 ..= 64 | 91 ..= 96 | 123 ..= MAX_CHAR_VAL => {
ch.encode_utf8(&mut buff);
buff[0..ch.len_utf8()].iter().map(|&byte| format!("%{:X}", byte)).collect::